Resources & References

Resources

• CDC Vital Signs—Preventing Norovirus Outbreaks, Food Service Has a Key Role
• CDC Feature: Prevent the Spread of Norovirus
• CDC Data & Statistics Feature: Surveillance for Norovirus Outbreaks
• Norovirus Illness: Key Facts [2 pages]
• Norovirus: Facts for Food Workers [2 pages]
• Norovirus in Healthcare Facilities Fact Sheet [2 pages]
• Facts About Noroviruses on Cruise Ships
• Tips for Healthy Cruising
• Norovirus in Healthcare Settings
• Updated Norovirus Outbreak Management and Disease Prevention Guidelines (2011)
• Guideline for the Prevention and Control of Norovirus Gastroenteritis Outbreaks in Healthcare Settings, 2011
• A Norovirus Outbreak Control Resource Toolkit for Healthcare Settings (2012)
• EPA’s Registered Antimicrobial Products Effective Against Norovirus (Norwalk-like virus) [11 pages]
• Foodborne Outbreak Online Database (FOOD)
• New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN)
• Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet)
• National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS)

Recent Journal Articles on Norovirus from CDC Researchers

Disease Burden - Domestic

• Lopman BA, Steele D, Kirkwood CD, Parashar UD. The Vast and Varied Global Burden of Norovirus: Prospects for Prevention and Control. PLoS Med. 2016 Apr 26;13(4):e1001999. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001999. eCollection 2016 Apr.
• Grytdal SP, Blake E, DeBess E, Lee L, Blythe D, Ryan P, et al. Incidence of norovirus and other viral pathogens that cause acute gastroenteritis (AGE) among Kaiser Permanente member populations in the United States, 2012-2013. PLOS One 2016;11(4):e0148395.
• Rha B, Lopman BA, Alcala AN, Riddle MS, Porter CK. Incidence of norovirus-associated medical encounters among active duty United States military personnel and their dependents. PLOS One 2016;11(4):e0148505.
• Grytdal SP, Rimland D, Shirley SH, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Goetz MB, Brown ST, et al. Incidence of medically-attended norovirus-associated acute gastroenteritis in four Veteran’s Affairs medical center populations in the United States, 2011-2012. PLOS One 2015;10(5):e0126733.
• Hall AJ, Lopman BA, Payne DC, Patel MM, Gastañaduy PA, Vinjé J, Parashar UD. Norovirus disease in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(8):1198-205.
• Gastañaduy PA, Hall AJ, Curns AT, Parashar UD, Lopman BA. Burden of norovirus gastroenteritis in the ambulatory setting—United States, 2001-2009. J Infect Dis. 2013;207(7):1058-65.
• Payne DC, Vinjé J, Szilagyi PG, Edwards KM, Staat MA, Weinberg GA, et al. Norovirus and medically attended gastroenteritis in U.S. children. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(12):1121-30.
• Hall AJ, Curns AT, McDonald LC, Parashar UD, Lopman BA. The Roles of Clostridium difficile and Norovirus among Gastroenteritis-Associated Deaths in the United States, 1999-2007. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(2):216-23.
• Bresee JS, Marcus R, Venezia RA, Keene WE, Morse D, Thanassi M, et al. The etiology of severe acute gastroenteritis among adults visiting emergency departments in the United States. J Infect Dis. 2012;205(9):1374-81.
• Hall AJ, Rosenthal M, Gregoricus N, Greene SA, Ferguson J, Henao OL, et al. Incidence of acute gastroenteritis and role of norovirus, Georgia, USA, 2004-2005. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(8):1381-8.
• Lopman BA, Hall AJ, Curns AT, Parashar UD. Increasing rates of gastroenteritis hospital discharges in US adults and the contribution of norovirus, 1996-2007. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:466-74.

Disease Burden - International

• Bartsch SM, Lopman B, Hall AJ, Ozawa S, Lee BY. Global economic burden of norovirus gastroenteritis. PLOS One 2016;11(4):e0151219.
• Shioda K, Cosmas L, Audi A, Gregoricus N, Vinje J, Parashar UD, et al. Population-based incidence rates of diarrheal disease associated with norovirus, sapovirus, and astrovirus in Kenya. PLOS One 2016;11(4):e0145943.
• Kirk MD, Pires SM, Black BE, Caipo M, Crump JA, Devleesschauwer B, et al. World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 22 foodborne bacterial, protozoal, and viral diseases, 2010: A data synthesis. PLoS Medicine 2015;12(12):e1001921.
• Pires SM, Fischer-Walker CL, Lanata CF, Devleesschauwer B, Hall AJ, Kirk MD, et al. Aetiology-specific estimates of the global and regional incidence and mortality of diarrhoeal diseases commonly transmitted through food. PLoS One 2015;10(12):e0142927.
• Shioda K, Kambhampati A, Hall AJ, Lopman BA. Global age distribution of pediatric norovirus cases. Vaccine 2015;33(33):4065-4068.
• Lopman BA, Trivedi T, Vicuña Y, Costantini V, Collins N, Gregoricus N, et al. Norovirus Infection and Disease in an Ecuadorian Birth Cohort: Association of Certain Norovirus Genotypes With Host FUT2 Secretor Status. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2015;211(11):1813-21.
• Ahmed SM, Hall AJ, Robinson AE, Verhoef L, Premkumar P, Parashar UD, et al. Global prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2014;14(8):725-730.

Outbreak Reports

• Alfano-Sobsey A, Sweat D, Hall A, Breedlove F, Rodriguez R, Greene S, et al. Norovirus outbreak associated with undercooked oysters and secondary household transmission. Epidemiol Infect. 2012;140(2):276-82. DOI: 10.1017/S0950268811000665
• Desai R, Yen C, Wikswo ME, Gregoricus N, Provo J, Parashar UD, et al. Transmission of norovirus among NBA players and staff, winter 2010-2011. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(11):1115-7.
• Wikswo ME, Cortes J, Hall AJ, Vaughan G, Howard C, Gregoricus N, et al. Disease transmission and passenger behaviors during a high morbidity norovirus outbreak on a cruise ship, January 2009. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(9):1116-22.
• Kirking HL, Cortes J, Burrer S, Hall AJ, Cohen N, Lipman H, et al. Likely transmission of norovirus on an airplane, October 2008. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(9):1216-21.
• Kornylo K, Kim DK, Widdowson MA, Turabelidze G, Averhoff FM. Risk of norovirus transmission during air travel. J Travel Med. 2009;16:349-51. DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2009.00344.x
• Malek M, Barzilay E, Kramer A, Camp B, Jaykus LA, Escudero-Abarca B, et al. Outbreak of norovirus infection among river rafters associated with packaged delicatessen meat, Grand Canyon, 2005. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:31-7.

Surveillance

• Leshem E, Wikswo M, Barclay L, Brandt E, Storm W, Salehi E, et al. Effects and clinical significance of GII.4 Sydney norovirus, United States, 2012-2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013 Aug;19(8):1231-8.
• Rha B, Burrer S, Park S, Trivedi T, Parashar UD, Lopman BA. Emergency department visit data for rapid detection and monitoring of norovirus activity, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013 Aug;19(8):1214-21.
• Saupe AA, Kaehler D, Cebelinski EA, Nefzger B, Hall AJ, Smith KE. Norovirus surveillance among callers to foodborne illness complaint hotline, Minnesota, USA, 2011-2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013 Aug;19(8):1293-6.
• Hall AJ, Wikswo ME, Manikonda K, Roberts VA, Yoder JS, Gould LH. Acute gastroenteritis surveillance through the National Outbreak Reporting System, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013 Aug;19(8):1305-9.
• Leshem E, Barclay L, Wikswo M, Vega E, Gregoricus N, Parashar UD, et al. Genotype GI.6 norovirus, United States, 2010-2012. Emerg Infect Dis.2013 Aug;19(8):1317-20
• Trivedi TK, DeSalvo T, Lee L, Palumbo A, Moll M, Curns A, et al. Hospitalizations and mortality associated with norovirus outbreaks in nursing homes, 2009-2010. JAMA. 2012;308(16):1668-75.
• Hall AJ, Eisenbart VG, Lehman Etingüe A, Gould LH, Lopman BA, and Parashar UD. Epidemiology of foodborne norovirus outbreaks, United States, 2001-2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012 Oct. DOI: 10.3201/eid1810.120833
• Desai R, Hall AJ, Lopman BA, Shimshoni Y, Rennick M, Efron N, et al. Norovirus disease surveillance using Google internet query share data. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(8):e75-8.
• Yen C, Wikswo ME, Lopman BA, Vinjé J, Parashar UD, Hall AJ. Impact of an emergent norovirus variant in 2009 on norovirus outbreaks activity in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2011:53(6):568-71.
• Vega E, Barclay L, Gregoricus N, Williams K, Lee D, Vinjé J. Novel surveillance network for norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(8):1389-95.
• Vega E, Vinjé J. Novel GII.12 Norovirus Strain, United States, 2009-2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(8):1516-8.

Immunity, Diagnosis, and Control

• Nordgren J. Sharma S, Kambhampati A, Lopman B, Svensson L. Innate resistance and susceptibility to norovirus infection. PLoS Pathogens 2016;12(4):e1005385.
• Kambhampati A, Payne DC, Costantini V, Lopman BA. Host genetic susceptibility to enteric viruses: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2016;62(1):11-8.
• Costantini VP, Cooper EM, Hardaker HL, Lee LE, Bierhoff M, Biggs C, et al. Epidemiologic, virologic, and host genetic factors of norovirus outbreaks in long-term care facilities. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2016;61(1):1-10.
• Lopman B, Simmons K, Gambhir M, Vinjé J, Parashar U. Epidemiologic implications of asymptomatic reinfection: a mathematical modeling study of norovirus. American Journal of Epidemiology 2014;179(4):507-12.
• Simmons K, Gambhir M, Leon J, Lopman B. Duration of immunity to norovirus gastroenteritis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013 Aug;19(8):1260-7.
• Park GW, Barclay L, Macinga D, Charbonneau D, Pettigrew CA, Vinjé J. Comparative efficacy of seven hand sanitizers against murine norovirus, feline calicivirus, and GII.4 norovirus. J Food Prot. 2010;73(12):2232-8.
• Costantini V, Grenz L, Fritzinger A, Lewis D, Biggs C, Hale A, Vinjé J. Diagnostic accuracy and analytical sensitivity of IDEIA Norovirus assay for routine screening of human norovirus[9 pages]. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48(8):2770-8.

Reviews

• Aliabadi N, Lopman BA, Parashar UD, Hall AJ. Progress toward norovirus vaccines: Considerations for further development and implementation in potential target populations. Expert Review of Vaccines 2015;14(9):1241-1253.
• Kambhampati A, Koopmans M, Lopman BA. Burden of norovirus in healthcare facilities and strategies for outbreak control. Journal of Hospital Infection 2015;89(4):296-301.
• Pringle K, Lopman B, Vega E, Vinje J, Parashar UD, Hall AJ. Noroviruses: Epidemiology, immunity, and prospects for prevention. Future Microbiology 2015;10:53-67.
• Barclay L, Park GW, Vega E, Hall A, Parashar U, Vinjé J, et al. Infection control for norovirus. Clinical Microbiology and Infection2014;20(8):731-40.
• Ahmed SM, Lopman BA, Levy K. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the global seasonality of norovirus. PLoS One 2013;8(10):e75922.
• Trivedi TK, Desai R, Hall AJ, Patel M, Parashar UD, Lopman BA. Clinical characteristics of norovirus-associated deaths: A systematic literature review. Am J Infect Control. 2013 Jul;41(7):654-7.
• Desai R, Hembree CD, Handel A, Matthews JE, Dickey BW, McDonald S, et al. Severe outcomes are associated with genogroup 2 genotype 4 norovirus outbreaks: a systematic literature review. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(2):189-93.
• Lopman B, Gastañaduy P, Park GW, Hall AJ, Parashar UD, Vinjé J. Environmental transmission of norovirus gastroenteritis. Curr Opin Virol. 2012;2(1):96-102.

MMWR Articles

• Wikswo ME, Kambhampati A, Shioda K, Walsh KA, Bowen A, Hall AJ. Outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis transmitted by person-to-person contact, environmental contamination, and unknown modes of transmission – United States, 2009-2013.. MMWR. 2015;64(SS12):1-16
• Hall AJ, Wikswo ME, Pringle K, Gould LH, Parashar UD. Vital Signs: Foodborne norovirus outbreaks — United States, 2009-2012. MMWR. 2014;63:1-5.
• Gould LH, Walsh KA, Vieira AR, Herman K, Williams IT, Hall AJ, et al. Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks—United States, 1998-2008. MMWR Surveillance Summaries 2013;62(SS-2):1-34.
• Barclay L, Wikswo M , Gregoricus N, Vinjé J, Lopman B, Parashar U, et al. Notes from the field: Emergence of new norovirus strain GII.4 Sydney — United States, 2012. MMWR. 2013;62(03):55.
• Wikswo ME, Hall AJ. Outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis transmitted by person-to-person contact—United States, 2009-2010. MMWR Surveillance Summaries 2012;61(SS-9):1-12.
• Humbaugh K, Thoroughman D, Chiguluri V, Robeson S, Hall AJ,  Kolwaite AR, et al. Notes from the field: Norovirus outbreak at boys basketball tournament — Kentucky, February 2012. MMWR. 2012;61(25):471.
• Brucker R, Bui T, Kwan-Gett T, Stewart L. Hall AJ, Kinzer MH. Notes from the field: Norovirus infections associated with frozen raw oysters — Washington, 2011. MMWR. 2012;61(06):110.

Editorials and Commentaries

• Hall AJ, Glass RI, Parashar UD. New insights into the global burden of noroviruses and opportunities for prevention. Expert Review of Vaccines 2016; DOI:10.1080/14760584.2016.1178069.
• Lopman BA, Steele D, Kirkwood CD, Parashar UD. The vast and varied global burden of norovirus: prospects for prevention and control. PLoS Medicine 2016;13(4):e1001999.
• Lopman B, Kang G. In praise of birth cohorts: norovirus infection, disease, and immunity. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2014;58(4):492-4.
• Payne DC, Parashar UD. Rapid advances in understanding viral gastroenteritis from domestic surveillance. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013 Aug;19(8):1189.
• Yen C, Hall AJ. Challenges to estimating norovirus disease burden. Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 2013;2(1):61-62.
• Hall AJ. Noroviruses: The perfect human pathogens? J Infect Dis. 2012;205(11):1622-24.
• Lopman B. Air sickness: Vomiting and environmental transmission of norovirus on aircraft. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(6):521-2.

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