The Effect of Disability and Social Determinants of Health on Breast and Cervical Cancer Screenings During the COVID-19 Pandemic
ORIGINAL RESEARCH — Volume 21 — January 25, 2024
PEER REVIEWED
Figure 1. Adjusted odds of being up to date on mammogram screening in A) 2018 and B) 2020 by social determinants of health among all women eligible for screening, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2018 and 2020.
| Variable | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| 2018 | 2020 | |
| Disability | ||
| Yes | 0.76 (0.63–0.93) | 0.69 (0.54–0.89) |
| No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Insurance coverage | ||
| No | 0.27 (0.20–0.37) | 0.26 (0.18–0.35) |
| Yes | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Annual household income, $ | ||
| <25,000 | 0.54 (0.40–0.73) | 0.59 (0.43–0.82) |
| 25,000–49,999 | 0.56 (0.43–0.72) | 0.86 (0.64–1.16) |
| 50,000–74,999 | 0.82 (0.64–1.04) | 0.76 (0.56–1.01) |
| >75,000 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | 1.12 (0.93–1.36) | 1.25 (1.01–1.56) |
| Not married | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Employment | ||
| Unemployed | 1.12 (0.94–1.33) | 1.02 (0.83–1.26) |
| Employed | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Education | ||
| Some high school | 1.47 (1.00–2.17) | 1.61 (1.03–2.53) |
| Graduated from high school | 0.88 (0.71–1.10) | 0.82 (0.65–1.04) |
| Some college | 0.88 (0.72–1.07) | 1.04 (0.82–1.33) |
| College graduate | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Rural residence | ||
| Yes | 0.83 (0.70–0.98) | 0.76 (0.62–0.93) |
| No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
Figure 2. Adjusted odds of being up to date on Pap test screening in A) 2018 and B) 2020 by social determinants of health among all women eligible for screening, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2018 and 2020.
| Variable | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| 2018 | 2020 | |
| Disability | ||
| Yes | 0.73 (0.59–0.89) | 0.59 (0.47–0.75) |
| No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Insurance coverage | ||
| No | 0.37 (0.27–0.52) | 0.42 (0.30–0.58) |
| Yes | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Annual household income, $ | ||
| <25,000 | 0.66 (0.47–0.93) | 0.50 (0.36–0.69) |
| 25,000–49,999 | 0.67 (0.50–0.90) | 0.76 (0.58–0.99) |
| 50,000–74,999 | 0.91 (0.69–1.19) | 0.73 (0.56–0.96) |
| >75,000 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | 1.21 (0.99–1.49) | 1.18 (0.96–1.45) |
| Not married | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Employment | ||
| Unemployed | 0.78 (0.65–0.95) | 1.08 (0.87–1.34) |
| Employed | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Education | ||
| Some high school | 0.86 (0.59–1.27) | 1.11 (0.68–1.82) |
| Graduated from high school | 0.66 (0.52–0.84) | 0.81 (0.65–1.00) |
| Some college | 0.80 (0.66–0.98) | 0.95 (0.77–1.18) |
| College graduate | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Residence | ||
| Rural | 0.68 (0.57–0.83) | 0.78 (0.64–0.95) |
| Urban | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
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