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Asthma control

asthma control
Data Standard Asthma control
Measure Annual estimate of:
  • Count: Number of children aged 0-17 years with current asthma with not-well-controlled/very-poorly-controlled asthma
  • At-risk rate: Percent of children aged 0-17 years with current asthma with not-well-controlled/very-poorly-controlled asthma among all children with asthma
  • Population-based rate: N/A*

* This outcome is primarily of interest among persons with asthma—comparisons between groups should account for differences in asthma prevalence, and thus be made using at-risk rates.
Numerator definition Numerator: Number of children aged 0-17 years with current asthma with not-well-controlled/very-poorly-controlled asthma (versus well controlled asthma)Survey questions for individual components of asthma control (Source: Asthma Call-back Survey (ACBS)):

1. Daytime symptoms:
“During the past 30 days, on how many days did [child’s name] have any symptoms of asthma?”

2. Nighttime awakenings:
”During the past 30 days, on how many days did symptoms of asthma make it difficult for [him/her] to stay asleep?”

3. Interference with normal activity:
“During just the past 30 days, would you say [child’s name] limited [his/her] usual activities due to asthma not at all, a little, a moderate amount, or a lot?” Note: the recall period for this question changed in the ACBS from “12 months” to “30 days” in 2012.

4. Short-acting beta agonist (SABA) use: estimates using responses from 5 questions (1):

  • “In the past 3 months has [child’s name] taken prescription asthma medicine using an inhaler? “
  • “In the past 3 months, what prescription asthma medications did [he/she] take by inhaler?” (choose SABA from [MEDICINE FROM INH_MEDS SERIES])1
  • “In the past 3 months, did [he/she] take [MEDICINE FROM INH_MEDS SERIES]3 when [he/she] had an asthma episode or attack?”
  • “In the past 3 months, did [he/she] take [MEDICINE FROM INH_MEDS SERIES]3 before exercising?”
  • “How many times per day or per week did [he/she] use [MEDICINE FROM INH_MEDS SERIES] 3?”

1Identify those medications that are inhaled SABA. This determination needs annual update, since new inhaled medications may be become available. INH_MEDS series is a list of medications which the ACBS interviewer uses to identify up to 8 medications reported by the respondent. This list should be checked in the ACBS child questionnaire each year for updates. In 2012, it included the following SABA medications: albuterol (Ventolin, Proair HFA, Proventil), bitolterol (Tornalate), Combivent, levalbuterol (Xopenex), metaproterenol (Alupent), pirbuterol (Maxair), salbutamol (albuterol), and terbutaline (Brethaire).

Algorithm for converting SABA use to control level according to the EPR-guidelines (Source: ACBS Users Guide (1)):

  • Identify all respondents who have taken a prescription asthma medicine using an inhaler (“In the past 3 months have you taken prescription asthma medicine using an inhaler?”)
  • Identify those medications that are inhaled SABAs (e.g., Albuterol).
  • Determine SABA medications for which there is evidence that they were taken in the past 3 months only for treatment before exercise (“In the past 3 months, did you take [inhaler] when you had an asthma episode or attack?; “In the past 3 months, did you take [inhaler] before exercising?”). If taken before exercise, and not taken for an asthma attack or episode, then the response for SABA use before exercise does not contribute to the SABA use total (see Technical Appendix).
  • Then determine the frequency of use (“How many times per day or per week do you use [inhaler]?”) and convert to number of times per day.
  • Convert to control level: cut-off for Not Well Controlled is >2 days/week which is equivalent to >0.29 uses per day.

Category of asthma control was based on the most impaired level across all four components (symptoms, nighttime awakenings, interference with activity, and Short-acting beta agonist use). Categorizing levels of control therefore requires assessing all 4 components for each individual child (see Technical Appendix):

inner table
Well controlled Not well controlled/very poorly controlled
Symptoms ≤8 days in past 30 days
(EPR-3: ≤2 days/week)		 >8 days in past 30 days
(EPR3: >2 days/week)
Nighttime awakenings
0- 4 year ≤1 time/month >1 time/month
5-11 years ≤1 time/month ≥2 times/month
12+ years ≤2 times/month ≥1-3 times/week
Interference with activity Not at all A little/moderate/lot
Short-acting beta agonist use ≤2 days/week >2 days/week

Benchmark data source:

Note: This survey is conducted only among respondents who report that they have ever been diagnosed with asthma. Estimates from this survey are typically reported as at-risk rates (rates of events among persons who currently have asthma). However, population-based rates may also convey useful information about the burden of asthma, but does not take into account differences in asthma prevalence between demographic groups.
Denominator definition Denominator for at-risk rate:
Number of children aged 0-17 years with current asthmaSurvey questions used to determine current asthma prevalence
YES response to both questions:
  • “Has a doctor or other health professional EVER told you that [child’s name] had asthma?” AND
  • “Does [child’s name] still have asthma?”

Benchmark data sources:

National: National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 2001 onward (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/quest_data_related_1997_forward.htm)
State: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), data available for children 0-17 years of age for selected states, 2006 onward (https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/)
Background Monitoring asthma control helps determine the effectiveness of current treatment in limiting frequency and intensity of symptoms and functional limitations. Asthma control is measured by determining the most severe levels of impairment (frequency of daytime symptoms, nighttime awakenings, interference with normal activity, SABA use, and lung function) and risk (frequency of use of oral steroids). Level of asthma control is a function of underlying severity, responsiveness to treatment and the adequacy of asthma management(2).
Significance to disparities Uncontrolled asthma is associated with an increased risk of adverse asthma outcomes, significantly decreased quality of life and increased health care use.(2,3) Non-Hispanic black children are more likely that non-Hispanic white children to have very poorly controlled asthma(3).
Data considerations The measure available from national survey questionnaire items is a compilation of 4 components and captures a subset of 2007 NAEPP guideline impairment criteria. The lung function impairment and risk criteria are not captured in the survey-based measurement(2).
The component of control considering use of short-acting beta agonists is based only on inhaler use and does not include use of syrups, pills or nebulizer. Therefore, prevalence of poor asthma control may be underestimated for younger children who may be more likely to use nebulizers.
Data resources BRFSS Asthma Call-back Survey (ACBS):
Child prevalence tables 2006-2010: https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/acbs/acbstables.htm
Related data standards Asthma control is determined by assessing degree of symptoms and impairment over multiple components. A simplified measure of control is defined in this document to facilitate measurement using surveys and other data not necessarily collected in a clinical environment. Four components are included which are also included as individual indicators in this document:
  • Daytime symptoms
  • Nighttime awakenings
  • Activity limitation
  • Short-acting beta agonist use

Additional factors may be related to achieving and maintaining asthma control, including access to health care and adherence to components of the guidelines:

  • Asthma action plan
  • Taught how to recognize early symptoms
  • Taught how to use inhaler
  • Taught how to respond to episodes of asthma
  • Taught how to monitor peak flow for daily therapy
  • Routine asthma visits in past year
  • Any preventive medication use
  • Regular use of preventive medication
  • Short-acting beta agonist overuse
References (1) Asthma Call-back Survey Users Guide available upon request at asthmacallbackinfo@cdc.gov.
(2)National Institutes of Health, National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert panel report 3: guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. Expert panel report 3. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 2007. Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/index.htmExternal. Accessed February 19, 2015.
(3) Zahran Hs, Bailey CM, Qin X, Moorman JE. Assessing asthma control and associated risk factors among persons with current asthma—findings from the child and adult Asthma Call-back Survey. J Asthma. Nov 2014 early online.
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Health status

Health Status
Data Standard Health status: self-reported fair or poor health
Measure Annual estimate of:
  • Count: Number of children aged 0-17 years with current asthma with fair or poor health.
  • At-risk rate: Percent of children aged 0-17 years with current asthma with fair or poor health among children with current asthma.
  • Population-based rate: N/A*

* This outcome is primarily of interest among persons with asthma—comparisons between groups should account for differences in asthma prevalence, and thus be made using at-risk rates.
Numerator definition Numerator: Number of children aged 0-17 years with current asthma with fair or poor health (versus good, very good or excellent health).

Survey question (Source: NHIS):
Responses of “fair/poor” to the following question:

  • “Would you say your child’s health in general is excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?”

Benchmark data source:
Denominator definition Denominator for at-risk rate:
Number of children aged 0-17 years with current asthma (in the demographic group of interest)Survey questions used to determine current asthma prevalence
YES response to both questions:
  • “Has a doctor or other health professional EVER told you that [child’s name] had asthma?” AND
  • “Does [child’s name] still have asthma?”

Benchmark data sources:
Background Among adults, those with self-reported current asthma were significantly more likely to report having fair or poor health compared to those who formerly or never had asthma. These differences persisted after adjustment for sociodemographic factors(1). Similarly, among adolescents, those with symptomatic asthma had a higher percentage reporting fair or poor health compared to adolescents with asthma without symptoms, and those without asthma(2).
Significance to disparities Those with symptomatic asthma are more likely to have lower quality of life, which is reflected in self-reported health status(2). To the extent that symptoms and poor asthma control are higher among minority and poor children, this group may more likely to have overall impacts of asthma on self-reported health status.
Data considerations Self- or proxy-reported perceived health status can be affected by numerous considerations other than actual health status (e.g., by the health or mental status of the proxy reporter)
Data resources
Related data standards Health status may be related to frequency and severity asthma symptoms:
  • Asthma control
  • Daytime symptoms
  • Nighttime awakening
  • Activity limitations
References 1) Ford ES, Mannino DM, Homa DM, Gwynn C, Redd SC, Moriarty DG, Mokdad AH. Self-reported asthma and health-related quality of life: findings from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Chest 2003; 123(1):119-27.
(2) Cui W, Zack MM, Zahran HS. Health-related quality of life and asthma among United States adolescents. J Pediatr. 2015 Feb;166(2):358-64.
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Daytime symptoms

Daytime symptoms
Data Standard Daytime symptoms
Measure Annual estimates of:
  • Count: Number of children aged 0-17 years with current asthma who had symptoms of asthma on one or more days in the past 30 days.
  • At risk rate: Percent of children aged 0-17 years with current asthma who had symptoms of asthma on one or more days in the past 30 days among all children with asthma
  • Population-based rate: N/A*

* This outcome is primarily of interest among persons with asthma—comparisons between groups should account for differences in asthma prevalence, and thus be made using at-risk rates.
This indicator can also be used to estimate asthma control based on NAEPP criteria, but adapted for population-based surveys (1):
Percent of children aged 0-17 years with current asthma who had daytime symptoms of asthma that meet the EPR-3 criteria for Not Well- Controlled/Very Poorly Controlled asthma:
Age 0-4: 3 or more days per week or multiple times on ≤2 days per week
Age 5-11: 3 or more days per week or multiple times on ≤2 days per week
Age 12-17: 3 or more days per week or throughout the day
(See Technical Appendix for Asthma Control)
Numerator definition Numerator:
  • Number of children aged 0-17 years with current asthma who had daytime asthma symptoms on one or more days in the past 30 days
  • Number of children aged 0-17 years with current asthma who had daytime asthma symptoms that meet the EPR-3 criteria for Not Well- Controlled/Very Poorly Controlled asthma by age group

Survey questions (Source: ACBS):
“During the past 30 days, on how many days did [child’s name] have any symptoms of asthma?”
Benchmark data source
Denominator definition Denominator (at-risk rate): Number of children aged 0-17 years with current asthmaSurvey questions used to determine
YES response to both of two survey questions
  • “Has a doctor or other health professional EVER told you that your child had asthma?” AND
  • “Does your child still have asthma?”

Benchmark data sources:
Background Daytime asthma symptoms, which can include wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness and coughing, are one of the key indicators of asthma control, along with nighttime awakenings, activity limitations and lung function. According to the NAEPP guidelines for asthma diagnosis and management, asthma is considered well controlled only if daytime symptoms occur less than or equal to 2 days per week(1).
Significance to disparities Population-based asthma attack prevalence is higher for black children than white children; however, when asthma prevalence is taken into account (i.e., at-risk rates) asthma attack rates are the same for white children compared to black children. Nonetheless, black children are still more likely than white children to experience severe outcomes (e.g., asthma hospitalizations)(2).
Data considerations Reporting of symptoms in the past 30 days is subject to recall bias. In addition, estimates of daytime symptom frequency for children are based on report of parent/guardian and so may be under- or over-reported.
Data resources
Related data standards Daytime symptoms are one criteria used to determine asthma control:
  • Asthma control

Asthma control is a composite of the following indicators:

  • Daytime symptoms
  • Nighttime awakenings
  • Activity limitations
  • Short acting beta-antagonist use
References (1) National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, US Department of Health and Human Services. 2007(2). Akinbami LJ, Moorman JE, Simon AE, Schoendorf KC.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014 Sep;134(3):547-553
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Nighttime awakenings

nichtime awakenings
Data Standard Nighttime awakenings
Measure Annual estimates of:
  • Count: Number of children aged 0-17 years with current asthma who had nighttime symptoms on one or more days in the past 30 days
  • At-risk rate: Percent of children aged 0-17 years with current asthma who had nighttime symptoms on one or more days in the past 30 days among all children with asthma
  • Population-based rate: N/A*

* This outcome is primarily of interest among persons with asthma—comparisons between groups should account for differences in asthma prevalence, and thus be made using at-risk rates.
This indicator can also be used to estimate asthma control based on National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) criteria, but adapted for population-based surveys (1):
Percent of children aged 0-17 years with current asthma who had nighttime symptoms of asthma that meet the EPR-3 criteria for Not Well- Controlled/Very Poorly Controlled asthma:
Age 0-4: more than 1 time per month
Age 5-11: 2 or more times per month
Age 12-17: 1 or more times per week
(See Technical Appendix for Asthma Control)
Numerator definition Numerator:
  • Number of children aged 0-17 years with current asthma who had nighttime asthma symptoms on one or more days in the past 30 days
  • Number of children aged 0-17 years with current asthma who had nighttime asthma symptoms that meet the EPR-3 criteria for Not Well- Controlled/Very Poorly Controlled asthma by age group

Survey questions (Source: ACBS):

  • “During the past 30 days, on how many days did symptoms of asthma make it difficult for [him/her] to stay asleep?”

Benchmark data source:
Denominator definition Denominator: Number of children aged 0-17 years ever diagnosed with asthma by a health professional who still have asthmaSurvey questions used to determine current asthma prevalence
YES response to both of two survey questions:
  • “Has a doctor or other health professional EVER told you that your child had asthma?” AND
  • “Does your child still have asthma?”

Benchmark data sources:
Background Nighttime awakenings are one of the key indicators of asthma control, along with daytime symptoms, activity limitations and lung function. According to the NAEPP guidelines for asthma diagnosis and management, asthma is considered well controlled only if nighttime awakenings occur less than 2 times per month for children age 0-11 and less than 3 times per month for persons 12 and older(1). Nighttime awakenings due to asthma have been shown to impact school attendance, academic performance and parents’ work attendance(2).
Significance to disparities Population-based asthma attack prevalence is higher for black children than white children; however, when asthma prevalence is taken into account (i.e., at-risk rates) asthma attack rates are the same for white children compared to black children. Nevertheless, black children are still more likely than white children to experience severe outcomes (e.g., asthma hospitalizations)(3).
Data considerations Reporting of symptoms in the past 30 days is subject to recall bias. In addition, estimates of the frequency of nighttime awakenings for children are based on report of parent/guardian and so may be under- or over-reported.
Data resources
Related data standards Daytime symptoms are one criteria used to determine asthma control:
  • Asthma control

Asthma control is a composite of the following indicators:

  • Daytime symptoms
  • Nighttime awakenings
  • Activity limitations
  • SABA use
References (1) National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, US Department of Health and Human Services. 2007.
(2) Diette, G.B., Markson, L., Skinner, E.A., et al. (2000). Nocturnal asthma in children affects school attendance, school performance, and parents’ work attendance. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 154, 923-928.
(3) Akinbami LJ, Moorman JE, Simon AE, Schoendorf KC.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014 Sep;134(3):547-553
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Activity limitation

Activity limitation
Data Standard Activity limitations due to asthma (degree of)
Measure Annual estimates of:
  • Count: Number of children aged 0-17 years with current asthma reporting that they limited usual activities a little/moderate amount/a lot due to asthma in the past 30 days
  • At-risk rate: Percent of children aged 0-17 years with current asthma reporting that they limited usual activities a little/moderate amount/a lot due to asthma in the past 30 days among all children with asthma
  • Population-based rate: N/A*

* This outcome is primarily of interest among persons with asthma—comparisons between groups should account for differences in asthma prevalence, and thus be made using at-risk rates.
This indicator can also be used to estimate asthma control based on National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) criteria, but adapted for population-based surveys (1):
Percent of children aged 0-17 years with current asthma with activity limitation that meet the EPR-3 criteria for Not Well-Controlled/Very Poorly Controlled asthma:
Limited activities in the past 30 days a little, moderate amount or a lot due to asthma
(See Technical Appendix for Asthma Control)
Numerator definition Numerator:
Number of children aged 0-17 years with current asthma who limited their usual activities a little/a moderate amount/a lot due to asthma in the past 30 daysSurvey question (Source: ACBS):
Reponses of “a little/moderate amount/a lot” to:
  • “During just the past 30 days, would you say [child’s name] limited [his/her] usual activities due to asthma not at all, a little, a moderate amount, or a lot?”

Note: the recall period for this question changed in the ACBS from “12 months” to “30 days” in 2012.

Benchmark data source:
Denominator definition Denominator (at-risk rate): Number of children aged 0-17 years with current asthmaSurvey questions used to determine current asthma prevalence
YES response to both of two survey questions:
  • “Has a doctor or other health professional EVER told you that your child had asthma?” AND
  • “Does your child still have asthma?”

Benchmark data sources:
Background Interference with normal activity is one of measure of asthma control, along with daytime symptoms, nighttime awakenings and lung function. According to the NAEPP guidelines, asthma is considered well controlled only if there is no interference with normal activity(1).

From CDC Chronic Disease Indicator: Experiencing activity limitations because of poor physical or mental health interferes with social functioning, is associated with health behavior, and is an indicator of population productivity(2).
Significance to disparities
Data considerations Reporting of activity limitations in the past 30 days may be subject to recall bias. In addition, estimates of the degree of activity limitations for children are based on report of parent/guardian and so may be under- or over- reported.
Data resources Healthy People 2020: RD-4. Number of persons who report having current asthma and activity limitation due to a respiratory problem (http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics- objectives/topic/respiratory-diseases/objectivesExternal).

ACBS Child prevalence tables 2006-2010: Estimated percent with activity limitations among children with current asthma by state/territory – BRFSS Asthma Call-back Survey, United States, 2006-2010
https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/acbs/acbstables.htm
Related data standards Daytime symptoms are one criteria used to determine asthma control:
  • Asthma control

Asthma control is a composite of the following indicators:

  • Daytime symptoms
  • Nighttime awakenings
  • Activity limitations
  • SABA use
References (1) National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, US Department of Health and Human Services. 2007.
(2) Moriarty DG, Zack MM, Kobau R. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s healthy days measures – population tracking of perceived physical and mental health over time. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2003;1(37):1-8.
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Frequent use of short-acting beta-agonists

Frequent use of short-acting beta-agonists
Data Standard Frequent use of short-acting beta-agonists
Measure Annual estimates of:
  • Count: Number of children aged 0-17 years with current asthma who do not meet the EPR-3 criteria for well-controlled asthma according to reported use of short-acting beta-agonists in the previous 3 months.
  • At-risk rate: Percent of children aged 0-17 years with current asthma who do not meet the EPR-3 criteria for well-controlled asthma according to reported use of short-acting beta-agonists in the previous 3 months among all children with asthma.
Numerator definition Numerator:
Number of children with current asthma whose use of short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs) in the previous 3 months does not meet the EPR-3 criteria for well-controlled asthma according to reported use of short-acting beta-agonists in the previous 3 months among all children with asthma (i.e., children who use SABA >2 days per week).Survey question (Source: ACBS):
  • “In the past 3 months has [child’s name] taken prescription asthma medicine using an inhaler?“
  • “In the past 3 months, what prescription asthma medications did [he/she] take by inhaler?” (choose SABA from [MEDICINE FROM INH_MEDS SERIES)1
  • “In the past 3 months, did [he/she] take [MEDICINE FROM INH_MEDS SERIES]1 when [he/she] had an asthma episode or attack?”
  • “In the past 3 months, did [he/she] take [MEDICINE FROM INH_MEDS SERIES]1 before exercising?”

Algorithm for converting SABA use to control level according to the EPR-guidelines (from ACBS users guide, available upon request via email: asthmacallbackinfo@cdc.gov):

  • Identify all respondents who have taken a prescription asthma medicine using an inhaler (“In the past 3 months has [your child] taken prescription asthma medicine using an inhaler?”)
  • Identify those medications that are inhaled SABAs (e.g., Albuterol).
  • Determine SABA medications for which there is evidence that they were taken in the past 3 months only for treatment before exercise (“In the past 3 months, did [your child] take [inhaler] when he/she had an asthma episode or attack?” “In the past 3 months, did [your child] take [inhaler] before exercising?”)
  • Then determine the frequency of use (“How many times per day or per week did [your child] use [inhaler]?”) and convert to # times per day.
  • Convert to control level: cut-off for Not Well Controlled is >2 days/week which is equivalent to >0.29 uses per day.

1 Identify those medications that are inhaled SABA. This determination needs annual update, since new inhaled medications may be become available. INH_MEDS series is a list of medications which the interviewer uses to identify up to 8 medications reported by the respondent. This list should be checked in the ACBS child questionnaire each year for updates. In 2012, it included the following SABA medications: albuterol (Ventolin, Proair HFA, Proventil), bitolterol (Tornalate), Combivent, levalbuterol (Xopenex), metaproterenol (Alupent), pirbuterol (Maxair), salbutamol (albuterol), and terbutaline (Brethaire).

Benchmark data source: Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System (BRFSS): Asthma Call-back Survey (ACBS), starting 2006. Aggregation of at least 2 survey years is recommended to obtain reliable estimates by state. (https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/acbs/2012/pdf/acbs_2012_child_llcp_codebo ok.pdf Cdc-pdf[PDF – 5MB])
Denominator definition Denominator (at-risk rate): Number of children aged 0-17 years ever diagnosed with asthma by a health professional who still have asthmaSurvey questions used to determine current asthma prevalence
YES response to both of two survey questions
  • “Has a doctor or other health professional EVER told you that your child had asthma?” AND
  • “Does your child still have asthma?”

Benchmark data sources:
Background SABAs are used to prevent exercise-induced bronchospasm and to provide quick relief of acute asthma symptoms, but do not provide long-term control of asthma. SABAs are bronchodilators and work by relaxing airway muscles. According to the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program guidelines, use of SABAs more than 2 days a week is an indicator of inadequate asthma control and the need to start or increase long-term controller medications(1).
Significance to disparities Minority children are less likely than white children to be prescribed or take recommended treatments to control their asthma, and are less likely to attend outpatient appointments(2).
Data considerations Reporting of medication use in the past 30 days is subject to recall bias. This indicator only includes SABA medications taken by inhaler since the frequency of SABAs taken in some other form (including nebulizer) is not captured on the ACBS. Therefore, control assessed by SABA use may be an underestimate SABA use among younger children who are more likely to use nebulizers.
Data resources ACBS Child prevalence tables 2006-2010: Estimated percent using inhaled short acting beta agonists in the past 3 months among children with current or active asthma status by state/territory – BRFSS Asthma Call-back Survey, United States, 2006-2010 https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/acbs/acbstables.htm
Related data standards Daytime symptoms are one criteria used to determine asthma control:
  • Asthma control

Asthma control is a composite of the following indicators:

  • Daytime symptoms
  • Nighttime awakenings
  • Activity limitations
References (1) National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, US Department of Health and Human Services. 2007.
(2) Crocker, D., Brown, C., Moolenaar, R., et al. (2009). Racial and ethnic disparities in asthma medication usage and health care utilization. Chest, 136 (4), 1063-1071.
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Page last reviewed: July 14, 2016
Content source: National Center for Environmental Health