Scientific Publications

Note

Some of the documents below refer to a blood lead level of 5 micrograms per deciliter (μg/dL) as the CDC's blood lead reference value. CDC uses a blood lead reference value of 3.5 micrograms per deciliter to identify children with blood lead levels that are higher than most children's levels. This new level is based on the U.S. population of children ages 1-5 years who represent the top 2.5% of children with the highest blood lead levels. For more information, refer to blood lead reference value.

Some of the documents below may also refer to a blood lead level of 10 micrograms per deciliter (μg/dL) as the CDC level of concern for adverse health outcomes in children. This terminology is outdated, and readers are referred to the ACCLPP recommendations of 2012.

Some of the documents on this page are presented for historical purposes and are not being maintained or updated.

2025- Present

CDC

• Hu, W., LeBlanc, T.T., Pennington, A.F., Cornwell, C.R., Allwood, P.B. 2026. Association between low-level lead exposure and serum gamma-glutamyl transferase concentrations as a biomarker of oxidative stress in U.S. adolescents aged 12–19 years. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 23, 28.
• Troeschel, A.N., Buser, M.C., Winquist, A., et al. Investigation of Lead and Chromium Exposure After Consumption of Contaminated Cinnamon-Containing Applesauce — United States, November 2023–April 2024. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2025;74:239–244. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7414a2.
  

2021-2024

CDC

• Hu, W., LeBlanc, T. T., Ruckart, P. Z., Brooks-Griffin, Q. S., & Allwood, P. (2024). Association Between Lead Exposure and Red Blood Cell Folate Concentrations in U.S. Children Aged 2–17 Years: An Analysis of Data from NHANES 2007–2018. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(12), 1676. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121676

• LeBlanc, T.T., Chang; A., Svendsen E.R., Allwood, P.B. The Impact of Lead Exposure on Children and Adolescents: Current Updates. Pediatrics. 2024; 154: (S2).
  • The Impact of Lead Exposure on Children and Adolescents: Current Updates - All Video Abstracts - Pediatrics Video Abstracts
  • Bernstein, A; Lead's Last Mile. Pediatrics October 2024; 154 (Supplement 2): e2024067808B. 10.1542/peds.2024-067808B
  • LeBlanc, T.T., Chang, A., Svendsen, E., Allwood, P.; Perspectives on Childhood Lead Exposure Prevention: Looking Back and Looking Ahead. Pediatrics October 2024; 154 (Supplement 2): e2024067808C. 10.1542/peds.2024-067808C
    
  • Pennington, A.F., Smith, M.R., Chuke, S.O., Cornwell, C.R., Allwood, P.B., Courtney, J.G.; Effects of Blood Lead Levels <10 µg/dL in School-Age Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review. Pediatrics October 2024; 154 (Supplement 2): e2024067808F. 10.1542/peds.2024-067808F
  • Seifu, L., Sedlar, S., Grant, T., Faciano, A., Ehrlich, J. Sickle Cell Disease and Lead Poisoning in New York City, 2005–2019. Pediatrics October 2024; 154 (Supplement 2): e2024067808G. 10.1542/peds.2024-067808G
    
  • Johnson, K.M., Woolf, A.D., Hauptman, M., Wylie, B.J. Universal Lead Testing in Pregnancy: A Call to Action. Pediatrics October 2024; 154 (Supplement 2): e2024067808I. 10.1542/peds.2024-067808I
  • Hauptman, M., Nascarella, M., Silvester, J., Kellogg, M., Shah, S., Acosta, K., Yousuf, A., Woolf, A.D. Lead Toxicity from Imported Jewelry. Pediatrics October 2024; 154 (Supplement 2): e2024067808J. 10.1542/peds.2024-067808J
    
  • Ruckart, P.Z., Schondelmeyer, R., Allen, A., Allwood, P. State-Level Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Policies and Practices in the United States: 2022–2023. Pediatrics October 2024; 154 (Supplement 2): e2024067808N. 10.1542/peds.2024-067808N
    
  • Allwood, P.B., Ruckart, P.Z., Harris, Q. Recently Recalled Children's Products Due to Lead Hazards. Pediatrics October 2024; 154 (Supplement 2): e2024067808P. 10.1542/peds.2024-067808P
• Allwood, P.B., Falk, H., Svendsen, E.R. A Historical Perspective on the CDC Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program. Am J Public Health. 2022. 112(S7):S635-S639.
• Breysse, P.N. Welcome to the AJPH Supplement on Ubiquitous Lead: Risks, Prevention–Mitigation Programs, and Emerging Sources of Exposure. Am J Public Health. 2022; 112(S7):S632-S634.
• Breysse, P.N., Cascio, W.E., Geller, A.M., Choiniere, C.J., Ammon, M. Targeting Coordinated Federal Efforts to Address Persistent Hazardous Exposures to Lead. Am J Public Health. 2022. 112(S7):S640-S646.
• Calabrese, T., Corcoran, P., Limjuco, S., Bernardi, C., Plattos, A., et al. An Innovative Approach to Increase Lead Testing by Pediatricians in Children, United States, 2019–2021. Am J Public Health. 2022. 112(S7):S647-S650.
• Egan, K.B., Dignam, T., Brown, M.J., Bayleyegn, T., Blanton, C. Using Small Area Prevalence Survey Methods to Conduct Blood Lead Assessments among Children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022; 19(6151):1-14.
• LeBlanc, T.T., Svendsen, E.R., Allwood, P.B. Ubiquitous Lead— A Challenge for the Future of Public Health. Am J Public Health. 2022; 112(S7):S628-S628.
• LeBlanc, T.T., Svendsen, E.R, Allwood, P.B. Ubiquitous Lead: Risks, Prevention–Mitigation Programs, and Emerging Sources of Exposure: Introduction and Contents of the Issue. Am J Public Health. 2022; 112(S7):S630-S631.
  
• Ruckart, P.Z., Bove, F.J., Dallas, C. Evaluating the Effectiveness of State-Level Policies on Childhood Blood Lead Testing Rates. J Public Health Manag Prac. 2022.
• Zartarian, V., Poulakos, A., Garrison, V.H., Spalt, N., Tornero-Velez, R., et al. Lead Data Mapping to Prioritize US Locations for Whole-of-Government Exposure Prevention Efforts: State of the Science, Federal Collaborations, and Remaining Challenges. Am J Public Health. 2022. 112(S7):S658-S669.
  
• Ruckart, P.Z., Jones, R.L., Courtney, J.G., LeBlanc, T.L., Jackson, W., Karwowski, M.P., Cheng P, Allwood P, Svendsen ER, Breysse PN. Update of the Blood Lead Reference Value — United States, 2021. MMWR. 2021; 70(43):1509-1512.
• Egan, K.B., Cornwell, C.R., Courtney, J.G., Ettinger, A.S. Blood Lead Levels in U.S. Children Ages 1–11 Years, 1976–2016. Environ Health Perspect. 2021; 129(3):1-11.
• Courtney, J.G., Chuke, S.O., Dyke, K., Credle, K., Lecours, C., Egan, K.B., Leonard, M. Decreases in Young Children Who Received Blood Lead Level Testing During COVID-19 — 34 Jurisdictions, January–May 2020. MMWR. 2021; 70(5):155-161.

Partners

• Chen, Y.H., Ma, Z.Q., Davis, K.P., Bogen, D.L., Watkins, S.M.; Blood Lead Testing and Follow-up Testing Among Children Hospitalized for Lead Poisoning. Pediatrics October 2024; 154 (Supplement 2): e2024067808E. 10.1542/peds.2024-067808E
• Dreher, M., Printy, A., Davidson, J., Schneider, B., Neuhauser, A., Besunder, J.B., Blackford, M.G. The Challenges of Treating Lead Toxicity During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Pediatrics October 2024; 154 (Supplement 2): e2024067808K. 10.1542/peds.2024-067808K
• Hore, P., Sedlar, S. Traditional Eye Cosmetics and Cultural Powders as a Source of Lead Exposure. Pediatrics October 2024; 154 (Supplement 2): e2024067808O. 10.1542/peds.2024-067808O
• Hore, P., Sedlar, S., Ehrlich, J. Lead Poisoning in a Mother and Her Four Children Using a Traditional Eye Cosmetic — New York City, 2012–2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024;73:667–671.
• Hore, P., Sedlar, S. Traditional Eye Cosmetics and Cultural Powders as a Source of Lead Exposure. Pediatrics October 2024; 154 (Supplement 2): e2024067808O. 10.1542/peds.2024-067808O
• Leonard, L.T., Talbott, M. A Statewide Program to Test and Reduce Lead in Drinking Water at Schools and Child Cares. Pediatrics October 2024; 154 (Supplement 2): e2024067808L. 10.1542/peds.2024-067808L
• Montañez, G.H., Forestier, W.M., Calderón, C., Sheffield, P. Collaboration for Lead Poisoning Prevention in Puerto Rico. Pediatrics October 2024; 154 (Supplement 2): e2024067808M. 10.1542/peds.2024-067808MAlex-Oni, K., Sedlar, S. & Hore, P. Why we need a national repository of consumer product lead surveillance data. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 33, 157–159 (2023).
• Seifu, L., Sedlar, S., Grant, T., Faciano, A., Ehrlich, J.; Sickle Cell Disease and Lead Poisoning in New York City, 2005–2019.Pediatrics October 2024; 154 (Supplement 2): e2024067808G. 10.1542/peds.2024-067808G
• Shadbegian, R., Bui, L., Klemick, H., Margolit-Chan, R., Hoang, A., Guignet, D.; Low-Level, Early Life Lead Exposure and School Behavior. Pediatrics October 2024; 154 (Supplement 2): e2024067808D. 10.1542/peds.2024-067808D
• Suganthinie Velagala, Aditya Chhikara, Jennifer Haile; Severe Congenital Lead Poisoning in Siblings. Pediatrics October 2024; 154 (Supplement 2): e2024067808H. 10.1542/peds.2024-067808H
  
• Anil, L., Ma, Z., Nambiar, A., Watkins, S.M. Blood Lead Level Testing and Retesting Among Newly Arriving Refugee Children, Pennsylvania, 2015–2019. Am J Public Health. 2022. 112(S7):S706-S714.
• Armatas, C., Loper, B., Tandoc, A., Materna, B.L. Industries With the Highest Occupational Blood Lead Test Results, California Occupational Blood Lead Registry, 2020-2021. Am J Public Health. 2022. 112(S7):S690-S694.
• Cradock, A.L., Barrett, J.L., Poole, M.K., Flax, C.N., Vollmer, L., Hecht, C. Lead Concentrations in US School Drinking Water: Testing Programs, Prevalence, and Policy Opportunities, 2016-2018. Am J Public Health. 2022. 112(S7):S679-S689.
• Gottesfield, P. Lead Industry Influence in the 21st Century: An Old Playbook for a "Modern Metal". Am J Public Health. 2022. 112(S7):S723-S729.
  

• Hore, P., Alex-Oni, K., Bardhi, N., Sedlar, S. Notes from the Field: Lead Poisoning in a Family of Five Resulting from Use of Traditional Glazed Ceramic Ware — New York City, 2017–2022. MMWR. 2022; 71:743–744.
• Hore P., Kolapo, A., Sedlar, S., Patel. K., Saper, R.B. Health Remedies as a Source of Lead, Mercury, and Arsenic Exposure, New York City, 2010–2019. Am J Public Health. 2022. 112(S7):S730-S740.
• Oda, G., Sharma, A., Lucero-Obusan, C., Schirmer, P., Holodniy, M. Exposure Sources Among Veterans With Elevated Blood Lead Levels, United States, 2015-2021. Am J Public Health. 2022. 112(S7):S670-S678.
• Present, P.S., Berg, K., Snow, M., Richardson, K. Detecting New Sources of Childhood Environmental Lead Exposure Using a Statistical Surveillance System, 2015–2019. Am J Public Health. 2022. 112(S7):S715-S722.
• Redmon, J.H., Kondash, A.J., Norman, E., Johnson, J., Levine, K., et al. Lead Levels in Tap Water at Licensed North Carolina Child Care Facilities, 2020–2021. Am J Public Health. 2022. 112(S7):S695-S705.
• Totoni, S., Fabisiak, J.P., Beasley, V.R., Arnemo, J.M., Schultz, J.H., et al. Biting the Bullet: A Call for Action on Lead-Contaminated Meat in Food Banks. Am J Public Health. 2022. 112(S7):S651-S654.
• Yendell, S., Janowiak, D., Yannarelly, J., Rezania, Z., Haugen, K., et al. Tackling the Lead Gremlins: A Response to Take-Home Lead Exposure in a Minnesota Industrial Facility, 2019. Am J Public Health. 2022. 112(S7):S655-S657.

2016-2020

CDC

• Cornwell, C.R., Egan, K.B., Zahran, H.S., Mirabelli, M.C., Hsu, J., Chew, G.L. Associations of blood lead levels with asthma and blood eosinophils in US children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2020; 31(6):695-699.
• Dignam, T., Hodge, J., Chuke, S., Mercado, C., Ettinger, A., Flanders, D.W. Use of the CUSUM and Shewhart control chart methods to identify changes of public health significance using childhood blood lead surveillance data. Environmental Epidemiology. 2020; 4(2):e090.
• Breysse, P.N. Lead Elimination for the 21st Century. J Public Health Manag Prac. 2019; 25(1 Supp):S3-S4.
• Caldwell, K.L., Cheng, P.Y., Vance, K.A., Makhmudov, A., Jarrett, J.M., Caudill, S.P., Ho D.P., Jones, R.L. LAMP: A CDC Program to Ensure the Quality of Blood-Lead Laboratory Measurements. J Public Health Manag Prac. 2019; 25(1 Supp):S23-S30.
• Dignam, T., Kaufmann, R.B., LeStourgeon, L., Brown, M.J. Control of Lead Sources in the United States, 1970-2017: Public Health Progress and Current Challenges to Eliminating Lead Exposure. J Public Health Manag Prac. 2019; 25(1 Supp):S13-22.
• Egan, K.B., Tsai, R.J., Chuke, S.O. Integrating Childhood and Adult Blood Lead Surveillance to Improve Identification and Intervention Efforts. J Public Health Manag Prac. 2019; 25(1 Supp):S98-S104.
• Ettinger, A.S., Leonard, M.L., Mason, J. CDC's Lead Poisoning Prevention Program: A Long-standing Responsibility and Commitment to Protect Children From Lead Exposure. J Public Health Manag Prac. 2019; 25(1 Supp):S5-S12.
• Ettinger, A.S., Ruckart, P.Z., Dignam T. Lead Poisoning Prevention: The Unfinished Agenda. J Public Health Manag Prac. 2019; 25(1 Supp):S1-S2
• Lockamy-Kassim, E., Friedberg, J., Newby, C., Lecours, C., Credle, K., Leonard, M. Identifying and Chronicling Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program Achievements With "Success Stories". Public Health Manag Prac. 2019; 25(1 Supp):S111-S114.
• Mason, J., Ortiz, D., Pappas, S., Quigley, S., Yendell, S., Ettinger, A.S. Response to the US FDA LeadCare Testing Systems Recall and CDC Health Alert. J Public Health Manag Prac. 2019; 25(1 Supp):S91-S97.
• Ruckart, P.Z., Ettinger, A.S., Hanna-Attisha, M., Jones, N., Davis, S.I., Breysse, P.N. The Flint Water Crisis: A Coordinated Public Health Emergency Response and Recovery Initiative. J Public Health Manag Prac. 2019; 25(1 Supp):S84-S90.
• Trinh, E., Mason, J. Evaluation of the Implementation of CDC's Health Alert Related to the FDA LeadCare Recall From the State Health Department Perspective. J Public Health Manag Prac. 2019; 25(1 Supp):S105-S110.
• Whitehead, L.S., Buchanan, S.D. Childhood Lead Poisoning: A Perpetual Environmental Justice Issue? J Public Health Manag Prac. 2019; 25(1 Supp):S115-S120.
• Raymond, J., Brown, M.J. Childhood Blood Lead Levels in Children Aged <5 Years — United States, 2007–2014. MMWR. 2017; 66:1-10.
• Kennedy. C., Yard, E., Dignam, T., Buchanan, S., Condon, S., Brown, M.J., et al. Blood Lead Levels Among Children Aged <6 Years — Flint, Michigan, 2013–2016. MMWR. 2016; 65(25):650-4.
  

Partners

• Asburry. A., Blatt, M. Improving Childhood Lead Poisoning Surveillance and Data Management in Arizona Through an Evaluation of the Transition to a New Surveillance System. J Public Health Manag Prac. 2019; 25(1 Supp):S58-S62.
• Bressler, J.M., Yoder, S., Cooper, S., McLaughlin, J. Blood Lead Surveillance and Exposure Sources Among Alaska Children. J Public Health Manag Prac. 2019; 25(1 Supp):S71-S75.
• Bruce, S.A., Christensen, K.Y., Coons, M.J., Havlena, J.A., Meiman. J.G., Walsh, R.O. Using Medicaid Data to Improve Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program Outcomes and Blood Lead Surveillance. J Public Health Manag Prac. 2019; 25(1 Supp):S51-S57.
• Cluett, R., Fleisch, A., Decker, K., Frohmberg. E., Smith, A.E. Findings of a Statewide Environmental Lead Inspection Program Targeting Homes of Children With Blood Lead Levels as Low as 5 μg/dL. J Public Health Manag Prac. 2019; 25(1 Supp):S76-S83.
• Gettens, G.C., Drouin, B.B. Successfully Changing a State's Climate to Increase Blood Lead Level Testing. J Public Health Manag Prac. 2019; 25(1 Supp):S31-S36.
• Haboush-Deloye, A., Marquez, E., Marshall, M., Gerstenberger, S.L. Evaluation of the Blood Lead Screening Component of the Southern Nevada Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program. J Public Health Manag Prac. 2019; 25(1 Supp):S37-S43.
• Hore, P., Alex-Oni, K., Sedlar, S., Nagin, D. A Spoonful of Lead: A 10-Year Look at Spices as a Potential Source of Lead Exposure. J Public Health Manag Prac. 2019; 25(1 Supp):S63-S70.
• Wang, A., Rezania, Z., Haugen, K., Baertlein, L., Yendell, S. Screening for Elevated Blood Lead Levels: False-Positive Rates of Tests on Capillary Samples, Minnesota, 2011-2017. J Public Health Manag Prac. 2019; 25(1 Supp):S44-S50.
• Hore, P., Ahmed, M., Sedlar, S., Saper, R., Nagin, D., Clark, N. Blood Lead Levels and Potential Risk Factors for Lead Exposures Among South Asians in New York City. [PDF 373 KB]J Immigrant Minority Health. 2017; 19:1322–1329.
  
• Kaufman, J.A., Brown. M.J., Umar-Tsafe, N.T., Adbullah, M.B., Getso, K.I., Kaita, I.M., et al. Prevalence and risk factors of elevated blood lead in children in gold ore processing communities, Zamfara, Nigeria, 2012. J Health Pollut. 2016; 6(11):2-8. doi: 10.5696/2156-9614-6-11.2. PMID: 29416933; PMCID: PMC5798621.
  

2011-2015

CDC

• Raymond, J., Brown, M.J. Childhood Blood Lead Levels — United States, 2007–2012. MMWR. 2015; 62(54);76-80.
• Basir, M.., Umar-Tsafe, N., Getso, K., Kaita, I.M., Nasidi, A., Sani-Gwarzo, N., et al. Assessment of blood lead levels among children aged ≤5 Years — Zamfara State, Nigeria, June–July 2012. MMWR. 2014; 63(15):325-7. [Brown MJ].
• Raymond, J., Wheeler, W., Brown, M.J. Lead screening and prevalence of blood lead levels in children aged 1–2 years—Child Blood Lead Surveillance System, United States, 2002–2010 and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 1999–2010 and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 1999–2010. MMWR. 2014; 63(Suppl 2).
• CDC. Blood Lead Levels in Children Aged 1–5 Years — United States, 1999–2010. MMWR. 2013; 62(13):245-248.
  
• CDC. Infant Lead Poisoning Associated with Use of Tiro, an Eye Cosmetic from Nigeria – Boston, Massachusetts, 2011. MMWR. 2012; 61(30):574-576.
• CDC. Lead Poisoning in Pregnant Women Who Used Ayurvedic Medications from India — New York City, 2011–2012. MMWR. 2012; 61(33):641-646.
• CDC. Take-Home Lead Exposure Among Children with Relatives Employed at a Battery Recycling Facility — Puerto Rico, 2011. MMWR. 2012; 61(47):967-970.
• CDC. CDC Health Disparities and Inequalities Report – United States, 2011 [PDF – 3.01 MB]. MMWR. 2011; 60(Suppl):1-116.
• CDC. Lead Poisoning of a Child Associated with Use of a Cambodian Amulet — New York City, 2009. MMWR. 2011; 60(03):69-71.
  

Partners

• Thurtle, N., Greig, J., Cooney, L., Amitai, Y., Ariti, C., Brown, M.J., et al. Description of 3,180 courses of chelation with dimercaptosuccinic acid in children ≤5 y with severe lead poisoning in Zamfara, Northern Nigeria: A retrospective analysis of programme data. PLoS Med. 2014; 11(10):e1001739.
• Dooyema, C.A., Neri, A., Lo, Y.C., Durant, J., Dargan, P.I., Swarthout T., et al. Outbreak of fatal childhood lead poisoning related to artisanal gold mining in northwestern Nigeria, 2010. Environ Health Perspect. 2012; 120:601-607.
• Hore, P., Ahmed M., Nagin D., Clark N. Intervention model for contaminated consumer products: a multifaceted tool for protecting public health. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(8):1377-1383.
• Lo, Y.C., Dooyema, C.A., Neri. A., Durant, J., Jefferies, T., Medina-Marino, A., et al. Childhood lead poisoning associated with gold ore processing: a village-level investigation—Zamfara State, Nigeria, October–November 2010. Environ Health Perspect. 2012; 120:1450-1455.
  

2006-2010

CDC

• CDC. Notes from the Field: Outbreak of Acute Lead Poisoning Among Children Aged <5 Years — Zamfara, Nigeria, 2010. MMWR. 2010; 59(27):846.
• CDC. Children with Elevated Blood Lead Levels Related to Home Renovation, Repair, and Painting Activities — New York State, 2006–2007. MMWR. 2009; 58(03):55-58.
• Iqbal, S., Blumenthal, W., Kennedy, C., Yip, F.Y., Pickard, S., Flanders, W.D., Loringer, K., Kruger, K., Caldwell, K.L., Jean Brown, M. Hunting with lead: association between blood lead levels and wild game consumption. Environ Res. 2009; 109(8):952-9.
• CDC. Deaths Associated with Hypocalcemia from Chelation Therapy—Texas, Pennsylvania, and Oregon, 2003–2005. MMWR. 2006; 55(8):204-207.
• CDC. Death of a Child After Ingestion of a Metallic Charm—Minnesota, 2006. MMWR. 2006; 55(12):340-341.

2001-2005

CDC

• CDC. Blood Lead Levels—United States, 1999–2002. MMWR. 2005; 54(20):513-516.
• CDC. Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Refugee Children—New Hampshire, 2003–2004. MMWR. 2005; 54(2):42-46.Erratum: Vol. 54, No. 2 MMWR. 2005; 54(3):76.
• CDC. Lead Exposure from Indoor Firing Ranges Among Students on Shooting Teams — Alaska, 2002–2004. MMWR. 2005; 54(23):577-579.

• CDC. Blood Lead Levels in Residents of Homes with Elevated Lead in Tap Water—District of Columbia, 2004. MMWR. 2004; 53(12):268-270.
  • Addendum: Following the release of the MMWR, "Blood Lead Levels in Residents of Homes with Elevated Lead in Tap Water — District of Columbia, 2004," some reports have suggested erroneously that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has determined that lead in residential tap water at concentrations as high as 300 parts per billion is 'safe.' CDC would like to reiterate the key message from the 2004 article that because no threshold for adverse health effects in young children has been demonstrated (no safe blood level has been identified), all sources of lead exposure for children should be controlled or eliminated. Lead concentrations in drinking water should be below the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's action level of 15 parts per billion. Read more about lead in drinking water.

• CDC. Brief Report: Lead Poisoning from Ingestion of a Toy Necklace—Oregon, 2003. MMWR. 2004; 53(23):509-511.
• CDC. Childhood Lead Poisoning from Commercially Manufactured French Ceramic Dinnerware—New York City, 2003. MMWR. 2004; 53(26):584-586.
• CDC. Lead Poisoning Associated with Ayurvedic Medications—Five States, 2000–2003. MMWR. 2004; 53(26):582-584.
• CDC. Surveillance for Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Children – United States, 1997–2001. MMWR. 2003; 52(SS-10):1-21. [PDF – 333 KB]
• CDC. Childhood Lead Poisoning Associated with Tamarind Candy and Folk Remedies—California, 1999–2000. MMWR. 2002; 51(31):684-686.
• CDC. Fatal Pediatric Lead Poisoning—New Hampshire, 2000. MMWR. 2001; 50(22):457-459.
• CDC. Occupational and Take-Home Lead Poisoning Associated With Restoring Chemically Stripped Furniture—California, 1998. MMWR. 2001; 50(13):246-248.
• CDC. Trends in Blood Lead Levels Among Children—Boston, Massachusetts, 1994–1999. MMWR. 2001; 50(17):337-339.

1991-2000

CDC

• CDC. Blood Lead Levels in Young Children—United States and Selected States, 1996–1999. MMWR. 2000; 49(50):1133-1137.
• **CDC. Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Internationally Adopted Children—United States, 1998. MMWR. 2000; 49(5):97-100.
• CDC. Lead Poisoning Associated with Imported Candy and Powdered Food Coloring—California and Michigan. MMWR. 1998; 47(48):1041-1043
• CDC. Children with Elevated Blood Lead Levels Attributed to Home Renovation and Remodeling Activities–New York, 1993-1994. MMWR. 1997; 45(51&52):1120-1123.
• CDC. Update: Blood Lead Levels—United States, 1991–1994. MMWR. 1997; 46(7):141.Erratum: Vol. 46, No. 7 MMWR. 1997; 46(26):607
• CDC. Targeted Screening for Childhood Lead Exposure in a Low Prevalence Area—Salt Lake County, Utah, 1995–1996. MMWR. 1997; 46(10):213-217.
• CDC. Blood Lead Levels Among Children in a Managed-Care Organization—California, October 1992–March 1993. MMWR. 1995; 44(34):627-629, 635.
• CDC. Blood Lead Levels Among Children—Rhode Island, 1993–1995. MMWR. 1995; 44(42):788-791.
• CDC. Lead Poisoning Associated with Use of Traditional Ethnic Remedies—United States. MMWR. 1993; 42(27):521-524.

Note

** These documents are being kept on this website for historical purposes and are no longer in print.