NIOSH Fatal Occupational Injury Cost Fact Sheet: Warehousing and Storage (NAICS 493)
March, 2012
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 2012-137
Related Publications:
Air Transportation | Couriers/Messengers | Transit/Ground Transportation | Truck Transportation | TWU | Utilities | Water Transportation
Number, Rate, and Costs of Fatal Occupational Injuries in the U.S. Warehousing and Storage Industry by Selected Characteristics, 2003–2006.
| Costs (2006 Dollars) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Number of Fatalities | Fatality Rate (per 100,000 workers) | Mean (thousands) | Median (thousands) | Total(millions) | |
| All U.S. Industries | 22,197 | 3.9 | $960 | $944 | $21,316 | |
| All Transportation, Warehousing, and Utilities | 3,704 | 12.9 | 944 | 974 | 3,496 | |
| All Warehousing and Storage | 86 | 7.7 | 828 | 822 | 71 | |
| Year | ||||||
| 2003 | 23 | 10.2 | 792 | 821 | 18 | |
| 2004 | 20 | 8.6 | 879 | 845 | 18 | |
| 2005 | 26 | 8.5 | 813 | 818 | 21 | |
| 2006 | 17 | 4.9 | 840 | 822 | 14 | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 79 | 10.0 | 819 | 821 | 65 | |
| Female | 7 | 2.2 | 936 | 947 | 7 | |
| Age Group | ||||||
| 16-24 | 6 | 3.8 | 923 | 831 | 6 | |
| 25-34 | 18 | 5.7 | 995 | 912 | 18 | |
| 35-44 | 21 | 7.4 | 1,046 | 956 | 22 | |
| 45-54 | 22 | 9.6 | 889 | 821 | 20 | |
| 55-64 | 12 | 11.7 | 483 | 495 | 6 | |
| 65+ | 7 | 24.8 | 67 | 57 | <1 | |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 65 | 7.3 | 838 | 830 | 52 | |
| Black | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Other1 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Ethnicity2 | ||||||
| Not Hispanic | 68 | 8.2 | 842 | 854 | 57 | |
| Hispanic | 18 | 6.3 | 774 | 764 | 14 | |
| Selected SOC Occupation Group | ||||||
| Construction and Extraction | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Installation, Maintenance, and Repair | 6 | 32.1 | 856 | 952 | 5 | |
| Management | 5 | 2.9 | 1,130 | 1,117 | 6 | |
| Office and Administrative Support | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Production | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Transportation and Material Moving | 67 | 14.0 | 799 | 822 | 54 | |
| Event or Exposure | ||||||
| 02 | Struck by object | 7 | 0.6 | 663 | 787 | 5 |
| 03 | Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects | 9 | 0.8 | 904 | 885 | 8 |
| 04 | Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials | 6 | 0.5 | 1,117 | 1,020 | 7 |
| 11 | Fall to lower level | 17 | 1.5 | 682 | 726 | 12 |
| 3* | Exposure to harmful substances or environments | 5 | 0.4 | 929 | 1,011 | 5 |
| 42 | Nonhighway accident, except rail, air, water | 20 | 1.8 | 840 | 882 | 17 |
| 43 | Pedestrian, nonpassenger struck by vehicle, mobile equipment | 8 | 0.7 | 812 | 769 | 6 |
| 6* | Assaults and violent acts | 7 | 0.6 | 992 | 837 | 7 |
| Selected Source of Injury | ||||||
| 34 | Material handling machinery | 6 | 0.5 | 912 | 853 | 5 |
| 62 | Floors, walkways, ground surfaces | 20 | 1.8 | 720 | 733 | 14 |
| 82 | Highway vehicle, motorized | 11 | 1.0 | 787 | 790 | 9 |
| 85 | Plant and industrial powered vehicles, tractors | 24 | 2.2 | 846 | 882 | 20 |
| 91 | Ammunition | 5 | 0.4 | 1,110 | 944 | 6 |
NOTE: Dashes indicate data that do not meet publication criteria.
Asterisks denote a summary level code not assigned to individual cases.
1This category includes all other races, such as American Indian and Asian, as well as unknown or missing races.
2Numbers are not reported for “unknown”, “not classified” or “not reported” categories.
Fatal Occupational Injury Cost Model
Theoretical Basis of Cost Estimation
The cost to society of a workplace fatality was estimated using the cost-of-illness approach, which combines direct and indirect costs to yield an overall cost of an occupational fatal injury. For these calculations, only medical expenses were used to estimate the direct cost associated with the fatality. The indirect cost was derived by calculating the present value of future earnings summed from the year of death until the decedent would have reached age 67, accounting for the probability of survival were it not for the premature death. (For more information, see Biddle, E [2004]. Economic Cost of Fatal Occupational Injuries in the United States, 1980–1997. Contemporary Economic Policy 22(3):370–381 or Biddle, E [2009]. The Cost of Fatal Injuries to Civilian Workers in the US, 1992-2001and Biddle E and Keane P [2011]. The Economic Burden of Occupational Injuries to Civilian Workers in the United States, 1992-2002. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS.)
Mathematical Representation of Indirect Costs
where:
| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| PVF | = present discounted value of loss per person due to an individual occupational fatal injury |
| Py,q,s (n) | = probability that a person of age y, race q, and sex s will survive to age n |
| q | = race of the individual |
| s | = sex of the individual |
| n | = age if the individual had survived |
| Ys, j(n) | = median annual compensation of an employed person of sex s, specific occupation j, and age n (includes median annual earnings, benefits, and wage growth adjustments) |
| j | = specific occupation of individual at death |
 |
= mean annual imputed value of household production (h) of a person of sex s and age n |
| g | = earnings growth rate attributable to overall productivity |
| y | = age of the individual at death |
| r | = real discount rate (3%) |
Data Sources
Fatality data: Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI)external icon. This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data. These data exclude military personnel, decedents with unknown age or sex, and fatalities occurring in New York City. The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS.
Probability of survival: National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Vital Statistics.
Median annual earnings: BLS Occupational Employment Statistics Surveyexternal icon. Wage data are based on the occupation of the decedent and the year and State of death adjusted by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Deflatorexternal icon to the base year of dollar. The wage growth adjustment, which is the rate of change in wages between age groups, was calculated by NIOSH using BLS Current Population Survey data.
Benefits: BLS Employer Cost for Employee Benefitsexternal icon. Benefits data are based on the year of death adjusted by the GDP Deflator.
Mean annual home production: Expectancy Dataexternal icon. Data are derived through a time diary study sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and conducted by the University of Maryland.
Earnings growth rate: BLS Employment Compensation Index (ECI)external icon.
Medical costs: National Council on Compensation Insuranceexternal icon. This is a single 4-year average medical cost.
Employment estimates for rate calculations: BLS Current Population Surveyexternal icon.
Fatality Rate Calculations
Fatality rates were calculated by NIOSH and may differ from previously published BLS CFOI rates. Fatality rates were calculated as deaths per 100,000 workers. Fatality rates for sex, race, age group, and occupation were calculated using employment estimates by the individual characteristic within the specific industry. Employment estimates for the specific industry were used to generate rates for event and source.
Classification Systems
| Industry: | 2002 National Industry Classification System (NAICS)external icon |
|---|---|
| Occupation: | 2000 Standard Occupational Classification System (SOC)external icon |
| Event: | 1992 BLS Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System (OIICS)external icon |