Unmet Needs for Ancillary Services Among Hispanics/Latinos Receiving HIV Medical Care — United States, 2013–2014
Weekly / October 14, 2016 / 65(40);1104–1107
Lauren C. Korhonen, MSPH1,2; Nicholas P. DeGroote, MPH1,2; R. Luke Shouse, MD1; Linda A. Valleroy, PhD1; Joseph Prejean, PhD1; Heather Bradley, PhD1 (View author affiliations)
View suggested citationSummary
What is already known about this topic?
Ancillary services can help persons living with HIV access HIV medical care, adhere to HIV treatment, and achieve HIV viral suppression.
What is added by this report?
During 2013–2014, Hispanics/Latinos receiving HIV medical care in the United States reported many unmet needs for ancillary services, including dental care (an estimated 24%), eye or vision care (21%), and subsistence services such as assistance with food and nutrition (15%) and transportation (9%). Most of those with unmet needs for ancillary services did not know how to access or were ineligible for, perceived themselves to be ineligible for, or were denied these services.
What are the implications for public health practice?
Increasing awareness of the availability of ancillary services might help improve the health of Hispanics/Latinos living with HIV and reduce HIV-related health disparities.
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The prevalence of diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Hispanics/Latinos in the United States is more than twice as high as the prevalence among non-Hispanic whites (1). Services that support retention in HIV medical care and assist with day-to-day living, referred to here as ancillary services, help persons living with HIV access HIV medical care, adhere to HIV treatment, and attain HIV viral suppression. The needs for these ancillary services among Hispanics/Latinos are not well described (2). To obtain nationally representative estimates of and reasons for unmet needs for such services among Hispanic/Latino adults receiving outpatient HIV medical care during 2013–2014, CDC analyzed data from the Medical Monitoring Project (MMP). The analysis found that Hispanics/Latinos in all age and sexual orientation/behavior subgroups reported substantial unmet needs, including 24% needing dental care, 21% needing eye or vision care, 15% needing food and nutrition services, and 9% needing transportation assistance. Addressing unmet needs for ancillary services among Hispanics/Latinos living with HIV might help increase access to HIV care, improve health outcomes, and reduce health disparities.
MMP used a three-stage sample (states and territories, facilities, patients); response rates at each stage were 100%, 85%, and 55%, respectively. Data were collected using face-to-face or telephone interviews conducted during June 2013–May 2015. Data were weighted for unequal selection probabilities and nonresponse (3).
Ethnicity was self-reported; Hispanic/Latino participants could be of any race. Sexual orientation/behavior was defined by gender of participants and their sex partners or, if no sexual activity was reported, by participants’ sexual orientation. Unmet needs for ancillary services were defined as services that participants reported needing, but not receiving during the 12 months before the interview. The prevalence of unmet needs for Hispanics/Latinos receiving outpatient medical care was estimated overall and, for select services, stratified by age and sexual orientation/behavior using chi-square tests to make statistical comparisons between strata. Services were selected for further analysis based on how often they were reported as unmet needs here and in previous studies. For each of these services, participants’ primary reasons for unmet needs were described.
The most prevalent unmet needs for ancillary services among Hispanics/Latinos receiving outpatient HIV medical care were for non-HIV medical care services. An estimated 24% had an unmet need for dental care and 21% had an unmet need for eye or vision care (Figure). Among HIV support services examined, the most prevalent unmet need was for HIV peer group support (7%). Among subsistence services (services that help persons meet their basic needs), the most prevalent unmet need was for food or nutrition services (15%); 9% had an unmet need for transportation assistance, and 8% had an unmet need for shelter or housing services.
Hispanics/Latinos aged 18–29 years and 30–39 years had a higher prevalence of unmet needs for both shelter or housing services and HIV peer group support than those aged ≥50 years (Table 1). Hispanics/Latinos aged 30–39 and 40–49 years had a higher prevalence of unmet needs for food or nutrition services than those aged ≥50 years. Hispanics/Latinos aged 30–39 years had a higher prevalence of unmet need for dental care (31%) than those aged ≥50 years (21%). Unmet needs for eye or vision care, transportation assistance, and mental health care did not differ significantly by age. Hispanic/Latino men who have sex with only women had a higher prevalence of unmet needs for transportation assistance services, and a lower prevalence of unmet needs for HIV peer group support and mental health care, compared with Hispanic/Latino men who have sex with men. Unmet needs for other services did not differ significantly by sexual orientation/behavior category.
Over 40% of Hispanics/Latinos with an unmet need for transportation assistance, food or nutrition services, or HIV peer group support did not know how to get these services (Table 2). Approximately one quarter of Hispanics/Latinos with an unmet need for shelter or housing services, mental health care, or eye or vision care did not know how to get these services (25%, 25%, and 22%, respectively). Twenty-eight percent of Hispanics/Latinos with an unmet need for shelter or housing services, 21% with an unmet need for transportation assistance, and 15% with an unmet need for food or nutrition services were ineligible for, perceived themselves to be ineligible for, or were denied these services. Less than 20% of Hispanics/Latinos with an unmet need for dental care or eye or vision care reported money/insurance issues as the reason for not receiving the service (16% and 14%, respectively).
Discussion
During 2013–2014, Hispanics/Latinos receiving HIV medical care in the United States had many unmet needs for ancillary services. The most prevalent unmet needs were for dental care and eye or vision care; these services are essential because many persons living with HIV have oral or eye conditions that require specialized care. Hispanics/Latinos with unmet needs for services often did not know how to get them, were ineligible for, perceived themselves to be ineligible for, or were denied these services.
For many persons living with HIV, ancillary services are critical for adhering to HIV treatment and achieving viral suppression (2). Hispanic/Latino men and women in HIV medical care have higher levels of homelessness and lower levels of health insurance coverage than their non-Hispanic/Latino counterparts, and nearly three quarters of Hispanic/Latino women in HIV medical care and half of Hispanic/Latino men are living at or below the federal poverty level (4). This analysis indicates that Hispanic/Latino persons of all ages and sexual orientations have substantial unmet needs for subsistence services (e.g., food or nutrition, shelter or housing, and transportation assistance). These needs might lead to poorer HIV treatment outcomes; Hispanics/Latinos in HIV medical care are less likely than non-Hispanic whites to be virally suppressed (4). Previous research suggests Hispanics/Latinos are more likely to delay entry into HIV medical care because of unmet transportation, shelter, or food service needs, and to enter into care with more advanced HIV disease than non-Hispanics/Latinos (5)
The National HIV/AIDS Strategy specifies goals for improving health outcomes among persons living with HIV by increasing access to basic needs, and reducing racial and ethnic HIV-related disparities (6). Addressing unmet needs for ancillary services among Hispanics/Latinos living with HIV can help reach the National HIV/AIDS Strategy goals of reducing health disparities, increasing access to care, and improving health outcomes for persons living with HIV.
In this analysis, approximately half of Hispanics/Latinos in HIV care and with unmet needs for subsistence services did not receive these services because of real or perceived ineligibility or because they did not know how to get services. In some cases, this might be related to immigration status, because just under 40% of Hispanics/Latinos in HIV care in the United States are foreign born (7). In previous research, Hispanic/Latino immigrants living with HIV cited inadequate knowledge about available services as obstacles to receiving HIV care and often held erroneous beliefs about service eligibility for undocumented persons (8). Case managers might consider providing targeted support to Hispanic/Latino clients who are navigating service availability and eligibility, especially in complicated immigration situations.
For persons living with HIV in the United States, the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program is the primary funder of ancillary services, through grants to states, territories, and community-based organizations that serve approximately half a million persons each year. The program provides services for all persons living with HIV infection in the United States regardless of immigration status, including nearly 113,000 Hispanics/Latinos in 2014 (9). Co-locating ancillary services with routine HIV medical care using a medical home model is a hallmark of the program, and might increase access to these services for persons in HIV medical care (10).
The findings in this report are subject to at least four limitations. First, the analysis was limited to Hispanics/Latinos in HIV care, and results might not be generalizable to Hispanics/Latinos living with HIV who are not in HIV medical care, among whom unmet needs for services might be more prevalent. Second, needs and eligibility for ancillary services are self-reported and were not objectively verified. Third, prevalence of unmet needs likely varies geographically. Local analyses might provide targeted information for resource allocation and policy decisions. Finally, MMP’s response rate was 55% at the patient level. Although the data were adjusted to minimize nonresponse bias based on known characteristics of sampled facilities and patients, the possibility of residual nonresponse bias exists.
Hispanics/Latinos receiving HIV medical care in the United States have considerable unmet needs for ancillary services among all age and sexual orientation/behavior categories. The majority of those with unmet needs for ancillary services did not know how to access or were ineligible for, perceived themselves to be ineligible for, or were denied these services. Increasing awareness of available ancillary services might help improve the health of Hispanics/Latinos living with HIV and reduce HIV-related health disparities.
Corresponding author: Lauren C. Korhonen, xgc9@cdc.gov, 404-639-6286.
1Division HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC; 2Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
References
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FIGURE. Unmet and met needs for ancillary services* among Hispanics or Latinos receiving outpatient human immunodeficiency (HIV) medical care — Medical Monitoring Project, United States, 2013–2014
Abbreviations: SSDI = Social Security Disability Income; SSI = Supplemental Security Income.
* Ancillary services are defined as services that support retention in primary HIV medical care and assist with day-to-day living.
TABLE 1. Percentage of Hispanics/Latinos receiving outpatient HIV medical care with unmet needs for ancillary services,* by demographic characteristic — Medical Monitoring Project, United States, 2013–2014
| Demographic characteristic | Total | Dental care | Eye or vision care | Food or nutrition | Transportation assistance | Shelter or housing | HIV peer group support | Mental health care |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| %† (95% CI§) | %† (95% CI§) | %† (95% CI§) | %† (95% CI§) | %† (95% CI§) | %† (95% CI§) | %† (95% CI§) | ||
| Age (yrs) | ||||||||
| 18–29 | 197 | 25 (16–33) | 16 (9–23) | 17 (11–22) | 10 (5–14) | 14¶ (9–18) | 10¶ (6–14) | —†† |
| 30–39 | 435 | 31¶ (26–36) | 21 (17–26) | 19¶ (14–23) | 9 (5–12) | 11¶ (8–14) | 11¶ (8–14) | 8 (5–11) |
| 40–49 | 746 | 24 (19–28) | 24 (21–28) | 16¶ (13–18) | 10 (8–13) | 7 (5–10) | 7 (5–8) | 5 (3–7) |
| ≥50 | 1,019 | 21 (17–26) | 20 (17–23) | 12 (10–14) | 9 (7–11) | 5 (3–7) | 6 (4–7) | 6 (4–7) |
| Sexual orientation/behavior§§ | ||||||||
| Men who have sex with men | 1,072 | 25 (21–28) | 22 (19–24) | 14 (12–17) | 8 (6–9) | 8 (6–11) | 9 (7–11) | 7 (5–9) |
| Men who have sex with women only | 686 | 25 (19–30) | 22 (18–25) | 15 (12–17) | 12** (9–15) | 8 (6–10) | 5** (4–7) | 4** (3–6) |
| Women who have sex with men | 559 | 22 (16–27) | 21 (16–26) | 15 (12–19) | 10 (7–13) | 7 (4–9) | 7 (5–8) | 6 (4–8) |
| Other | 80 | 28 (17–40) | 19 (11–27) | —†† | 12 (5–20) | —†† | 9 (4–14) | —†† |
| Total | 24 (20–28) | 21 (19–24) | 15 (13–17) | 9 (8–11) | 8 (6–9) | 7 (6–8) | 6 (5–7) | |
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval. HIV = human immunodeficiency virus.
* Ancillary services are defined as services that support retention in primary HIV medical care and assist with day-to-day living.
† Percentages are weighted percentages.
§ CIs incorporate weighted percentages.
¶ P-value <0.05 in comparison to reference group (>50 year olds).
** P-value <0.05 in comparison to reference group (men who have sex with men).
†† Estimates suppressed because coefficient of variation for the estimate was ≥30%.
§§ Sexual orientation/behavior was defined by gender of participants’ sex partners or, if no sexual activity was reported, by participants’ sexual orientation.
Categories are mutually exclusive.
TABLE 2. Reasons for unmet needs for ancillary services* among Hispanics/Latinos receiving outpatient HIV medical care — Medical Monitoring Project, United States, 2013–2014
| Service | Total | Didn’t know how to get service | In process of getting service | Not eligible or denied services | Money or insurance issues | Psychological barriers | Service Is unavailable |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| %† (95% CI§) | %† (95% CI§) | %† (95% CI§) | %† (95% CI§) | %† (95% CI§) | %† (95% CI§) | ||
| Dental care | 556 | 13 (10–16) | 31 (26–36) | 9 (6–12) | 16 (10–21) | 11 (8–14) | 4 (2–5) |
| Eye or vision care | 529 | 22 (18–26) | 36 (30–42) | 5 (3–7) | 14 (10–18) | 8 (6–10) | 5 (2–8) |
| Food or nutrition | 367 | 42 (34–49) | 15 (10–19) | 15 (10–19) | —¶ | —¶ | 8 (5–11) |
| Transportation assistance | 231 | 44 (36–52) | 8 (4–13) | 21 (14–28) | —¶ | —¶ | 14 (8–21) |
| Shelter or housing | 181 | 25 (19–32) | 22 (16–29) | 28 (21–36) | —¶ | —¶ | —¶ |
| HIV peer group support | 185 | 43 (35–51) | 9 (4–13) | —¶ | —¶ | 9 (4–14) | 18 (11–24) |
| Mental health care | 147 | 25 (18–32) | 25 (16–34) | —¶ | —¶ | 19 (12–26) | —¶ |
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval. HIV = human immunodeficiency virus.
* Ancillary services are defined as services that support retention in primary HIV medical care and assist with day-to-day living.
† Percentages are weighted percentages.
§ CIs incorporate weighted percentages.
¶ Estimates suppressed because coefficient of variation for the estimate was ≥30%.
Suggested citation for this article: Korhonen LC, DeGroote NP, Shouse RL, Valleroy LA, Prejean J, Bradley H. Unmet Needs for Ancillary Services Among Hispanics/Latinos Receiving HIV Medical Care — United States, 2013–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:1104–1107. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6540a3external icon.
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