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Suboptimal Intake of Fruits and Vegetables in Nine Selected Countries of the World Health Organization European Region

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Figure.

National prevalence of daily servings of fruit and vegetables (0, 1-2, 3-4, ≥5), by education (A) and by receipt of advice from a health care professional to eat at least 5 daily servings of fruits or vegetables (B). Education level was determined by using national education categories mapped to UNESCO’s (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s) International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) (12). ISCED provides a comprehensive framework of uniform and internationally agreed definitions to facilitate comparisons of education systems across countries. Value in parentheses after country name is P value.

National prevalence of daily servings of fruit and vegetables (0, 1-2, 3-4, ≥5), by education (A) and by receipt of advice from a health care professional to eat at least 5 daily servings of fruits or vegetables (B). Education level was determined by using national education categories mapped to UNESCO’s (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s) International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) (12). ISCED provides a comprehensive framework of uniform and internationally agreed definitions to facilitate comparisons of education systems across countries. Value in parentheses after country name is P value.
A. By education
Country Groups Daily servings of fruits and vegetables P for difference
0 1–2 3–4 ≥5
Armenia Less than high school 9.3 43.5 22.4 24.7 <.001
High school 4.7 37.8 28.1 29.4
College/university/postgraduate 2.0 38.6 35.6 23.9
Azerbaijan Less than high school 7.7 48.6 23.6 20.1 <.001
High school 8.0 43.0 25.7 23.3
College/university/postgraduate 2.7 44.0 26.6 26.7
Belarus Less than high school 6.2 42.6 25.2 26.0 .02
High school 6.7 40.9 26.6 25.9
College/university/postgraduate 3.0 38.3 30.6 28.1
Georgia Less than high school 2.8 30.4 28.5 38.4 .88
High school 4.8 30.0 30.0 35.2
College/university/postgraduate 2.3 25.8 30.1 41.9
Kyrgyzstan Less than high school 14.9 48.9 20.1 16.1 .008
High school 10.3 41.9 21.9 25.9
College/university/postgraduate 13.8 27.4 27.8 31.1
Republic of
Moldova
Less than high school 5.4 32.4 33.3 28.8 .002
High school 2.8 29.5 32.0 35.7
College/university/postgraduate 2.6 23.2 34.8 39.3
Tajikistan Less than high school 1.9 35.6 29.3 33.2 .01
High school 1.8 27.7 31.0 39.5
College/university/postgraduate 4.1 19.7 26.4 49.8
Turkey Less than high school 12.1 61.4 15.0 11.5 .08
High school 10.2 62.7 14.7 12.4
College/university/postgraduate 7.1 60.6 19.3 13.1
Uzbekistan Less than high school 1.0 35.5 29.8 33.8 .38
High school 1.5 33.9 32.1 32.5
College/university/postgraduate 1.8 30.8 33.6 33.9
B. By receipt of advice from health care professional
Armenia Yes 4.4 39.2 25.8 30.6 .26
No 6.5 41.0 27.9 24.5
Azerbaijan Yes 5.6 38.5 25.0 31.0 .61
No 8.1 35.6 26.5 29.8
Belarus Yes 5.4 40.5 26.6 27.4 .83
No 5.7 40.5 28.1 25.8
Georgia Yes 4.3 29.4 28.3 38.1 .79
No 3.4 28.4 30.1 38.1
Kyrgyzstan Yes 12.1 38.5 22.1 27.3 .67
No 11.1 40.1 24.0 24.9
Republic of Moldova Yes 2.2 27.4 34.8 35.6 <.001
No 5.1 30.4 29.6 34.9
Tajikistan Yes 1.4 25.2 29.4 44.0 <.001
No 4.1 34.8 31.0 30.1
Turkey Yes 7.1 63.3 19.6 10.0 .005
No 11.0 61.5 14.7 12.7
Turkmenistan Yes 1.3 8.4 15.1 75.2 .80
No 0.0 7.7 10.0 82.3
Uzbekistan Yes 1.1 30.4 31.3 37.2 <.001
No 2.5 42.4 34.3 20.8

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