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Changes in Serving Size, Calories, and Sodium Content in Processed Foods From 2009 to 2015

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Figure 1.
Percentage change in serving size, calorie density, sodium density, and sales among 2,979 processed food products, by level of change in calorie density, 2009 to 2015. Paired tests were used to test whether the difference in means between 2009 and 2015 was significant (2-tailed α of .05). All bars represent significant (P < .05) differences except the leftmost bar within Serving Size (the percentage change in serving size among items that decreased in calorie density).

Change in Calorie Density No. (%) of Products 2009, Mean (SD) 2015, Mean (SD) % Change P Value
Serving size, g
Decrease 850 (29) 116.9 (101) 118.1 (102.5) 1.1 .21
Increase 669 (22) 113.3 (90.6) 105.8 (83.3) −6.6 <.001
No change 1,460 (49) 70.0 (63.4) 68.3 (60.1) −2.4 <.001
Calorie density, kcal/100 g
Decrease 850 (29) 232.4 (154.3) 203.8 (131.4) −12.3 <.001
Increase 669 (22) 188.1 (126.6) 213.0 (140.8) 13.2 <.001
No change 1,460 (49) 257.3 (167.0) 257.3 (167.0) 0.0 <.01
Sodium density, mg/100 g
Decrease 850 (29) 614.1 (378.8) 551.1 (347.2) −10.3 <.001
Increase 669 (22) 561.3 (345.3) 537.9 (325.1) −4.2 <.001
No change 1,460 (49) 641.5 (390.8) 613.4 (379.3) −4.4 <.001
Sales, annual equivalized
Decrease 850 (29) 4,307,499.3 (3,609,349) 3,955,056.7 (3,460,379) −8.2 <.001
Increase 669 (22) 4,478,441.1 (3,498,997) 4,214,948.1 (3,098,732) −5.9 .02
No change 1,460 (49) 4,412,645.6 (3,596,791) 4,253,249.2 (3,613,180) −3.6 .02

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Figure 2.
Percentage change in serving size, calorie density, sodium density, and sales among 2,979 processed food products, by level of change in sodium density, 2009 to 2015. Paired tests were used to test whether the difference in means between 2009 and 2015 was significant (2-tailed α of .05). All bars represent significant (P
< .05) differences except the leftmost bar in Serving Size (the percentage change in serving size among items that decreased in sodium density) and the rightmost bars within Sodium Density and Sales (the percentage change in sodium density among items that did not change in sodium density or sales).

Change in Sodium Density No. (%) of Units 2009, Mean (SD) 2015, Mean (SD) % Change P Value
Serving size, g
Decrease 1,462 (49) 105.4 (93.6) 105.0 (93.4) −0.3 .59
Increase 612 (21) 101.6 (85.3) 94.4 (77.1) −7.0 <.001
No change 905 (30) 67.5 (61.8) 65.8 (58.4) −2.5 <.001
Calorie density, kcal/100 g
Decrease 1,462 (49) 224.4 (154.2) 217.8 (146.2) −2.9 <.001
Increase 612 (21) 216.8 (141.2) 222.1 (144.0) 2.4 <.01
No change 905 (30) 263.3 (168.9) 262 (167.6) −0.5 .02
Sodium density, mg/100 g
Decrease 1,462 (49) 629.2 (375.5) 521.8 (314.5) −17.1 <.001
Increase 612 (21) 536.9 (327.3) 613.4 (364.9) 14.2 <.001
No change 905 (30) 647.1 (408.4) 647.1 (408.4) 0.0 .78
Sales, annual equivalized
Decrease 1,462 (49) 4,841,548.7 (3,966,836) 4,510,680.7 (3,736,687) −6.8 <.001
Increase 612 (21) 3,645,839.3 (2,845,116) 3,364,883.9 (2,506,009.5) −7.7 <.001
No change 905 (30) 4,188,194.8 (3,425,053) 4,129,743.8 (3,465,828) −1.4 .50

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