Impact of the DREAMS Program on New HIV Diagnoses in Adolescent Girls and Young Women Attending Antenatal Care — Lesotho, 2015–2020
Weekly / January 14, 2022 / 71(2);48–51
Andrew R. Pelletier, MD1; Josip Derado, PhD1; Limpho Maoela, MPH2; Thabiso Lekhotsa, MPH3; Masechache Sechache, MPA3; Konosoang Nkuatsana4 (View author affiliations)
View suggested citationSummary
What is already known about this topic?
During 2016–2017, HIV prevalence among adolescent girls and young women in Lesotho was approximately three times that among young men. The Determined, Resilient, Empowered, AIDS-Free, Mentored, and Safe (DREAMS) program was established in 2016 to decrease HIV incidence among young women.
What is added by this report?
New HIV diagnoses among adolescent girls and young women attending antenatal care decreased significantly in both DREAMS and non-DREAMS districts, although reductions were greater in DREAMS districts.
What are the implications for public health practice?
Apart from DREAMS, the decrease in new HIV diagnoses might be a result of the reduction in viral load in the population because more persons living with HIV infection became virally suppressed while on antiviral therapy, preexposure prophylaxis, voluntary medical male circumcision, behavior change, and increased HIV diagnostic coverage.
Lesotho is a small, landlocked country in southern Africa with a population of approximately 2 million persons, approximately two thirds of whom live in rural areas (1). Lesotho has the second highest prevalence of HIV infection in the world (2). In 2017, 25.6% of persons aged 15–59 years living in Lesotho were HIV-positive (3). Strategies implemented in recent years to control HIV include efforts to reduce mother-to-child transmission and improve coverage with antiretroviral therapy, as well as increasing testing for HIV. Among persons aged 15–24 years, the HIV prevalence among females in 2017 (11.1%) was approximately three times that among males (3.4%) (3). The Determined, Resilient, Empowered, AIDS-Free, Mentored, and Safe (DREAMS)* program in Lesotho was started during October 2016 in two districts. DREAMS comprises a package of biomedical, behavioral, and structural interventions to address factors that make adolescent girls and young women vulnerable to HIV acquisition (4). The goal of the DREAMS program was to decrease HIV incidence among adolescent girls and young women by 25% after 1 year and by 40% after 2 years (4). After 3.5 years of program implementation in Lesotho, new HIV diagnoses among adolescent girls and young women attending antenatal care (ANC) decreased 71.4% in the two districts that implemented DREAMS compared with a reduction of 48.4% in three comparison districts without the program (p = 0.002). During 2016–2020, reductions in new HIV diagnoses among adolescent girls and young women attending ANC in Lesotho have been substantial, both in districts that have and have not implemented the DREAMS program (DREAMS and non-DREAMS districts). Apart from the DREAMS program, the decrease in new HIV diagnoses might be a result of the reduction in viral load in the population because more persons living with HIV infection became virally suppressed while on antiviral therapy, as well as other interventions such as preexposure prophylaxis, voluntary medical male circumcision, behavior change, and increased HIV diagnostic coverage.
During U.S. government fiscal years 2016–2020, the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation was the single treatment partner funded by the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) for all districts in Lesotho (except for the first two quarters of fiscal year 2020 when mothers2mothers† [M2M] replaced the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation in two non-DREAMS districts). PEPFAR treatment partners reported quarterly on monitoring, evaluation, and reporting indicators, and provided data on the number of pregnant adolescent girls and young women who were tested for HIV at ANC by two age groups (15–24 years and ≥25 years) for each of the districts. Adolescent girls and young women were defined as females aged 15–24 years. HIV test results were categorized as negative, previously known positive, and newly test-positive. In keeping with Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator (OGAC) methodology, the new HIV diagnosis rate was calculated using the formula ([new ANC test-positives] / [total ANC clients tested − known ANC positives]) (5).
For this report, aggregate data for adolescent girls and young women in the two adjacent DREAMS districts (Berea and Maseru) were compared with aggregate data for adolescent girls and young women in three non-DREAMS districts (Leribe, Mafeteng, and Mohale’s Hoek). Data for women aged ≥25 years in the two DREAMS districts were also examined. Data from the first quarter of fiscal year 2016 (October 2015–December 2015) served as the baseline for comparison with the first 3.5 years of DREAMS implementation (October 2016–March 2020). A Poisson log-linear regression model was used to determine rates of decline in new HIV diagnoses among adolescent girls and young women and women aged ≥25 years attending ANC by quarter and to compare rates of decline between groups, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. This activity was reviewed by CDC and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.§
The number of adolescent girls and young women attending ANC in each district varied little from year to year (Table). Among adolescent girls and young women in the two DREAMS districts, the percentage of new HIV diagnoses decreased from 11.4% in the first quarter of fiscal year 2016 to 3.3% in the second quarter of fiscal year 2020, for a total reduction of 71.4% (p<0.001) (Figure). A decline of 48.4% occurred among adolescent girls and young women in the three non-DREAMS districts, from 7.7% to 4.0% (p<0.001). The difference in the percentage reduction among adolescent girls and young women in DREAMS versus non-DREAMS districts was statistically significant (p = 0.002). When restricting the analysis to women aged ≥25 years in the two DREAMS districts, the percentage new HIV diagnoses decreased 54.6%, from 16.6% to 7.5% (p<0.001).
Discussion
Results of the first 3.5 years of the DREAMS program implementation in Lesotho showed a substantial reduction in new diagnoses of HIV infection among adolescent girls and young women in both DREAMS and three non-DREAMS districts. This occurred at a time when the national HIV treatment program in Lesotho had begun universal initiation of antiretroviral therapy for all HIV-positive persons regardless of CD4 count, and the country had demonstrated good progress toward the United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) 90–90–90 goals (90% of persons living with HIV know their status, 90% of those with HIV who know their status are receiving treatment, and 90% of those receiving treatment are virally suppressed) (6). The Lesotho Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment (LePHIA), conducted during November 2016–May 2017, found that 81% of persons living with HIV infection knew their status, 92% of those who knew their status were on treatment, and 88% of those on treatment were virally suppressed (3). However, the results for adolescent girls and young women (61%–90%–76%) were cause for concern (7).
The concurrent reduction in new HIV diagnoses among adolescent girls and young women attending ANC in two DREAMS and three non-DREAMS comparison districts might have resulted from an overall reduction in viral load in the population because more persons living with HIV infection became virally suppressed. Other factors, including preexposure prophylaxis, voluntary medical male circumcision, behavior change, and increased HIV diagnostic coverage might have also played a role. The reductions in new HIV diagnoses at ANC among adolescent girls and young women in the three non-DREAMS comparison districts and among women aged ≥25 years in the two DREAMS districts suggests that much of the decline was attributable to factors other than DREAMS, because these women were not eligible for the program, either because of where they lived or their age.
The findings in this report are subject to at least five limitations. First, changes in new HIV diagnoses among adolescent girls and young women attending ANC might be an inaccurate measure of changes in HIV incidence. Reporting of new HIV diagnoses could be affected by multiple factors related to surveillance efforts (e.g., nonuniversal ANC attendance and incomplete HIV testing during ANC). However, the LePHIA indicated that 97.1% of pregnant women aged 15–49 years had attended ANC at least once, and 95.6% knew their HIV status (3). Second, data for HIV testing at ANC were obtained from implementing partners rather than from the database maintained by OGAC. This was done because the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation data were more complete and contained fewer values considered to be outliers. Third, the five districts (including the two DREAMS and three non-DREAMS districts) might differ in ways that affect a direct comparison between DREAMS and non-DREAMS districts. However, the population of Lesotho is largely homogenous, and there are few obvious differences among the five districts where 73% of the population resides (1). Fourth, this assessment was based on an ecologic analysis. Data were not available for individual adolescent girls and young women in DREAMS districts to compare outcomes of those participating in the program with those of nonparticipants. Data were also not available to assess what percentage of the eligible population received a complete suite of program services. Finally, data from Lesotho might not be representative of data from the other nine countries in Africa that were part of the original DREAMS program.
The second LePHIA was completed in March 2020. Although HIV incidence has declined among persons aged ≥15 years, marked disparities still exist in incidence and prevalence between women and men (8). LePHIA was not designed to provide a specific incidence estimate for adolescent girls and young women at the district level. Therefore, LePHIA results cannot be used to directly assess the impact of the DREAMS program in Lesotho. However, the results of the second LePHIA indicate that substantial work remains to address gender disparities. Conducting similar analyses of ANC data in other countries implementing DREAMS could determine whether the results from Lesotho are generalizable and complement the findings of a recent evaluation of DREAMS on HIV incidence among adolescent girls and young women in Kenya and South Africa (9). Results of these studies might better clarify the impact of DREAMS and help guide future decisions on how best to reduce HIV incidence among adolescent girls and young women in Africa.
Acknowledgments
Lesotho Ministry of Health; Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation; mothers2mothers; U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (Lesotho Team).
Corresponding author: Andrew R. Pelletier, arp1@cdc.gov, 404-553-7438.
1Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC; 2Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Washington, DC; 3United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC; 4Lesotho Ministry of Health, Maseru, Lesotho.
All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
* https://www.state.gov/pepfar-dreams-partnership/external icon
† https://m2m.org/external icon
§ 45 C.F.R. part 46; 21 C.F.R. part 56; 42 U.S.C. Sect. 241(d), 5 U.S.C. Sect. 552a, 44 U.S.C. Sect. 3501 et seq.
References
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- Lesotho Ministry of Health, CDC, and ICAP at Columbia University. Lesotho Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment: (LePHIA) 2016–2017: final report. Maseru, Lesotho, Atlanta, GA, and New York, NY: Ministry of Health, CDC, and ICAP; 2019. https://phia.icap.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/LePHIA_FinalReport_Web.pdfpdf iconexternal icon
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- Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator. Calculation of DREAMS impact decline is a geospatial model of decline in new diagnoses of HIV infection and antenatal clinics (ANC). Washington, DC: US Department of State; 2019.
- Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS. 90–90–90: an ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2016. https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/90-90-90_en.pdfpdf iconexternal icon
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- Birdthistle I, Kwaro D, Shahmanesh M, et al. Evaluating the impact of DREAMS on HIV incidence among adolescent girls and young women: a population-based cohort study in Kenya and South Africa. PLoS Med 2021;18:e1003837. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003837external icon PMID:34695112external icon
Abbreviations: DREAMS = Determined, Resilient, Empowered, AIDS-Free, Mentored and Safe; FY = fiscal year; Q = quarter.
* Berea and Maseru.
† Leribe, Mafeteng, and Mohale’s Hoek.
FIGURE. New HIV diagnoses* among adolescent girls and young women attending antenatal care, by district DREAMS implementation status and age group — Lesotho, fiscal years 2016–2020
Abbreviations: ANC = antenatal care; DREAMS = Determined, Resilient, Empowered, AIDS-Free, Mentored, and Safe; FY = fiscal year; Q = quarter.
* Trend lines derived from Poisson regression model.
Suggested citation for this article: Pelletier AR, Derado J, Maoela L, Lekhotsa T, Sechache M, Nkuatsana K. Impact of the DREAMS Program on New HIV Diagnoses in Adolescent Girls and Young Women Attending Antenatal Care — Lesotho, 2015–2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:48–51. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7102a3external icon.
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