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    Flu Vaccines Work

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    Flu Vaccination
    How Well Do Flu Vaccines Work

    While flu vaccine effectiveness can vary from season to season, every year flu vaccines provide important protections against flu.

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    Why CDC Estimates Vaccine Effectiveness (VE)

    CDC calculates flu vaccine effectiveness (VE) each season for multiple reasons.

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    How CDC Estimates Vaccine Effectiveness (VE)

    CDC measures flu vaccine effectiveness (VE) to determine how well flu vaccines work.

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    Vaccine Effectiveness Networks

    CDC uses four networks to estimate vaccine effectiveness: the U.S. Flu VE Network, the Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the Critically Ill (IVY), the National Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN), and the VISION VE Network.

    Flu Vaccines Key Resources

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    alert icon About Flu Vaccines

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    CDC Seasonal Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Studies
    CDC Seasonal Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Studies

    CDC conducts studies to measure the benefits of seasonal flu vaccination each flu season to help determine how well flu vaccines are working.

    Flu Burden Averted from Vaccination
    woman getting vaccine

    CDC estimates the burden of flu and the impact of annual flu vaccination in the U.S using a model that estimates the numbers of flu illnesses, medical visits and hospitalization prevented by vaccination.

    Resources for Health Professionals

    search icon How Vaccine Effectiveness and Efficacy is Measured

    book icon Publications on Vaccine Benefits

    chart icon CDC Seasonal Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Studies

    Page last reviewed: August 26, 2021
    Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD)
    homeSeasonal Influenza (Flu)
    • About Fluplus icon
      • What You Need to Know
      • When is Flu Season
      • How Flu Spreads
      • Understanding Influenza Viruses plus icon
        • Types of Influenza Viruses
        • How Flu Viruses Can Change
        • Antigenic Characterization
        • Genetic Characterization
        • Reconstruction of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic Virus
        • Advanced Molecular Detection
      • Burden of Influenzaplus icon
        • 2019-2020 Preliminary In-Season Burden Estimate
        • How CDC Estimates Burden
        • Why CDC Estimates the Burden of Flu
        • Past Seasons
        • Frequently Asked Questions
      • How CDC Classifies Flu Severity
      • Glossary of Influenza (Flu) Terms
      • Questions & Answers
    • Who is at Higher Risk of Flu Complicationsplus icon
      • Adults 65 & Over
      • Pregnancyplus icon
        • Flu Vaccine Safety and Pregnancy
      • Asthma
      • Heart Disease & Stroke
      • Diabetes
      • People With Disabilities
      • HIV/AIDS
      • Cancer
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      • Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups
      • What Parents Need to Knowplus icon
        • Caregivers of Infants
        • Young Children
        • Children With Neurologic Conditions
        • Children and Antiviral Drugs
        • Mixing Oseltamivir Capsules for Children
    • This Flu Seasonplus icon
      • 2021-2022 Flu Season FAQ
      • Past Flu Seasonsplus icon
        • 2020-2021
        • 2019-2020
        • 2018-2019
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        • 2006-2007
    • Prevent Fluplus icon
      • How to Prevent Flu
      • Key Facts About Flu Vaccines
      • Who Needs a Flu Vaccine & Whenplus icon
        • Who Should & Who Should NOT Get Vaccinated
      • Vaccine Benefitsplus icon
        • Publications on Vaccine Benefits
      • Different Flu Vaccinesplus icon
        • Flu Shot
        • Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV)/Nasal Spray Vaccine
        • Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine
        • High-Dose Flu Vaccine
        • Adjuvanted Flu Vaccine
        • Cell-Based Flu Vaccine
        • Recombinant Flu Vaccine
        • Flu Vaccination by Jet Injector
      • How Flu Vaccines are madeplus icon
        • Advancements in Influenza Vaccines
        • Selecting Viruses for the Seasonal Influenza Vaccine
      • Flu Vaccine Safetyplus icon
        • Vaccine Safety Questions & Answers
        • Febrile Seizures Following Vaccination
        • Flu Vaccine and People with Egg Allergies
        • Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)
        • Thimerosal
      • Misconceptions about Flu Vaccines
      • Healthy Habits to Help Prevent Flu
      • Vaccine Supply & Distributionplus icon
        • Vaccine Supply for 2020-2021 Season
        • Frequently Asked Questions on Vaccine Supply
        • Historical Reference of Vaccine Doses Distributed
    • Flu Vaccines Workplus icon
      • How Well Flu Vaccines Work
      • CDC’s Vaccine Effectiveness Networksplus icon
        • US Flu VE Network
        • Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network (HAIVEN)
        • Influenza and Other Viruses in the Acutely Ill (IVY)
      • How Vaccine Effectiveness and Efficacy are Measured
      • Why CDC Estimates Vaccine Effectiveness
      • Vaccine Effectiveness Studiesplus icon
        • 2019-2020 Vaccine Effectiveness
        • Past Seasons Vaccine Effectivenessplus icon
          • VE Tables for 2011-12
          • VE Tables for 2012-13
          • VE Tables for 2013-14
          • VE Tables for 2014-15
          • VE Tables for 2015-16
          • VE Tables for 2016-17
          • VE Tables for 2017-18
          • VE Tables for 2018-19
          • VE Tables for 2019-20
          • VE Tables for 2020-2021**
      • Flu Burden Averted from Vaccinationplus icon
        • How CDC Estimates Burden Averted
        • Why CDC Estimates Burden Averted
        • Past Seasons Burden Averted Estimates
    • Symptoms & Diagnosis plus icon
      • Flu Symptoms & Complicationsplus icon
        • What People with a Staph Infection Should Know about Flu
      • The Difference Between Cold and Flu
      • The Difference between Flu and COVID-19
      • Diagnosis
    • Treatmentplus icon
      • What You Need to Know
      • What are Flu Antiviral Drugsplus icon
        • Antiviral Drug Resistance
        • Baloxavir Marboxil
      • What to do if You Get Sick
      • Caring for Someone Sick
    • Schools, Businesses & Travelersplus icon
      • Schools & Childcare Providersplus icon
        • Guidance for School Administrators
        • Cleaning & Disinfecting Schools
        • School-Located Vaccination
      • Business & Employersplus icon
        • Prevent Flu in the Workplace
        • Promoting Vaccination in the Workplace
        • Resources for Hosting a Vaccination Clinic
        • Stay Home When Sick
      • Travelers
    • Flu Activity & Surveillanceplus icon
      • CDC’s WHO Collaborating Center
      • Overview of Influenza Surveillance in the United States
      • Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET)
      • Current United States Flu Activity Map
      • Weekly U.S. Influenza Surveillance Report (FluView)
      • FluView Interactive
      • Past Weekly Surveillance Reports
      • FluSight: Flu Forecastingplus icon
        • About CDC’s Flu Forecasting Efforts
        • How CDC Uses Flu Forecasting
        • Why CDC Supports Flu Forecasting
        • Past Flu Seasons Flu Forecasting Accuracy Results
    • Health Professionalsplus icon
      • 2021-22 ACIP Summaryplus icon
        • Background and Epidemiology
        • Links to Current & Past Guidance
        • 21-22 ACIP Table
      • Vaccinationplus icon
        • Flu Vaccines and Pregnancy
        • Vaccine Dosage & Administration
        • For Clinicians: Vaccination Summary
        • For Clinicians: Vaccine Safety
        • Reallocating Influenza Vaccine
        • Vaccination Settings
        • Make a Strong Flu Vaccine Recommendation
        • Tools to Prepare Your Practice for Flu Season
      • Information for Clinicians on Influenza Virus Testingplus icon
        • Overview of Influenza Testing Methods
        • Multiplex Assays Authorized for Simultaneous Detection of Influenza Viruses and SARS-CoV-2
        • Information on Collection of Respiratory Specimens for Influenza Virus Testing
        • Clinical Signs & Symptoms of Influenza
        • Symptoms & Laboratory Diagnosis
        • Information for Clinicians on Rapid Diagnostic Testing for Influenza
        • Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests (RIDTs)
        • Guidance: Use of Rapid Diagnostic Test
        • Information on Rapid Molecular Assays, RT-PCR, and other Molecular Assays for Diagnosis of Influenza Virus Infection
        • Nucleic Acid Detection Based Tests
        • Medical Office Telephone Evaluation
        • Parotitis and Influenza
        • FAQ Parotitis and Influenza
        • Algorithm: Interpreting Influenza Testing Results When Influenza is Circulating
        • Algorithm: Interpreting Influenza Testing Results When Influenza is NOT Circulating
        • Guide: Considering Influenza Testing
        • Guide: Influenza Diagnostic Testing in Closed Setting Outbreaks
      • Information for Laboratoriesplus icon
        • Rapid Diagnostic Testing
        • Guidance: Standard-Based Electronic Laboratory Reporting
        • Influenza Virus Testing Methods
      • Antiviral Drugsplus icon
        • For Clinicians: Antiviral Medication
        • Types of Antiviral Drugs
        • Antiviral Guidance Reference Material
        • Guidance: Antiviral and Obstetric Health Care
        • Antiviral Drug Supply
      • Infection Controlplus icon
        • Guidelines for Healthcare Settings
        • Respiratory Infection Control Measures
        • Guidance: Outbreak Management in Long-Term Care Facilities
        • Guidance: Use of Mask to Control Influenza Transmission
        • Guidance: Prevention & Control in Peri- and Postpartum Settings
      • Toolkit for Long-Term Care Employers
      • Trainings
      • Health Professional References & Resources plus icon
        • Responding to Problems with Purchasing Needles for Flu Vaccination
    • Flu News & Spotlightsplus icon
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