Secular Trends in Soda Consumption, California, 2011–2016
RESEARCH BRIEF — Volume 16 — May 16, 2019
PEER REVIEWED
Figure.
Adjusted weekly soda consumption (excluding diet soda) and proportion of California adults aged 18 or older who consumed soda, from 2011 through 2016. A. Adjusted proportion of California adults who consumed any soda in the previous week, by year and education level (at least a high school diploma or equivalent compared with less than a high school diploma). Among those with a high school diploma or above, there were significant within-group differences (from 2011) in 2013 and 2014 (P < .001) and 2015 and 2016 (P < .01), and in 2014 there were significant between-group differences (P = .004). B. Adjusted estimated mean frequencies of weekly soda consumption, by year and education status (at least a high school diploma or equivalent compared with less than a high school diploma). Among those with a high school diploma or above, there were significant differences (from 2011) in weekly consumption frequency in 2013 (p = 0.004) and 2014 (P = .001). Consumption frequency was modeled by using a log link and gamma distribution, whereas the proportion of the California adult population who were soda consumers was modeled by using a log link and Poisson distribution with robust standard errors. All analyses were adjusted for education, race/ethnicity, sex, age, language, and income as a percentage of federal poverty level. Brackets indicate confidence intervals.
| Year | Less Than High School Diploma or Equivalent |
High School Diploma or More |
|---|---|---|
| A. Soda consumers, proportion (95% Confidence Interval) | ||
| 2011 | 47.0 (44.2-49.9) | 44.0 (43.0–45.0) |
| 2012 | 44.6 (42.0–47.2) | 42.6 (41.2–44.0) |
| 2013 | 46.2 (43.1–49.3) | 39.7 (38.4–41.0) |
| 2014 | 46.5 (43.0–49.9) | 37.3 (35.8–38.9) |
| 2015 | 46.0 (42.8–49.3) | 40.4 (38.6–42.2) |
| 2016 | 45.9 (41.1–50.7) | 40.2 (37.9–42.5) |
| B. Soda consumption, frequency in times/week (95% Confidence Interval) | ||
| 2011 | 2.66 (2.34–2.97) | 1.97 (1.86–2.08) |
| 2012 | 2.30 (2.01–2.60) | 1.85 (1.74–1.96) |
| 2013 | 2.80 (2.25–3.34) | 1.73 (1.60–1.86) |
| 2014 | 2.43 (2.05–2.82) | 1.63 (1.47–1.79) |
| 2015 | 2.57 (2.14–2.99) | 1.93 (1.74–2.13) |
| 2016 | 2.36 (1.94–2.77) | 1.91 (1.70–2.12) |
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