Resources & Publications

Resources

Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Botulism, 2021

These are the first comprehensive clinical care guidelines for botulism. They include

Best practices for diagnosing, monitoring, and treating botulism, including during outbreaks
Special considerations for infants, children, and people who are pregnant or breastfeeding
Recommendations for supportive care, including psychosocial support for patients and family members

“Botulism,” a CDC-sponsored supplement to Clinical Infectious Diseasesexternal icon

The supplement includes six systematic reviews and other articles that provided the evidence base for the clinical guidelines. Contents include reviews and articles on

Clinical presentation
Effectiveness of antitoxin
Antitoxin adverse reactions
Outbreaks
And more

Preparing and Administrating Heptavalent Antitoxin for the Treatment of Botulism

Preparing and Administrating Heptavalent Antitoxin for the Treatment of Botulism

Low Resolution Video

CDC created this video to guide healthcare professionals on preparing and administering antitoxin for the treatment of botulism. Refer to the FDA package insertexternal icon for complete information.

Other Resources

Handbook for Epidemiologists, Clinicians, and Laboratory Workers – Botulism in the United States, 1899–1996 pdf icon[PDF – 43 pages]
Botulism: Countering Common Clinical Misperceptionsexternal icon
Dr. Agam Rao discusses how to recognize and treat botulism and she addresses common clinical misperceptions about the illness. Read the transcript pdf icon[PDF – 3 pages]

Publications

Clinical Characteristics and Ancillary Test Results Among Patients With Botulism—United States, 2002–2015. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Rao AK, Lin NH, Jackson KA, Mody RK, Griffin PM. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Dec 27; 66(Suppl 1): p. S4–S10.
Clinical Features of Foodborne and Wound Botulism: A Systematic Review of the Literature, 1932–2015. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Chatham-Stephens K, Fleck-Derderian S, Johnson SD, Sobel J, Rao AK, Meaney-Delman D. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Dec 27; 66 (Suppl 1): p. S11–S16.
Pediatric Botulism and Use of Equine Botulinum Antitoxin in Children: A Systematic Review. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Griese SE, Kisselburgh HM, Bartenfeld MT, Thomas E, Rao AK, Sobel J, Dziuban EJ. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Dec 27; 66(Suppl 1): p. S17–S29.
Botulism During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period: A Systematic Review. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Badell ML, Rimawi BH, Rao AK, Jamieson DJ, Rasmussen S, Meaney-Delman D. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Dec 27; 66(Suppl 1): p. S30–S37.
Botulism mortality in the United States, 1975–2009. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon PMCexternal icon
Jackson KA, Mahon BE, Copeland J, Fagan R. The Botulinum J. 2016; 3(1): p. 6–17.
Botulism. In: Bacterial Infections of Humans. Springerexternal icon
Yu PA, Maslanka SE, St Louis ME, Swerdlow DL. Editors: Evans AS, Brachman PS. New York: Springer; 2009. p. 159–176.
Long-term outcomes of 217 botulism cases in the Republic of Georgia. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Gottlieb SL, Kretsinger K, Tarkhashvili N, Chakvetadze N, Chokheli M, Chubinidze M, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jul 15; 45(2): p. 174–80.
Adult botulism type F in the United States, 1981–2002. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Gupta A, Sumner CJ, Castor M, Maslanka S, Sobel J. Neurology. 2005 Dec 13; 65(11): p. 1694–700.
Botulism. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Sobel J. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Oct 15; 41(8): p. 1167–73.
Identification of the major steps in botulinum toxin action. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Simpson LL. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2004 Feb 10; 44: p. 167–93.
Botulism in the United States: a clinical and epidemiologic review. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Shapiro RL, Hatheway C, Swerdlow DL. Ann Intern Med. 1998 Aug 1; 129(3): p. 221–8.
Botulism. In: Bacterial Infections of Humans. Springerexternal icon
Angulo FJ, St. Louis ME. Editors: Evans AS, Brachman PS. New York: Plenum; 1998. p. 131–3.

The Epidemiology of Foodborne Botulism Outbreaks: A Systematic Review. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Fleck-Derderian S, Shankar M, Rao AK, Chatham-Stephens K, Adjei S, Sobel J, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Dec 27; 66 (Suppl 1): p. S73–S81.

Botulism linked to improperly home-canned, fermented, or preserved foods, including traditional Alaska Native foods

Notes from the Field: botulism Type E after consumption of salt-cured fish — New Jersey, 2018. MMWR PubMedexternal icon
Ganapathiraju PV, Gharpure R, Thomas D, Millet N, Gurrieri D, Chatham-Stephens K, et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Nov; 68(44): p. 1008–09.
Botulism outbreak associated with home-canned peas—New York City, 2018. MMWR PubMedexternal icon
Bergeron G, Latash J, Dacosta-Carter CA, Egan C, Stavinsky F, Kileci JA, et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Mar; 68(10): p. 251–52.
Large outbreak of botulism associated with a church potluck meal—Ohio, 2015. MMWR PubMedexternal icon PMCexternal icon
McCarty CL, Angelo K, Beer KD, Cibulskas-White K, Quinn K, de Fijter S, et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 Jul 31; 64(29): p. 802–3.
Regional variations in home canning practices and the risk of foodborne botulism in the Republic of Georgia, 2003. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon PMCexternal icon
Tarkhashvili N, Chokheli M, Chubinidze M, Abazashvili N, Chakvetadze N, Imnadze P, et al. J Food Prot. 2015 Apr; 78(4): p. 746–50.
Botulism associated with home-fermented tofu in two Chinese immigrants—New York City, March–April 2012. MMWR PubMedexternal icon PMCexternal icon
Chai E, Choi E, Guitierrez C, Hochman M, Johnkutty S, Kamel W, et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013 July 5; 62(26): p. 529–32.
Three outbreaks of foodborne botulism caused by unsafe home canning of vegetables—Ohio and Washington, 2008 and 2009. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Date K, Fagan R, Crossland S, MacEachern D, Pyper B, Bokanyi R, et al. J Food Prot. 2011; 74(12): p. 2090–6.
Outbreak of clinically mild botulism type E illness from home-salted fish in patients presenting with predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Sobel J, Malavet M, John S. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jul 15; 45(2): p. 14–6.
The need for global planned mobilization of essential medicine: lessons from a massive Thai botulism outbreak. PDF [3 - pages]external icon PubMedexternal icon PMCexternal icon
Ungchusak K, Chunsuttiwat S, Braden CR, Aldis W, Ueno K, Olsen SJ, Wiboolpolprasert S. Bull World Health Organ. 2007 Mar; 85(3): p. 238–240.
Brief Report: Foodborne botulism from home-prepared fermented tofu—California. MMWR PubMedexternal icon
Meyers H, Inami G, Rosenberg J, Mohle-Boetani J, Vugia D, Yuan J. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007 Feb 9; 56(5): p. 96–7.
Botulism type E outbreak associated with eating a beached whale, Alaska. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon PMCexternal icon
McLaughlin JB, Sobel J, Lynn T, Funk E, Middaugh JP. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Sep; 10(9): p. 1685–7.
Botulism among Alaska natives in the Bristol Bay area of southwest Alaska: a survey of knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to fermented foods known to cause botulism. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Chiou LA, Hennessy TW, Horn A, Carter G, Butler JC. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2002 Feb; 61(1): p. 50–60.
Foodborne botulism from eating home-pickled eggs—Illinois, 1997. MMWR PubMedexternal icon
Rifkin G, Sibounheuang K, Peterson L, Kelly K, Langkop C, Kauerauf D, et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2000 Sep 1; 49(34): p. 778–80.

Botulism linked to pruno, a type of homemade alcohol

Notes from the field: botulism outbreak from drinking prison-made illicit alcohol in a federal correctional facility—Mississippi, June 2016. MMWR PubMedexternal icon
McCrickard L, Marlow M, Self JL, Watkins LF, Chatham-Stephens K, Anderson J, et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Jan 6; 65(52): p. 1491–2.
A qualitative inquiry about pruno, an illicit alcoholic beverage linked to botulism outbreaks in United States prisons. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon PMCexternal icon
Walters MS, Sreenivasan N, Person B, Shew M, Wheeler D, Hall J, et al. Am J Public Health. 2015 Nov; 105(11): p. 2256–61.
Alcohol production, prevention strategies, and inmate knowledge about the risk for botulism from pruno consumption in a correctional facility—Arizona, 2013. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon PMCexternal icon
Adams LE, Yasmin S, Briggs G, Redden K, Silvas S, Anderson S, et al. J Correct Health Care. 2015 Oct; 21(4): p. 335–42.
Notes from the field: botulism from drinking prison-made illicit alcohol—Arizona, 2012. MMWR PubMedexternal icon PMCexternal icon
Briggs G, Anderson S, Komatsu K, Weiss J, Henke E, Tsang CA, et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013 Feb 8; 62(5): p. 88.
Botulism from drinking prison-made illicit alcohol—Utah, 2011. MMWR PubMedexternal icon
Thurston D, Risk I, Hill MB, Vitek D, Bogdanow L, Robertson J, et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012 Oct 5; 61(39): p. 782–4.
Botulism from drinking pruno. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon PMCexternal icon
Vugia DJ, Mase SR, Cole B, Stiles J, Rosenberg J, Velasquez L, et al. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Jan; 15(1): p. 69–71.

Botulism linked to other foods

Notes from the field: botulism caused by consumption of commercially produced potato soups stored improperly—Ohio and Georgia, 2011. MMWR PubMedexternal icon
Seaman MP, Sulka AC, Tobin-D’Angelo M, Blass MA, Mills RL, Carmean J, et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011 Jul 8; 60(26): p. 890.
International outbreak of severe botulism with prolonged toxemia caused by commercial carrot juice. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Sheth AN, Wiersma P, Atrubin D, Dubey V, Zink D, Skinner G, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Nov 15; 47(10): p. 1245–51.
Botulism associated with commercially canned chili sauce—Texas and Indiana. MMWR PubMedexternal icon
Ginsberg MM, Granzow L, Teclaw RF, Gaul LK, Bagdure S, Cole A, et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007 Aug 3; 56(30): p. 767–9.
Botulism associated with commercial carrot juice—Georgia and Florida, September 2006. MMWR PubMedexternal icon
Shuler C, Drenzek C, Lance S, Gonzalez G, Miller J, Tobin-D’Angelo M, et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006 Oct 13; 55(40): p. 1098–9.
An outbreak of foodborne botulism associated with food sold at a salvage store in Texas. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Kalluri P, Crowe C, Reller M, Gaul L, Hayslett J, Barth S, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Dec 1; 37(11): p. 1490–5.
A large outbreak of botulism: the hazardous baked potato. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Angulo FJ, Getz J, Taylor JP, Hendricks KA, Hatheway CL, Barth SS, et al. J Infect Dis. 1998 Jul; 178(1): p. 172–7.
Foodborne botulism—Oklahoma, 1994. MMWR PubMedexternal icon
Knubley W, McChesney TC, Mallonee J, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1995 Mar 24; 44(11): p. 200–2.
Epidemiologic notes and reports fish botulism—Hawaii, 1990. MMWR DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Kershaw P, Dioso M, Wong B, Ibara C, Robertson D, Tamao W, et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1991 Jun 21; 40(24): p. 412–4.
Botulism from chopped garlic: delayed recognition of a major outbreak. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
St. Louis ME, Peck SHS, Bowering D, Morgan GB, Blatherwick J, Banerjee S, et al. Ann Intern Med. 1988 Mar; 108(3): p. 363–8.

Other foodborne botulism

Foodborne botulism in the United States, 1999–2000. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon PMCexternal icon
Sobel J, Tucker N, McLaughlin J, Maslanka S. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Sep; 10(9): p. 1606–11.
Foodborne botulism in the Republic of Georgia. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon PMCexternal icon
Varma JK, Katsitadze G, Moiscrafishvili M, Zardiashvili T, Chikheli M, Tarkashvili N, et al. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Sept; 10(9): p. 1601–5.
Signs and symptoms predictive of death in patients with foodborne botulism—Republic of Georgia, 1980–2002. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Varma JK, Katsitadze G, Moiscrafishvili M, Zardiashvili T, Chokheli M, Tarkhashvili N, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Aug 1; 39(3): p. 357–62.

Botulism in Alaska: A Guide for Physicians and Health Care Providers. CDC Stacks PDF pdf icon[32 pages]external icon
Castrodale LJ (ed.). State of Alaska Department of Health and Social Services. 2011.
Endemic foodborne botulism among Alaska Native persons—Alaska, 1947–2007. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Fagan RP, McLaughlin JB, Castrodale LJ, Gessner BD, Jenkerson SA, Funk EA, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Mar 1; 52(5): p. 585–92.
Botulism type E outbreak associated with eating a beached whale, Alaska. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon PMCexternal icon
McLaughlin JB, Sobel J, Lynn T, Funk E, Middaugh JP. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Sep; 10(9): p. 1685–7.
Botulism among Alaska Natives in the Bristol Bay area of southwest Alaska: a survey of knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to fermented foods known to cause botulism. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Chiou LA, Hennessy TW, Horn A, Carter G, Butler JC. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2002 Feb; 61(1): p. 50–60.
Botulism among Alaska Natives. The role of changing food preparation and consumption practices. PubMedexternal icon PMCexternal icon
Shaffer N, Wainwright RB, Middaugh JP, Tauxe RV. West J Med. 1990 Oct; 153(4): p. 390–3.

Equine botulinum antitoxin for the treatment of infant botulism. DOIexternal icon PubMed↗external icon PMCexternal icon
Vanella de Cuetos EE, Fernandez RA, Bianco MI, Sartori OJ, Piovano ML, Lúquez C, de Jong LI. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2011 Nov; 18(11): p. 1845–9.
Clostridial infections: botulism and infant botulism. In: The Red Book: 2009 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. PDF pdf icon[32 pages]external icon
Arnon SS, Barzilay EJ. Editors: Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Kimberlin DW, Long SS. Elk Grove Village (IL): American Academy of Pediatrics; 2009. p. 259–62.
Intestinal botulism formerly infant botulism. In: Control of Communicable Disease Manual. 19^th ed. APHAexternal icon
Barzilay E, Schlundt J, Toyofuku H. Editor: Heymann DL. Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association. 2008. p. 79–87.
Global occurrence of infant botulism, 1976–2006. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Koepke R, Sobel J, Arnon S. Pediatrics. 2008 Jul; 122(1): p. 72–82.
Human botulism immune globulin for the treatment of infant botulism. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Arnon SS, Schechter R, Maslanka SE, Jewell NP, Hatheway CL. N Engl J Med. 2006 Feb 2; 354(5): p. 462–71.
Foodborne botulism in a six-month-old infant caused by home-canned baby food. DOIexternal icon PubMed↗external icon
Armada M, Love S, Barrett E, Monroe J, Peery D, Sobel J. Ann Emerg Med. 2003 Aug; 42(2): p. 226–9.
Infant botulism—New York City, 2001–2002. MMWR PubMedexternal icon
Reddy V, Balter S, Weiss D, Layton M, Kornstein L, Friberg I, et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003 Jan 17; 52(2): p. 21–4.
Risk of infant botulism from corn syrup. Ovidexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Olsen SJ, Swerdlow DL. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000 Jun; 19(6): p. 584–5.

Notes from the field: Botulism Type B after intravenous methamphetamine use – New Jersey, 2020. MMWR PubMedexternal icon
Waltenburg MA, Larson VA, Naor EH, Webster TG, Dykes J, Foltz V, et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Oct; 69(39): p. 1425–26.
Recurrent wound botulism among injection drug users in California. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Yuan J, Inami G, Mohle-Boetani J, Vugia DJ. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Apr 1; 52(7): p. 862–6.
Wound botulism acquired in the Amazonian rain forest of Ecuador. PDF - 4 pagesexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Reller ME, Douce RW, Maslanka SE, Torres DS, Manock SR, Sobel J. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006 Apr; 74(4): p. 628–31.
Wound botulism among black tar heroin users—Washington, 2003. MMWR DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Spitters C, Moran J, Kruse D, Barg N, Leslie M, Hoffman J, et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003 Sep 19; 52(37): p. 885–6.
Wound Botulism in California, 1951–1998: Recent Epidemic in Heroin Injectors. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Benson Werner S, Passaro D, McGee J, Schechter R, Vugia DJ. Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Oct 1; 31(4): p. 1018–24.
Wound botulism—California, 1995. MMWR PubMedexternal icon
Gollober M, Beyer RA, Kwan S, Bates RO, Billimek M, Matson SE, et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1995 Dec 8; 44(48): p. 889–92.

Efficacy of Antitoxin Therapy in Treating Patients With Foodborne Botulism: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cases, 1923–2016. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon PMCexternal icon
O'Horo JC, Harper EP, El Rafei A, Ali R, DeSimone DC, Sakusic A, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Dec 27; 66 (Suppl 1): p. S43–S56.
Safety and Improved Clinical Outcomes in Patients Treated With New Equine-Derived Heptavalent Botulinum Antitoxin. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon PMCexternal icon
Yu PA, Lin NH, Mahon BE, Sobel J, Yu Y, Mody RK, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Dec 27; 66 (Suppl 1): p. S57–S64.
Allergic Reactions to Botulinum Antitoxin: A Systematic Review. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon PMCexternal icon
Schussler E, Sobel J, Hsu J, Yu P, Meaney-Delman D, Grammer LC 3^rd, Nowak-Wegrzyn A. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Dec 27; 66 (Suppl 1): p. S65–S72.
The eyes have it. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Rao AK, Jackson KA, Mahon BE. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jan 24; 368(4): p. 392.
Initial recovery and rebound of type F intestinal colonization botulism after administration of investigational heptavalent botulinum antitoxin. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Fagan RP, Neil KP, Sasich R, Luquez C, Asaad H, Maslanka S, Khalil W. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Nov; 53(9): p. 125–8.
Utility of botulinum toxin ELISA A, B, E, F kits for clinical laboratory investigations of human botulism. DOIexternal icon
Maslanka SE, Luquez C, Raphael BH, Dykes JK, Joseph, LA. Botulinum J. 2011; 2(1): p. 72–92.
Investigational heptavalent botulinum antitoxin (HBAT) to replace licensed antitoxin AB and investigational botulinum antitoxin E. MMWR PubMedexternal icon
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010 Mar 19; 59(10): p. 299.

Botulism. In: Beyond Anthrax: The Weaponization of Infectious Diseases. Springerexternal icon
Sobel J. Editors: Lutwick LI, Lutwick SM. Towata (NJ): Humana Press. 2009. p. 85–105.
Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, Ascher MS, et al. JAMA. 2001 Feb 28; 285(8): p. 1059–70.
Botulism surveillance and emergency response: a public health strategy for a global challenge. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Shapiro RL, Hatheway C, Becher J, Swerdlow DL. JAMA. 1997 Aug 6; 278(5): p. 433–5.

Molecular characterization of Clostridium botulinum harboring the bont/B7 gene. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Halpin JL, Dykes JK, Katz L, Centurioni DA, Perry MJ, Egan CT, Lúquez C. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2019 Jun; 16(6): p. 428–33.
Draft genome sequences for dual-toxin-producing Clostridium botulinum DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Halpin JL, Dykes JK, Lúquez C. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2019 Jan; 8(4): e01152–18.
Draft genome sequence of a Clostridium botulinum isolate from Thailand harboring the subtype bont/B8 gene. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Halpin JL, Wangroongsarb P, Jittaprasartsin C, Dykes JK, Lúquez C. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2019 Jan; 8(5): e01216–18.
Pulsotype diversity of Clostridium botulinum strains containing serotypes A and/or B genes. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Halpin JL, Joseph L, Dykes JK, McCroskey L, Smith E, Toney D, et al. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2017 Sep; 14(9): p. 494–501.
Finished whole-genome sequences of Clostridium butyricum toxin subtype E4 and Clostridium baratii toxin subtype F7 strains. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Halpin JL, Hill K, Johnson SL, Bruce DC, Shirey TB, Dykes JK, Lúquez C. Genome Announc. 2017 Jul. 5(29): e00375–17.
Finished whole-genome sequences of two Clostridium botulinum type A(B) isolates. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Halpin JL, Hill K, Johnson SL, Bruce DC, Shirey TB, Dykes JK, Lúquez C. Genome Announc. 2017 May; 5(21): e00381–17.
Finished whole-genome sequence of Clostridium argentinense producing botulinum neurotoxin type G. DOIexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Halpin JL, Hill K, Johnson SL, Bruce DC, Shirey TB, Dykes JK, Lúquez C. Genome Announc. 2017 May; 5(21): e00380–17.

Notes from the Field: Intestinal colonization and possible iatrogenic botulism identified by mass spectrometry in mouse-bioassay-negative serum specimens—Los Angeles County, California, November 2017. MMWRexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
Halai U, Terashita D, Kim M, Green N, Kalb SR, Chatham-Stephens K, Balter S. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Nov; 67(43): p. 1221-22.

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Page last reviewed: June 1, 2021

Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) , Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases (DFWED)