Appendices
Appendix K: Prevalence of selected anomalies by surveillance programme during 2004–2008
Prevalence per 10 000 births
| Surveillance programme (alphabetical order) | Anencephaly | Spina bifida without anencephaly | Encephalocele | Cleft palate without cleft lip | Cleft lip with or without cleft palate | Limb defects | Hypospadias | Omphalocele | Gastroschisis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia Victoria | 5.20 | 5.73 | 1.58 | 7.99 | 10.13 | 6.23 | 38.45 | 3.32 | 2.20 |
| Australia Western | 5.71 | 6.83 | 1.62 | 8.60 | 12.33 | 7.19 | 31.70 | 3.80 | 3.95 |
| Canada Alberta | 2.07 | 4.10 | 1.15 | 6.93 | 12.75 | 10.72 | 21.62 | 2.78 | 4.90 |
| Canada British Columbia | 1.18 | 2.97 | 0.33 | 8.62 | 7.49 | 3.63 | 22.56 | 2.35 | 4.66 |
| Canada National | 0.90 | 2.81 | 0.52 | 6.89 | 9.17 | 3.46 | 26.28 | 2.08 | 4.00 |
| Chile Maule | 1.80 | 1.65 | 1.20 | 3.76 | 10.68 | 3.91 | 7.97 | 1.80 | 2.11 |
| China Beijing | 2.47 | 1.73 | 0.91 | 1.92 | 9.18 | 2.51 | 0.52 | 0.91 | 1.43 |
| China CBDMNa | 2.58 | 5.26 | 1.46 | 2.86 | 13.49 | 4.82 | 4.74 | 1.46 | 2.43 |
| Costa Rica | 1.32 | 2.95 | 0.74 | 2.75 | 7.00 | 4.57 | 6.80 | 1.13 | 1.85 |
| Cuba | 3.98 | 5.12 | 1.60 | 1.67 | 4.49 | 2.27 | 9.41 | 2.16 | 5.35 |
| Czech Republic | 2.60 | 3.82 | 1.77 | 7.78 | 10.90 | 6.54 | 32.42 | 2.72 | 3.05 |
| Finland | 3.10 | 4.53 | 1.84 | 13.97 | 11.28 | 7.02 | 3.71 | 5.48 | 3.10 |
| France Paris | 5.24 | 4.35 | 2.40 | 6.25 | 8.83 | 6.37 | 15.46 | 5.68 | 1.96 |
| France REMERAb | 2.76 | 5.43 | 1.41 | 4.85 | 8.48 | 5.81 | 11.32 | 3.21 | 1.75 |
| France Strasbourg | 4.58 | 7.26 | 0.79 | 8.21 | 10.42 | 8.37 | 18.84 | 1.57 | 1.58 |
| Germany Saxony Anhalt | 2.53 | 6.56 | 1.04 | 9.21 | 14.28 | 7.60 | 8.29 | 3.68 | 5.07 |
| Hungary | 1.89 | 4.07 | 0.55 | 4.05 | 7.65 | 3.60 | 26.83 | 1.32 | 1.04 |
| India | 13.39 | 11.48 | 3.90 | 1.79 | 5.57 | 6.22 | 1.85 | 2.36 | 0.63 |
| Iran TRoCAc | 12.82 | 1.18 | 1.57 | 4.12 | 5.53 | 23.41 | 10.59 | 0.71 | nr |
| Ireland Dublin | 2.44 | 2.61 | 1.22 | 7.25 | 7.82 | 3.58 | 11.49 | 2.59 | 3.10 |
| Israel IBDSPd | 1.74 | 3.28 | 0.56 | 3.84 | 4.25 | 2.00 | 33.40 | 0.77 | 0.20 |
| Italy Campania | 3.41 | 3.56 | 1.01 | 6.15 | 7.38 | 4.48 | 3.28 | 1.67 | 0.19 |
| Italy Emilia Romagna | 2.02 | 3.08 | 0.85 | 4.46 | 6.84 | 5.57 | 14.70 | 1.96 | 1.27 |
| Italy ISMACe | 1.51 | 2.26 | 0.25 | 4.52 | 4.02 | 2.76 | 20.83 | nr | 0.50 |
| Italy North East | 1.30 | 2.79 | 0.28 | 7.43 | 8.36 | 3.95 | 18.43 | 1.24 | 0.84 |
| Italy Tuscany | 1.73 | 2.99 | 0.80 | 3.65 | 4.91 | 4.91 | 8.50 | 1.86 | 1.06 |
| Japan JAOGf | 1.10 | 4.96 | 0.69 | 4.73 | 21.09 | 3.37 | 4.06 | 3.89 | 2.61 |
| Malta | 1.52 | 7.58 | 2.02 | 16.17 | 10.11 | 6.57 | 33.36 | 3.03 | 1.01 |
| Mexico RYVEMCEg | 4.70 | 6.26 | 1.57 | 2.97 | 13.76 | 6.34 | 3.62 | 1.89 | 5.19 |
| New Zealand | 0.36 | 2.24 | 0.56 | 8.44 | 6.85 | 2.31 | 27.52 | 4.17 | nr |
| Northern Netherlands | 1.53 | 5.36 | 0.44 | 7.00 | 13.56 | 5.80 | 23.29 | 1.86 | 1.09 |
| Norway | 3.85 | 5.53 | 1.01 | 7.22 | 13.26 | 4.55 | 14.40 | 2.56 | 3.27 |
| Russia Moscow | 2.77 | 4.00 | 0.96 | 4.48 | 5.88 | 2.60 | 13.75 | 2.09 | 3.63 |
| Slovak Republic | 0.76 | 2.40 | 0.80 | 4.80 | 8.18 | 3.35 | 20.30 | 0.58 | 0.87 |
| South America ECLAMCh | 5.43 | 9.13 | 2.91 | 5.06 | 13.70 | 8.11 | 6.27 | 4.28 | 6.43 |
| Spain ECEMCi | 0.31 | 1.02 | 0.21 | 3.82 | 3.59 | 4.45 | 1.61 | 0.52 | 0.63 |
| Sweden | 3.53 | 4.34 | 1.24 | 5.58 | 8.22 | 4.77 | 21.33 | 2.62 | 1.61 |
| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK), England and | 2.68 | 2.64 | 0.60 | 3.24 | 5.50 | 3.10 | 8.70 | 1.06 | 2.88 |
| UK, England Wessex | 5.30 | 4.36 | 1.37 | 8.47 | 13.77 | 1.54 | 7.78 | 3.85 | 4.70 |
| UK, Wales | 5.25 | 6.73 | 2.01 | 9.09 | 11.33 | 8.50 | 28.45 | 4.01 | 6.85 |
| Ukraine | 8.64 | 10.66 | 2.09 | 5.30 | 8.08 | 3.48 | 3.14 | 1.60 | 1.60 |
| USA Atlanta | 2.46 | 3.90 | 1.14 | 4.96 | 9.77 | 3.90 | 6.06 | 1.95 | 4.37 |
| USA Texas | 2.35 | 3.75 | 0.88 | 5.64 | 10.91 | 5.45 | 15.83 | 2.01 | 5.45 |
| USA Utah | 2.43 | 4.60 | 0.86 | 6.85 | 12.49 | 6.55 | 8.57 | 2.54 | 5.50 |
| Median | 2.50 | 4.09 | 1.02 | 5.44 | 9.00 | 4.67 | 12.62 | 2.09 | 2.32 |
| Interquartile range lower | 1.68 | 2.91 | 0.73 | 4.00 | 6.96 | 3.48 | 6.67 | 1.59 | 1.14 |
| Interquartile range upper | 4.13 | 5.46 | 1.57 | 7.51 | 11.58 | 6.41 | 21.86 | 3.12 | 4.28 |
Note: the table gives an idea of variation of the total prevalence among various programmes. The variation may be due to a real prevalence variation, a different frequency of risk factors in the population, or under-registration or over-registration.
a CBDMB = Chinese Birth Defects Monitoring Network.
b REMERA = Registre Des Malformations en Rhone Alpes.
c TRoCA = Tabriz Registry of Congenital Anomalies.
d IBDSP = Israel Birth Defects Surveillance Program.
e ISMAC = Sicilian Registry of Congenital Malformations.
f JAOG = Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
g RYVEMCE = Mexican Registry and Epidemiological Surveillance of External Congenital Malformations.
h ECLAMC = Latin-American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations.
i ECEMC = Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations.
nr = not reported.