Use of COVIDTests.gov At-Home Test Kits Among Adults in a National Household Probability Sample — United States, 2022

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At-home rapid antigen COVID-19 tests were first authorized by the Food and Drug Administration in late 2020 (1–3). In January 2022, the White House launched COVIDTests.gov, which made all U.S. households eligible to receive free-to-the-user at-home test kits distributed by the U.S. Postal Service (2). By May 2022, more than 70 million test kit packages had been shipped to households across the United States (2); however, how these kits were used, and which groups were using them, has not been reported. Data from a national probability survey of U.S. households (COVIDVu), collected during April–May 2022, were used to evaluate awareness about and use of these test kits (4). Most respondent households (93.8%) were aware of the program, and more than one half (59.9%) had ordered kits. Among persons who received testing for COVID-19 during the preceding 6 months, 38.3% used a COVIDTests.gov kit. Among kit users, 95.5% rated the experience as acceptable, and 23.6% reported being unlikely to have tested without the COVIDTests.gov program. Use of COVIDTests.gov kits was similar among racial and ethnic groups (42.1% non-Hispanic Black or African American [Black]; 41.5% Hispanic or Latino [Hispanic]; 34.8% non-Hispanic White [White]; and 53.7% non-Hispanic other races [other races]). Use of other home COVID-19 tests differed by race and ethnicity (11.8% Black, 44.4% Hispanic, 45.8% White, 43.8% other races). Compared with White persons, Black persons were 72% less likely to use other home test kits (adjusted relative risk [aRR] = 0.28; 95% CI = 0.16–0.50). Provision of tests through this well-publicized program likely improved use of COVID-19 home testing and health equity in the United States, particularly among Black persons. National programs to address availability and accessibility of critical health services in a pandemic response have substantial health value.

Methods of the national COVIDVu survey have been previously reported (4). In brief, a national address-based household sample derived from the U.S. Postal Service Computerized Delivery Sequence File, which covers nearly all residential delivery points in all 50 U.S. states, was recruited. During August–December 2020, 39,500 addresses were selected in a probability sample, and one household member aged ≥18 years from each address was randomly selected to participate (4,5). Among 5,666 (15.3%) respondents who completed a baseline survey, 4,654 (12.6% of sampled households; 82.1% of those who completed a baseline survey) were eligible to participate in follow-up survey rounds, based on completion of study procedures (5). Weights were derived using raking* and trimming^† procedures. Demographic and geographic data were used to develop person- and household-level weights, with additional adjustments for kit ordering using the publicly available figure of 70 million COVIDTests.gov orders shipped to households (2). Extreme weights were trimmed and readjusted to reach the total sum of households and noninstitutionalized adults aged ≥18 years in the United States. Among 4,654 participants enrolled at baseline (5), 3,400 (73%) completed an online follow-up survey during April 14–May 13, 2022. Data from the 3,400 responses were weighted to allow for national estimates of COVIDTests.gov use among U.S. households (128,674,487) and adults aged ≥18 years (252,117,111). Participants were asked to specify any COVID-19 tests they had received during the previous 6 months (e.g., laboratory, pharmacy, doctor’s office, drive through site, government home test kit, or other home test kit). Awareness of the COVIDTests.gov program was assessed based on response to the question “Did you know that the government is offering free COVID-19 home test kits that can be ordered and mailed to your home?” Participants who answered “Yes” were asked if their household had ordered any of these government test kits, and whether these kits had been used by them or someone else. Those who used a government kit to self-administer a test during the previous 6 months were asked questions about the acceptability and use of the test kit. Sociodemographic variables were self-reported at baseline; weighted estimates and two-sided 95% CIs were prepared for the full sample and for the subset of respondents reporting use of a COVIDTests.gov kit. To evaluate the association between race and ethnicity and different testing modalities, aRRs and 95% CIs were estimated using weighted multivariable negative binomial regression; models were adjusted for age, sex, region, education, income, household size, and vaccination status.

All analyses were conducted using SAS statistical software (version 9.4; SAS Institute). The COVIDVu study was approved by the Emory University Institutional Review Board.

In May 2022, an estimated 93.8% (120,730,524) of U.S. households were aware of the COVIDTests.gov program, and 59.9% (77,089,010) of households had ordered government kits (Figure 1). In nearly one third (32.1%; 41,325,184) of households, at least one government test kit had been used by someone within or outside the home. An estimated 27.8% (35,763,825) of households had ordered COVIDTests.gov kits but had not yet used them.

Among an estimated 252,117,111 adults, 154,160,315 (61.1%) lived in a household that had ordered kits (Table), 41.3% (63,663,434) of whom had self-administered a test kit during the preceding 6 months. Approximately one half of persons aged 18–44 years had used kits (54.6% of those aged 18–34 and 50.9% of those aged 35–44 years), compared with 35.2%, 42.1%, and 26.8% of persons aged 45–54, 55–64, and ≥65 years, respectively. The lowest kit use prevalence was in the South U.S. Census Bureau Region (35.2%), and the highest was in the West U.S. Census Bureau Region (47.4%). Among households including three or more persons, approximately one half (46.0%) used kits, compared with 38.2% of households of fewer than three persons.

Nearly one quarter (23.6%) of persons using the government kits (more than 13 million persons) indicated that they would have been unlikely to test for COVID-19 if COVIDTests.gov kits were not available; 29.7% of kit users had not used any other type of test during the preceding 6 months. The survey did not collect information about test results from each test used, but 22.2% of COVIDTests.gov kit users reported at least one positive test result within this period. Among those who used a COVIDTests.gov kit, more than 95% rated the experience as very acceptable (64.1%) or acceptable (31.4%).

Among 166,128,467 (65.9%) adults who received testing for COVID-19 during the previous 6 months, 44.2% received a laboratory or clinic test, 25.7% received a drive-through test, 38.3% used a COVIDTests.gov kit, and 42.1% used another type of at-home self-test kit (e.g., pharmacy) (Figure 2). Prevalences of COVIDTests.gov kit use differed slightly among Black (42.1%), Hispanic (41.5%), White (34.8%), and other race persons (53.7%) (p = 0.03); compared with White persons, persons of other races were more likely to use government kits (aRR = 1.42; 95% CI = 1.12–1.80; p = 0.004), but Black and Hispanic persons were not. This differed from the use of other at-home self-test kits, with considerably lower use among Black (11.8%) than among Hispanic (44.4%), White (45.8%), and persons of other races (43.8%). Black persons were 72% less likely to use other home test kits compared with White persons (aRR = 0.28; 95% CI = 0.16–0.50; p<0.001), despite similar use of COVIDTests.gov kits.

Acknowledgments

The COVIDVu study team; Salesforce.

Corresponding author: Nicole Luisi, nluisi@emory.edu.

¹Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; ²Marketing Systems Group, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; ³Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.

References

1. US Department of Health and Human Services. Biden-Harris administration requires insurance companies and group health plans to cover the cost of at-home COVID-19 tests, increasing access to free tests [Press release]. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2022. https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2022/01/10/biden-harris-administration-requires-insurance-companies-group-health-plans-to-cover-cost-at-home-covid-19-tests-increasing-access-free-tests.html
2. The White House. Fact sheet: the Biden administration announces Americans can order additional free at-home, rapid COVID-⁠19 tests at COVIDTests.gov [Press release]. Washington, DC: The White House; 2022. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/05/17/fact-sheet-the-biden-administration-announces-americans-can-order-additional-free-at-home-rapid-covid-19-tests-at-covidtests-gov/
3. Rader B, Gertz A, Iuliano AD, et al. Use of at-home COVID-19 tests—United States, August 23, 2021–March 12, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:489–94. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7113e1 PMID:35358168
4. Siegler AJ, Sullivan PS, Sanchez T, et al. Protocol for a national probability survey using home specimen collection methods to assess prevalence and incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and antibody response. Ann Epidemiol 2020;49:50–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.07.015 PMID:32791199
5. Sullivan PS, Siegler AJ, Shioda K, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 cumulative incidence—United States, August 2020–December 2020. Clin Infect Dis 2022;74:1141–50. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab626 PMID:34245245
6. Mackey K, Ayers CK, Kondo KK, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19–related infections, hospitalizations, and deaths: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2021;174:362–73. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-6306 PMID:33253040
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8. The White House. Fact sheet: Biden administration announces COVID-19 winter preparedness plan [Press release]. Washington, DC: The White House; 2022. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/12/15/fact-sheet-biden-administration-announces-covid-19-winter-preparedness-plan/

FIGURE 1. Estimated COVIDTests.gov test kit awareness, ordering, and use by household*^,†,§ — United States, April–May 2022^¶

* Based on a national probability sample (COVIDVu).

^† Household-level weights were derived with raking and a trimming procedure. Demographic and geographic data were used to develop person-level weights, which were adjusted to create household-level weights based on the joint distribution of households within each geographic region of the United States, total number of adults and children in the home, household income, and home ownership. The publicly available benchmark of 70 million household COVIDTests.gov orders was used to adjust the person- and household-level weights. Extreme weights were trimmed and readjusted to sum to 128 million total U.S. households.

^§ Test kit use includes any COVIDTests.gov kit use by resident or nonresident of household.

^¶ Percentage of estimated total 128,674,487 U.S. households.

Abbreviations: GED = general educational development certificate; NA = not applicable.
* From a national probability sample (COVIDVu).
^† Percentages calculated as column percents, unless otherwise specified.
^§ Percentages calculated as row percentages. Denominator includes only respondents living in households that ordered COVIDTests.gov test kits.
^¶ https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf
** Categories are not mutually exclusive. Denominator includes only respondents living in households that ordered COVIDTests.gov test kits.
^†† Denominator includes only respondents who used COVIDTests.gov test kits. Denominators in this section excluded the following missing values: used only COVIDTests.gov kit, n = 1,299,627; unlikely to test without COVIDTests.gov kit, n = 4,713,097; and rating of COVIDTests.gov kit use experience, n = 13,685,518.

FIGURE 2. Modalities of COVID-19 testing*^,† among adults who received testing for COVID-19 during the previous 6 months (n = 166,128,467),^§ by race and ethnicity — COVIDVu,^¶ United States, April–May 2022

* Lab or clinic tests were used by 72,777,029 (44.2%), drive-through tests by 42,386,207 (25.7%), COVIDTests.gov tests by 63,663,434 (38.3%) and other home tests by 69,331,543 (42.1%) persons who received testing during the previous 6 months.

^† With 95% CI indicated by error bars.

^§ Data for use of lab or clinic, drive-through, and other home tests were missing for a small proportion (<1%) of respondents who received testing during the previous 6 months; the denominator for these tests is 164,828,840.

^¶ A national probability sample.