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Risk Prediction Score for Chronic Kidney Disease in Healthy Adults and Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review

PEER REVIEWED


Figure 1.
In the identification of studies via databases and registers, records were identified from Cochrane Library (n = 67), Medline/PubMed (n = 550), Embase (n = 160), LILACS (n = 429), CINAHL (n = 74), PsycInfo (n = 54), Trip Database (n = 371), Epistemonikos (n = 14), and Health Evidence (n = 34). Twenty-nine duplicate records were removed before screening. In the screening process, the remaining 1,724 records were screened and 1,691 were excluded. Reports were sought for retrieval for the remaining 33 records; 2 reports were not retrieved. Of the 31 remaining, reports were excluded for being prediction models for advanced chronic kidney disease (n = 6), showing prevalence of CKD and comparison of equations to eGFR (n = 3), being machine learning (n = 3), having insufficient data for analysis (n = 3), being for external validation (n = 1), and with sample out of target (n = 1). This left 14 studies to be included in the review. Studies identified via other methods were from manual searching (n = 9), citation searching (n = 596), and gray literature (n = 1). There were 445 reports excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria. In this screening process, 161 reports were sought for retrieval; reports were excluded for being duplicate reports (n = 87), being published before 2010 (n = 27), being progression CKD to ESRD (n = 22), predicting renal impairment (n = 1), predicting risk of dialysis and transplant (n = 2), predicting CVD (n = 1), clinical practice guideline (n = 3), CKD in HIV infection (n = 1), and being external validations (n = 4). Of the 161 reports sought for retrieval, 13 were assessed for eligibility. Of the 13 studies, 6 were excluded, leaving 7 studies for review. These 7 studies, combined with the 14 studies from databases and registers, were the total studies for review. Studies of healthy adults totaled 13, studies of people with type 2 diabetes totaled 7, and 1 study looked at both populations.

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Figure 2.

Methodologic quality summary and graph for analysis of studies of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in healthy adults and adults living with type 2 diabetes.

Methodologic quality summary and graph for analysis of studies of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in healthy adults and adults living with type 2 diabetes.
Study Risk of bias Applicability concerns
Patient selection Index text Reference standard Flow and timing Patient selection Index text Reference standard
Al-Shamsi 2019 Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
Blech 2011 Low Unclear Low Low Unclear Low Low
Chien 2010 Low Low Low Low Unclear Low Low
Dunkler 2015 High Low Low Low Unclear Low Low
Halbesma 2011 Low Low Unclear Low Low Low Low
Hao 2017 Low Low Unclear Low Low Low Unclear
Hippisley-Cox 2010 Low Low Low Low High Low Low
Jardine 2012 Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
Kwon 2012 Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
Lee 2019 Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
Low 2017 Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
Nelson 2019 Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
O’Seaghdha 2012 Low Low Unclear Low Low Low Unclear
Raña-Custodio (unpublished data) Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
Saranburut 2017 Low Low High Low Low Low Low
Thakkinstian 2011 Low Low Unclear Low Low Low Low
Umesawa 2018 Unclear Low Low Low Unclear Low Low
Wen 2020 Unclear Low Low Low Low Low Low
Wu 2017 Low Unclear Low Low Low Low Low
Wysham 2020 Low Unclear High Unclear Low Low Low
Yu 2021 Unclear Low Low Low Low Low Low

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