Resources and References

Resources

Food Safety Resources

• CDC Vital Signs: Preventing Norovirus Outbreaks, Food Service has a Key Role
• FDA Food Code
• FDA Retail Food Protection: Employee Health and Personal Hygiene Handbook
• CDC’s Food Safety Website
• Foodsafety.gov
• Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM), Chapter 26: Detection and Quantitation of Hepatitis A Virus in Shellfish by the Polymerase Chain Reaction
• Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM), Chapter 26B: Detection of Hepatitis A Virus in Foods
• Sampling and Testing Method Guidance for the Detection of Norovirus and Hepatitis A Virus in Soft Fruit

Healthcare Resources

• Updated Norovirus Outbreak Management and Disease Prevention Guidelines (2011)
• Guideline for the Prevention and Control of Norovirus Gastroenteritis Outbreaks in Healthcare Settings, 2011
• EPA’s Registered Antimicrobial Products Effective Against Norovirus (Norwalk-like virus) [6 pages]
• General Information about Norovirus in Healthcare Facilities

Recent Journal Articles on Norovirus from CDC Researchers

Domestic Disease Burden

• Grytdal SP, Blake E, DeBess E, Lee L, Blythe D, Ryan P, et al. Incidence of norovirus and other viral pathogens that cause acute gastroenteritis (AGE) among Kaiser Permanente member populations in the United States, 2012-2013. PLOS One2016;11(4):e0148395.
• Rha B, Lopman BA, Alcala AN, Riddle MS, Porter CK. Incidence of norovirus-associated medical encounters among active duty United States military personnel and their dependents. PLOS One 2016;11(4):e0148505.
• Cardemil CV, Balachandran N, Kambhampati A, et al. Incidence, etiology, and severity of acute gastroenteritis among prospectively enrolled patients in 4 Veterans Affairs hospitals and outpatient centers. 2016-18 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jun 25]. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;ciaa806. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa806
• Grytdal S, Browne H, Collins N, et al. Trends in Incidence of Norovirus-associated Acute Gastroenteritis in 4 Veterans Affairs Medical Center Populations in the United States. 2011-2015. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70(1):40-48. doi:10.1093/cid/ciz165
• Burke RM, Mattison C, Pindyck T, et al. The Burden of Norovirus in the United States, as Estimated Based on Administrative Data: Updates for Medically Attended Illness and Mortality. 2001 – 2015 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 14]. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;ciaa438. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa438

International Disease Burden

• Bierhoff M, Arvelo W, Estevez A, Bryan J, McCracken JP, Lopez MR, Lopez B, Parashar UD, Lindblade KA, Hall AJ. Incidence and clinical profile of norovirus disease in Guatemala, 2008–2013. Clin Infect Dis 2018 Clinical Infectious Diseases, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy091
• Romero C, Tinoco YO, Loli S, Razuri H, Soto G, Silva M, Galvan P, Kambhampati A, Parashar UD, Kasper MR, Bausch DG, Simons MP, Lopman B. Incidence of norovirus-associated diarrhea and vomiting disease among children and adults in a community cohort in the Peruvian Amazon basin. Clin Infect Dis 2017;65(5):833-839
• Chan MCW, Hu Y, Chen H, Podkolzin AT, Zaytseva EV, Komano J, Sakon N, Poovorawan Y, Vongpunsawad S, Thanusuwannasak T, Hewitt J, Croucher D, Collins N, Vinjé J, Pang XL, Lee BE, de Graaf M, van Beek J, Vennema H, Koopmans MPG, Niendorf S, Poljsak-Prijatelj M, Steyer A, White PA, Lun JH, Mans J, Hung TN, Kwok K, Cheung K, Lee N, Chan PKS. Global Spread of Norovirus GII.17 Kawasaki 308, 2014-2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Aug;23(8):1359-1354.
• Cardemil CV, Sherchand JB, Shrestha L, Sharma A, Gary HE, Estivariz CF, Diez-Valcarce M, Ward ML, Bowen MD, Vinje J, Parashar U, Chu SY. Pathogen-specific burden of outpatient diarrhea in infants in Nepal: A multisite prospective case-control study. J Pediatric Infect Dis 2017;6(3):e75-e85.
• Yu J, Ye C, Lai S, Shu W, Zhang Z, Geng Q, Xue C, Yang W, Wu S, Hall AJ, Sun Q, Li Z. Incidence of norovirus-associated diarrhea, Shanghai, China, 2012-2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2017;23(2):312-315.
• Bartsch SM, Lopman B, Hall AJ, Ozawa S, Lee BY. Global economic burden of norovirus gastroenteritis. PLOS One 2016;11(4):e0151219.
• Shioda K, Cosmas L, Audi A, Gregoricus N, Vinje J, Parashar UD, et al. Population-based incidence rates of diarrheal disease associated with norovirus, sapovirus, and astrovirus in Kenya. PLOS One 2016;11(4):e0145943.
• Kirk MD, Pires SM, Black BE, Caipo M, Crump JA, Devleesschauwer B, et al. World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 22 foodborne bacterial, protozoal, and viral diseases, 2010: A data synthesis. PLoS Medicine 2015;12(12):e1001921.
• Pires SM, Fischer-Walker CL, Lanata CF, Devleesschauwer B, Hall AJ, Kirk MD, et al. Aetiology-specific estimates of the global and regional incidence and mortality of diarrhoeal diseases commonly transmitted through food. PLoS One 2015;10(12):e0142927.
• Shioda K, Kambhampati A, Hall AJ, Lopman BA. Global age distribution of pediatric norovirus cases. Vaccine 2015;33(33):4065-4068.
• Lopman BA, Trivedi T, Vicuña Y, Costantini V, Collins N, Gregoricus N, et al. Norovirus Infection and Disease in an Ecuadorian Birth Cohort: Association of Certain Norovirus Genotypes With Host FUT2 Secretor Status.Journal of Infectious Diseases 2015;211(11):1813-21.
• Ahmed SM, Hall AJ, Robinson AE, Verhoef L, Premkumar P, Parashar UD, et al. Global prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2014;14(8):725-730.

Outbreak Reports

• Marsh ZA, Grytdal SP, Beggs JC, Leshem E, Gastañaduy PA, Rha B, Nyaku M, Lopman BA, Hall AJ. The unwelcome houseguest: Secondary household transmission of norovirus. Epidemiology and Infection 2017 Dec 12:1-9.
• Leshem E, Gastanaduy PA, Trivedi T, Laufer Halpin A, Pringle J, Lang F, Gregoricus N, Vinjé J, Behravesh CB, Parashar U, Hall AJ. Norovirus in a United States Virgin Islands resort: Outbreak investigation, response, and costs. Journal of Travel Medicine 2016;23(5):1-6.
• Steele MK, Wikswo ME, Hall AJ, et al. Characterizing Norovirus Transmission from Outbreak Data, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2020;26(8):1818-1825. doi:10.3201/eid2608.191537.

Surveillance

• Osuka H, Hall AJ, Wikswo ME, Baker JM, Lopman BA. Temporal relationship between healthcare-associated and nonhealthcare-associated norovirus outbreaks and Google Trends data in the United States. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 2018:1-4
• Cannon JL, Barclay L, Collins NR, Wikswo ME, Castro CJ, Magaña LC, Gregoricus N, Marine RL, Chhabra P, Vinje J. Genetic and epidemiologic trends of norovirus outbreaks in the United States from 2013 to 2016 demonstrated emergence of novel GII.4 recombinant viruses. J Clin Micro 2017;55(7):2208-2221.
• Halasa N, Piya B, Stewart LS, et al. The Changing Landscape of Pediatric Viral Enteropathogens in the Post-Rotavirus Vaccine Era [published online ahead of print, 2020 Feb 3]. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;ciaa100. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa100

Immunity, Diagnosis, and Control

• Leone CM, Dharmasena M, Tang C, Dicaprio E, Ma Y, Araud E, Bolinger H, Rupprom K, Yeargin T, Li J, Schaffner D, Jiang X, Sharp J, Vinjé J, Fraser A. Prevalence of Human Noroviruses in Commercial Food Establishment Bathrooms. J Food Prot. 2018 May;81(5):719-728
• Chhabra P, Gregoricus N, Weinberg GA, Halasa N, Chappell J, Hassan F, Selvarangan R, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Ward ML, Bowen M, Payne DC, Vinje J. Comparison of three multiplex gastrointestinal platforms for the detection of gastroenteritis viruses. Journal of Clinical Virology 2017;95:66-71.
• Park GW, Chhabra P, Vinjé J. Swab sampling method for the detection of human norovirus on surfaces. Journal of Visual Experimentation 2017;120:e55205.
• Kambhampati A, Shioda K, Gould LH, Sharp D, Brown LG, Parashar UD, Hall AJ. A state-by-state assessment of food service regulations for prevention of norovirus outbreaks. J Food Prot 2016;79(9):1527-1536.
• Park GW, Collins N, Barclay L, Hu L, Prasad BV, Lopman BA, Vinjé J. Strain-Specific Virolysis Patterns of Human Noroviruses in Response to Alcohols. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0157787.
• Nordgren J. Sharma S, Kambhampati A, Lopman B, Svensson L. Innate resistance and susceptibility to norovirus infection. PLoS Pathogens 2016;12(4):e1005385.
• Kambhampati A, Payne DC, Costantini V, Lopman BA. Host genetic susceptibility to enteric viruses: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2016;62(1):11-8.
• Costantini VP, Cooper EM, Hardaker HL, Lee LE, Bierhoff M, Biggs C, et al. Epidemiologic, virologic, and host genetic factors of norovirus outbreaks in long-term care facilities. Clinical Infectious Diseases2016;61(1):1-10.
• Chhabra P, Rouhani S, Browne H, et al. Homotypic and heterotypic protection and risk of re-infection following natural norovirus infection in a highly endemic setting. [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jan 9]. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;ciaa019. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa019
• Cromeans T, Jothikumar N, Lee J, et al. A new solid matrix for preservation of viral nucleic acid from clinical specimens at ambient temperature. J Virol Methods. 2019;274:113732. doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113732

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Articles

• Shah MP, Wikswo ME, Barclay L, Kambhampati A, Shioda K, Parashar UD, Vinjé J, Hall AJ. Near real-time surveillance of U.S. norovirus outbreaks by the Norovirus Sentinel Testing and Tracking Network – United States, August 2009–July 2015. MMWR 2017;66(7):185-189.
• Wikswo ME, Kambhampati A, Shioda K, Walsh KA, Bowen A, Hall AJ. Outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis transmitted by person-to-person contact, environmental contamination, and unknown modes of transmission – United States, 2009-2013.. MMWR. 2015;64(SS12):1-16
• Hall AJ, Wikswo ME, Pringle K, Gould LH, Parashar UD. Vital Signs: Foodborne norovirus outbreaks — United States, 2009-2012. MMWR. 2014;63:1-5.

Editorials and Commentaries

• Hall AJ, Glass RI, Parashar UD. New insights into the global burden of noroviruses and opportunities for prevention. Expert Review of Vaccines 2016; DOI:10.1080/14760584.2016.1178069.
• Lopman BA, Steele D, Kirkwood CD, Parashar UD. The vast and varied global burden of norovirus: prospects for prevention and control. PLoS Medicine 2016;13(4):e1001999.
• Lopman B, Kang G. In praise of birth cohorts: norovirus infection, disease, and immunity. Clinical Infectious Diseases2014;58(4):492-4.

Reviews, meta-analysis and literature reviews

• Shah MP, Hall AJ. Norovirus illnesses in children and adolescents. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2018;32(1):103-118.
• Cardemil CV, Parashar UD, Hall AJ. Norovirus infection in older adults: Epidemiology, risk factors, and opportunities for prevention and control. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2017;31(4):839-870.
• Y Chen, Hall AJ, Kirk MD. Norovirus disease in older adults living in long-term care facilities: Strategies for management. Curr Geriatr Rep 2017;6(1):26-33.
• Aliabadi N, Lopman BA, Parashar UD, Hall AJ. Progress toward norovirus vaccines: Considerations for further development and implementation in potential target populations. Expert Review of Vaccines2015;14(9):1241-1253.
• Kambhampati A, Koopmans M, Lopman BA. Burden of norovirus in healthcare facilities and strategies for outbreak control. Journal of Hospital Infection 2015;89(4):296-301.
• Pringle K, Lopman B, Vega E, Vinje J, Parashar UD, Hall AJ. Noroviruses: Epidemiology, immunity, and prospects for prevention. Future Microbiology 2015;10:53-67.
• Barclay L, Park GW, Vega E, Hall A, Parashar UD, Vinjé J, et al. Infection control for norovirus. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2014;20(8):731-40.
• Cates JE, Vinjé J, Parashar U, Hall AJ. Recent advances in human norovirus research and implications for candidate vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2020;19(6):539-548. doi:10.1080/14760584.2020.1777860