Guidance on Air Medical Transport (AMT) for Patients with Selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

This guidance refers only to the following viral hemorrhagic fevers: Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) and the South American Hemorrhagic Fevers (i.e., those caused by Junin, Machupo, Chapare, Guanarito and Sabia viruses). Refer to the pathogen-specific pages for further information about the individual pathogens (e.g., signs and symptoms, incubation periods, routes of transmission, diagnosis, treatments).

Page Summary

Who this is for: Operators of air medical transport (AMT) services that are considering transport of patients suspected or confirmed to have  viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) and healthcare workers who will be onboard. This guidance applies to AMT flights of any duration and using any type of aircraft. The guidance does not apply to commercial passenger aircraft or other types of patient transport vehicles (for example, ground ambulances).

What this is for: Guidance for safe transportation of patients with suspected or confirmed VHF by AMT.

How to use: Use this guidance to ensure the safety of healthcare personnel and patients during AMT of patients with suspected or confirmed VHF. Explain to pilots, other aircraft personnel, and cleaning crews what special actions should occur before, during, and after transport, and how to stay safe.

Key Points

  • Transport must be coordinated with public health, immigration and customs (if applicable), civil aviation authorities, ground transportation, and healthcare facilities at origin and destination.
  • Infection control policies and procedures should be established before and implemented during all phases of patient transport.
  • A portable isolation unit is recommended to contain infected materials and minimize contamination of the aircraft.
  • Personnel providing care during transport should be trained in clinical management, infection control, and correct use of personal protective equipment (PPE).
  • PPE should be used by all those in the patient care area or who may have contact with patients or their body fluids; infection control guidelines should be followed, and procedures that could increase the risk of exposure to the patient’s body fluids should be avoided.

Background

AMT is a unique patient care setting. Unlike ground medical transport, as with a ground ambulance, the aircraft usually does not stop or resupply during transport, and the mission usually exceeds several hours. During AMT, a patient’s condition can deteriorate, requiring additional interventions that could result in an increased risk of exposure for healthcare providers. The recommendations in this guidance are based on standard infection prevention and control practices for VHF, AMT standards, aircraft-specific safety considerations, and established international notification protocols.

The decision to transport a patient suspected or confirmed to have VHF should be carefully considered and thoroughly planned in discussion with relevant public health agencies, civil aviation authorities, and personnel from the receiving facility. Factors that should weigh into the decision include whether the patient is clinically stable enough to travel (i.e., whether the patient’s condition is likely to deteriorate during transport and if there is reasonable capability to manage en route), and whether personnel providing care during transport are trained in clinical management, infection control, and correct use of PPE.

VHF is transmitted in healthcare settings by direct contact with infectious blood or body fluids; accidental injuries by sharps, such as scalpel blades or needles, that are contaminated with infectious material; and splashes to unprotected mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth. Those involved in the care of patients with suspected or confirmed VHF should follow all recommended infection control measures. Injection therapy, blood sampling, and other procedures that require the use of needles and other sharp implements should be limited to what is essential for patient care. Procedures likely to generate splashing (such as transferring liquid waste from one container to another) should be performed only when necessary and with careful adherence to correct use of PPE. Procedures that might generate aerosols, such as intubation, should be avoided if possible. If it is necessary to perform such a procedure, healthcare providers should wear appropriately fit-tested respirators that provide at least 95% filtering efficiency (such as a NIOSH-approved® N-95® or higher-level filtering facepiece respirator).

Air Medical Transport of Patients with VHF: General Considerations

  • Patients with suspected or confirmed VHF should be transported on a dedicated AMT mission.
    • Other patients who do not have VHF should not be onboard.
    • Only people directly involved in patient care or operating the aircraft should be onboard. If people other than those caring for the patient and operating the aircraft, such as a patient’s family member, need to be on the aircraft, decisions should be made on a case-by-case basis in consultation with public health authorities and, as necessary, aviation authorities.
    • Pilots, other necessary crew members, and ground crew should follow routine procedures for AMT missions. Anyone not involved in direct patient care should not participate in movement of the patient onto and off the aircraft and should not enter the designated patient care area.
  • If available, a portable isolation unit should be used to contain infectious materials. Use of a portable isolation unit reduces contamination of the aircraft and may simplify cleaning and decontamination after the mission.
  • Infection control involves a variety of precautionary measures (see Infection Control for details):
    • Minimize contamination of the aircraft. Disinfect surfaces that are soiled during patient care promptly.
    • Use PPE correctly.
    • Avoid procedures that require the use of sharps or that could create splashes of infectious material.
  • In addition to mandatory crew rest requirements, planning should consider the need for breaks for personnel using the recommended PPE.
  • International transport of patients with VHF or high-risk exposures must be coordinated with public health, immigration and customs, civil aviation authorities, ground transportation, and healthcare facilities at origin and destination.
    • In the United States, VHF is a disease for which federal isolation and quarantine are authorized.
    • U.S. federal regulations require the commander of an aircraft destined for the United States to report to CDC any deaths and certain illnesses among travelers before arrival.  All transport of patients with VHF destined for a U.S. airport must be reported to CDC before arrival, preferably before departure. CDC must also be notified of any persons on board with high-risk exposures or who become symptomatic en route.
    • Reports may be made by contacting the CDC Quarantine Station responsible for the airport of arrival or calling the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) at +1 770-488-7100 (24-hour number).  For more information, see Guidance for Airlines on Reporting Onboard Deaths or Illnesses to CDC.
    • Reports from flights operating in U.S. airspace provided to the Federal Aviation Administration Air Traffic Services (ATS) units are shared with the CDC EOC.
    • CDC can facilitate communications with U.S. jurisdictions as needed.
  • International movement of patients with VHF might additionally require special approvals by aircraft-servicing or fueling, or patient rest-stop locations, and countries that will be overflown, if applicable.
  • If the AMT experiences an in-flight incident (such as a change to the patient’s condition requiring the flight to divert or requiring that the patient be supported by special handling), the pilot should advise the appropriate ATS unit, to facilitate coordination with the responsible public health authorities and the implementation of any needed air traffic management related support. The pilot also should follow applicable company procedures.
    • For more information, see the International Civil Aviation Organization’s (ICAO) Annex 9, Facilitation, and Document 4444, Procedures for Air Navigation Services – Air Traffic Management.

Patient Placement

  • If transport of more than one patient with the same VHF is planned, the patients can be isolated together as a group.

Infection Control

Designation of an “isolation area”

  • Use of a disposable, portable isolation unit is recommended to contain infectious waste (such as soiled absorbent pads, emesis [vomit] basins, portable toilet) and to prevent contamination of the aircraft cabin. Aircraft interiors are complex surfaces that are difficult to clean and disinfect thoroughly and avionic equipment may prohibit the use of surface disinfectants. After use, the portable isolation unit should be discarded. If an isolation unit is not available, a perimeter should be established for designating “clean” and “dirty” areas that identifies where PPE should be put on and removed. The distance will depend on the area required for patient care support as well as designated space for safe removal of PPE. All individuals not providing care should remain at least 6 feet (2 meters) away from the patient. Surfaces should be smooth, nonporous, and fluid-impermeable to allow appropriate cleaning and disinfection.
  • Materials required for patient care, including PPE, should be stored outside of the isolation area.
  • Containers for soiled linen, waste, and reusable equipment should be placed inside the isolation area. Supplies for cleaning spills should be kept in the area, including appropriate disinfectants.
  • A portable chemical toilet with a solidifying agent should be dedicated for patient use within the isolation area. The lid of the toilet should be kept closed when not in use.

Personnel who are within the isolation unit or designated isolation area should wear PPE as described in the CDC guidance:

Guidance on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in U.S. Healthcare Settings during Management of Patients Confirmed to have Selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers or Patients Suspected to have Selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers who are Clinically Unstable or Have Bleeding, Vomiting, or Diarrhea. Outside of the isolation unit or designated isolation area, PPE is not needed.

Minimize opportunities for exposure

  • Limit use of needles and other sharps as much as possible.
  • If use of needles or other sharps is necessary for patient care, handle these items with extreme care and discard them immediately after use in closed, puncture-proof containers.
  • Use disposable equipment whenever possible.
  • Avoid aerosol-generating procedures.
  • Avoid procedures that can generate splashes of infectious material, such as transferring liquid waste from one container to another.

PPE and procedures

Patients Requiring Special Consideration

  • Oxygen support may be provided during flight with simple and non-rebreather face masks.
  • Mechanical ventilators for patients with VHF should provide HEPA or equivalent filtration of airflow exhaust.
  • AMT services should consult their ventilator equipment manufacturer to confirm appropriate filtration capability and the effect of filtration on positive-pressure ventilation.

Waste Disposal

Management of waste during AMT

  • Collect dry solid waste (such as used gloves, dressings) in leakproof biohazard bags.
  • Collect waste soaked with blood or body fluids in leakproof biohazard bags or containers.
  • Discard sharp items, such as used needles or scalpel blades, immediately after use in puncture-proof sharps containers.
  • Store suctioned fluids and secretions in sealed containers. Handling patient body fluids might create splashes and should be avoided.
  • To avoid splashing or spills, it is preferable to leave fluids sealed in a container until they can be disposed of safely at the destination. If containers must be emptied, they should be carefully emptied into the dedicated portable patient toilet, taking care to avoid splashes and spills. If splashing or spills cannot be avoided, fluids should be kept in a sealed container until they can be disposed of safely. If necessary, the entire bedpan may be placed in a sealed container.

Disposal of waste after mission completion

  • In the United States, the selected hemorrhagic fever viruses, except Chapare virus, are a Category A infectious substance regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation’s (DOT) Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR, 49 C.F.R., Parts 171-180).
    • Any item transported for disposal that is contaminated or suspected of being contaminated with a Category A infectious substance must be packaged and transported in accordance with the HMR.
    • This includes used medical equipment that cannot be decontaminated (e.g., cleaned and disinfected) or PPE, contaminated linens, and other medical waste collected during transport of a patient under investigation (PUI) or with confirmed EVD.
    • For questions on hazardous materials packaging and transportation regulations, contact the U.S. DOT HazMat Information Center at 800-467-4922 (email: infocntr@dot.gov).
  • Outside of the United States, follow applicable regulations for waste disposal.
  • Plans for waste disposal should be discussed in advance with waste handlers and with a waste company with DOT Special permit 16279 at the airport of arrival and the destination medical facility. A list of companies with the special permit can be obtained by searching the PHMSA Special Permit search page (https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/approvals-and-permits/hazmat/special-permits-search ).

Cleaning and Disinfection

  • Recommended PPE should be worn by personnel responsible for cleaning environmental surfaces.
  • Environmental surfaces should be disinfected using a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered hospital disinfectant that is approved by the aircraft manufacturer. Disinfectants should be from List Q (for Ebola, products from List L can also be used) and  should be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s labeled instructions. Disinfectant should be available in spray bottles or as commercially prepared wipes for use during transport.
  • Any surface that becomes potentially contaminated during transport immediately should be sprayed and wiped clean, or simply wiped clean using a commercially prepared disinfectant wipe.
  • A blood spill or spill of other body fluids or substances (for example, urine, feces, or vomit) should be managed through removing bulk spill matter (e.g., with a solidifying agent or absorbent material), cleaning the site, and then disinfecting the site.
    • For large spills, an EPA-registered hospital disinfectant from List Q (for Ebola, products from List L can also be used) is needed to overcome the tendency of proteins in blood and other body substances to neutralize the disinfectant’s active ingredient.
    • Instructions for cleaning and decontaminating surfaces or objects soiled with blood or body fluids should be followed to treat the spill before covering with absorbent material or solidifier and wiping or picking up.
    • After the bulk waste is wiped up, the surface should be disinfected as described above.
  • All patient-care areas (including stretchers, railings, medical equipment control panels, and adjacent flooring, walls, and work surfaces likely to be directly contaminated during care) should be considered contaminated and therefore cleaned and disinfected after AMT.
  • Compressed air or pressurized water should not be used for cleaning the aircraft.
  • Areas of the aircraft that were not used for patient care should be cleaned and maintained as per routine practices according to manufacturers’ recommendations.
  • Contaminated reusable patient care equipment should be placed in biohazard bags and labeled for cleaning and disinfection at the AMT service medical equipment section.
  • Reusable equipment should be cleaned and disinfected, according to manufacturer’s instructions, by trained personnel wearing correct PPE.
  • Use of reusable items with porous surfaces that cannot be easily replaced should be avoided.
  • Mattresses and pillows with plastic or other fluid-impermeable covering should be used. Coverings should be disinfected after use or discarded.
  • To prevent exposure among laundry staff, all contaminated linens should be discarded.
  • Any contaminated nonfluid-impermeable items, such as web seats, seat cushions, pillows, or mattresses should be discarded as Category A infectious waste.

After completing cleaning tasks, including cleaning and disinfection of reusable equipment, cleaning personnel should carefully remove and dispose of PPE as described in CDC’s guidance: Guidance on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in U.S. Healthcare Settings during Management of Patients Confirmed to have Selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers or Patients Suspected to have Selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers who are Clinically Unstable or Have Bleeding, Vomiting, or Diarrhea. They should perform hand hygiene with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer immediately after removing PPE. Soap and water should be used if hands are visibly soiled.

Transport of an Asymptomatic Exposed Person

People who have had a high-risk VHF exposure should not travel by commercial aircraft during the incubation period because of the risk of developing symptoms in transit and potentially exposing others onboard. When transporting someone who has been exposed to VHF but who does not have symptoms, infection control precautions and use of PPE are not required. However, PPE should be available in case it is needed. The person who has been exposed should be monitored carefully, including temperature measurements every 12 hours, for elevated body temperature or subjective fever or other signs or symptoms, compatible with the selected VHFs, including severe headache, fatigue, muscle pain, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, or unexplained hemorrhage. The exposed person should immediately notify transport personnel if he or she suspects fever or develops other symptoms. If symptoms develop, recommended infection prevention and control practices should be implemented immediately. Standard practices can be used for cleaning and disinfection of the patient care area and equipment if the patient does not develop symptoms during the flight. CDC has issued guidance for management post-arrival.

Logistical Planning and Postmission Follow-Up

  • Sufficient infection control supplies should be onboard to support the expected duration of the mission, plus additional time in the event the aircraft experiences maintenance delays or weather diversions.
  • Flight planning should identify diversion airfields and coordinate with authorities responsible for those locations in advance. The potential need for coordination with ATS units and public health authorities responsible for those countries being overflown also should be taken into consideration.
  • Once the mission is completed, the AMT team should provide the following information to their medical director: mission number/date; address of the team/aircraft basing; duration of patient transport; contact information for all team members; crew positions (including estimated duration of direct patient care provided); and a description of any recognized breaches in infection control.
  • Personnel with any potential exposures to infectious material during the mission should be evaluated immediately in consultation with public health authorities so a plan can be implemented for appropriate monitoring and medical evaluation and testing if indicated. Additional monitoring and movement restrictions may be imposed by public health authorities for personnel with unprotected exposure to a patient with VHF.
  • All mission personnel should be advised to self-monitor for a period of 21* days after the last known contact with the patient with VHF. They should immediately report elevated body temperature, or subjective fever or any other signs or symptoms consistent with VHF to their supervisor.
      • *For Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever 14 days should be used.
  • AMT services should designate people responsible for performing post-mission monitoring of mission personnel and reporting results to the AMT service medical director.

Ground/Inflight Emergency Procedures

AMT service providers should have and exercise a written plan addressing patient handling during inflight or ground emergency situations. Certain activities, such as putting on life vests and rapidly evacuating the patient from the aircraft, may create special exposure risks. Use of PPE must be weighed against time constraints and the nature of the emergency conditions (such as smoke in the cabin, sudden cabin decompression). Standard protocols should be assessed and take into consideration the infectious nature of the patient.

N95 and NIOSH Approved are certification marks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) registered in the United States and several international jurisdictions.