Pregnant Women and Tdap Vaccination, Internet Panel Survey, United States, April 2017

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Key Findings

  • In 2017, Tdap vaccination coverage during pregnancy among women who had a live birth was 50.4%, similar to vaccination coverage in 2016 (48.8%).
    • The proportion of recently pregnant women who received their most recent Tdap vaccination before or after pregnancy was similar in 2017 (34.4%) compared with 2016 (39.0%).
    • The proportion of recently pregnant women who reported never receiving a Tdap vaccination was similar in 2017 (15.3%) compared with 2016 (12.2%).
  • Among respondents in the 2017 survey, 65.8% received an offer of Tdap vaccination from a doctor or other medical professional, 10.4% received a recommendation for but no offer of vaccination, and 23.8% did not receive a recommendation for Tdap vaccination.
  • Women who received a recommendation for and an offer of Tdap vaccination were more likely to be vaccinated during pregnancy.
    • These women were nearly two times more likely to be vaccinated during pregnancy compared with women who received only a recommendation for vaccination but no offer of vaccination (70.4% versus 36.9%).
    • Only 0.9% of pregnant women who reported that they did not receive a recommendation for Tdap vaccination from their doctor or other medical professional were vaccinated.

Conclusion/Recommendation:

Health care professionals are encouraged to strongly recommend and offer Tdap vaccination to pregnant women during every pregnancy, preferably during the early part of gestational weeks 27 through 36, to help prevent whooping cough in their infants.

Figure 1.

Receipt of most recent Tdap vaccination among recently pregnant women who had a live birth, Internet panel surveys, United States, April 2014, April 2015, April 2016, and April 2017

Chart of Receipt of most recent Tdap vaccination among recently pregnant women who had a live birth, Internet panel surveys, United States, April 2014 (n=484), April 2015 (n=580), 2016 (n=663), and 2017 (n=647). Tdap vaccination coverage among recently pregnant women who had a live birth from the 2014 survey: 19.1 percent never received a Tdap vaccination, 34.2 percent received a vaccination before pregnancy, 27 percent received a vaccination during pregnancy, and 19.7 percent received a vaccination after pregnancy in 2014. Tdap vaccination coverage among recently pregnant women who had a live birth from the 2015 survey: 18 percent never received a Tdap vaccination, 26.2 percent received a vaccination before pregnancy, 42.1 percent received a vaccination during pregnancy, and 13.7 percent received a vaccination after pregnancy in 2015. Tdap vaccination coverage among recently pregnant women who had a live birth from the 2016 survey: 12.2 percent never received a Tdap vaccination, 26.8 percent received a vaccination before pregnancy, 48.8 percent received a vaccination during pregnancy, and 12.2 percent received a vaccination after pregnancy in 2016. Tdap vaccination coverage among recently pregnant women who had a live birth from the 2017 survey: 15.3 percent never received a Tdap vaccination, 25.8 percent received a vaccination before pregnancy, 50.4 percent received a vaccination during pregnancy, and 8.6 percent received a vaccination after pregnancy in 2017.
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Footnotes | Data Source and Methods | Limitations

Pertussis (whooping cough) is a contagious respiratory illness that can lead to hospitalization and death, especially among infants <12 months of age [1,2]. A tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccination during pregnancy can protect newborns when their immune systems are not developed and they are dependent on maternal protection [3]. Infants whose mothers get a Tdap vaccination while pregnant have a lower risk of getting whooping cough and related complications early in life [3–12].

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the American College of Nurse-Midwives, the American Academy of Family Physicians, and the American Academy of Pediatrics have recommended that women receive a Tdap vaccination during every pregnancy, preferably during the early part of gestational weeks 27 through 36 [3–5,7,13].

To estimate Tdap vaccination coverage among pregnant women, CDC analyzed data from an Internet panel survey used to monitor influenza (flu) vaccination coverage among pregnant women. The survey was conducted March 28 to April 7, 2017, among women who were pregnant any time since August 2016. Women who had delivered a live infant by the time of the survey and who knew their Tdap vaccination status were included in the analysis. Differences of at least 5 percentage points between estimates are noted.
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Who Was Vaccinated?

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Coverage During Pregnancy by Age Group

  • In 2017, pregnant women 18–24 years (42.1%) and 35–49 years (42.4%) were less likely to be vaccinated than pregnant women 25–34 years (55.5%).
  • Coverage was lower in 2017 compared with 2016 among pregnant women 35–49 years (42.4% vs. 48.2%).
Figure 2.

Tdap vaccination coverage during pregnancy among recently pregnant women who had a live birth,* by age, Internet panel survey, United States, April 2017 (n=647)

Chart of Tdap vaccination coverage during pregnancy among recently pregnant women who had a live birth by age, Internet panel survey, United States, April 2017 (n=647). Respondents were asked if they were currently pregnant or had been pregnant any time since August 1, 2016. Women were included in the analysis if they were recently pregnant (since August 1st), had delivered a live birth, and knew their Tdap vaccination status and timing of their most recent vaccination. Tdap vaccination coverage among recently pregnant women who had a live birth from the 2017 survey: 42.1 percent among women 18 to 24 years, 55.5 percent among women 25 to 34 years, and 42.4 percent among women 35 to 49 years in 2017.

Footnotes | Data Source and Methods | Limitations | Sample Sizes | Previous Year

Coverage During Pregnancy by Race/Ethnicity†

  • In 2017, Tdap vaccination coverage during pregnancy among non-Hispanic white women (57.8%) was higher compared with non-Hispanic black women (40.8%), Hispanic women (37.9%), and non-Hispanic women of other race (44.3%). Non-Hispanic women of other race also had higher coverage compared with Hispanic women (44.3% vs. 37.9%).
  • Coverage during pregnancy was higher in 2017 compared with 2016 among non-Hispanic white women (57.8% vs. 51.3%), but lower among Hispanic women (37.9% vs. 44.6%) and non-Hispanic women of other race (44.3% vs. 53.1%).

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Figure 3.

Tdap vaccination coverage during pregnancy among recently pregnant women who had a live birth,* by race/ethnicity,† Internet panel survey, United States, April 2017 (n=647)

Chart of Tdap vaccination coverage during pregnancy among recently pregnant women who had a live birth, by race/ethnicity, Internet panel survey, United States, April 2017 (n=647). Respondents were asked if they were currently pregnant or had been pregnant any time since August 1, 2016. Women were included in the analysis if they were recently pregnant (since August 1st), had delivered a live birth, and knew their Tdap vaccination status and timing of their most recent vaccination. Race/ethnicity was self-reported. Women identified as Hispanic might be of any race. Women categorized as white, black, or other race were identified as non-Hispanic. The other race category included women categorized as Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, and women of other or multiple races. Tdap vaccination coverage among recently pregnant women who had a live birth from the 2017 survey: Tdap vaccination coverage was 57.8 percent among non-Hispanic white women, 40.8 percent among non-Hispanic black women, 37.9 percent among Hispanic women, and 44.3 percent among women who were non-Hispanic other race-ethnicity in 2017.

Footnotes | Data Source and Methods | Limitations | Sample Sizes | Previous Year

Coverage During Pregnancy by Education

  • In 2017, Tdap vaccination coverage during pregnancy was higher among women with more than a college degree (61.5%) compared with women with a college degree (51.3%), women with some college education (40.7%), and women with a high school diploma or less (55.4%). Women with some college education (40.7%) had the lowest coverage.
  • Coverage during pregnancy was higher in 2017 compared with 2016 among women with a high school diploma or less (55.4% vs. 41.2%) and women with more than a college degree (61.5% vs. 52.5%), but lower among women with some college education (40.7% vs. 50.5%).

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Figure 4.

Tdap vaccination coverage during pregnancy among recently pregnant women who had a live birth,* by education, Internet panel survey, United States, April 2017 (n=647)

Chart of Tdap vaccination coverage during pregnancy among recently pregnant women who had a live birth, by education, Internet panel surveys, United States, April 2017 (n=647). Respondents were asked if they were currently pregnant or had been pregnant any time since August 1, 2016. Women were included in the analysis if they were recently pregnant (since August 1st), had delivered a live birth, and knew their Tdap vaccination status and timing of their most recent vaccination. Tdap vaccination coverage among recently pregnant women who had a live birth from the 2017 survey: Tdap vaccination coverage was 55.4 percent among women with a high school degree or less, 40.7 percent among women with some college education, 51.3 percent among women with a college degree, and 61.5 percent among women who had more than a college degree in 2017.

Footnotes | Data Source and Methods | Limitations | Sample Sizes | Previous Year

Coverage During Pregnancy by Type of Medical Insurance‡

  • In 2017, pregnant women who reported having private/military medical insurance as their only insurance during pregnancy had higher vaccination coverage (58.3%) than pregnant women who reported having any type of public medical insurance (40.8%).
  • Tdap vaccination coverage was similar in 2017 compared with 2016 among pregnant women who had only private/military insurance (58.3% vs. 55.5%) and any type of public insurance (40.8% vs. 42.1%).

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Figure 5.

Tdap vaccination coverage during pregnancy among recently pregnant women who had a live birth,* by type of medical insurance,‡ Internet panel survey, United States, April 2017 (n=630)

Chart of Tdap vaccination coverage during pregnancy among recently pregnant women who had a live birth, by type of medical insurance, Internet panel survey, United States, April 2017 (n=630). Respondents were asked if they were currently pregnant or had been pregnant any time since August 1, 2016. Women were included in the analysis if they were recently pregnant (since August 1st), had delivered a live birth, and knew their Tdap vaccination status and timing of their most recent vaccination. Women considered to have any public insurance selected at least one of the following when asked what kind of medical insurance they had: Medicaid, Medicare, Indian Health Service, state sponsored medical plan, or other government plan. Women considered to have private/military insurance selected only one or both of the following: private medical insurance or military medical insurance. Tdap vaccination coverage was not calculated for respondents who reported that they had no insurance of any type due to small numbers (n%26lt;30). Tdap vaccination coverage among recently pregnant women who had a live birth from the 2017 survey: 58.3 percent among women with only private or military insurance and 40.8 percent among women with any public insurance in 2017.

Footnotes | Data Source and Methods | Limitations | Sample Sizes | Previous Year

Coverage During Pregnancy by Poverty Status§

  • In 2017, pregnant women who were living below the poverty level had lower vaccination coverage (34.3%) compared with women who were living at or above the poverty level (53.4%).
  • Tdap vaccination coverage decreased in 2017 compared with 2016 among women who were living below the poverty level (34.3% vs. 42.9%).

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Figure 6.

Tdap vaccination coverage during pregnancy among recently pregnant women who had a live birth,* by poverty status,§ Internet panel survey, United States, April 2017 (n=646)

Chart of Tdap vaccination coverage during pregnancy among recently pregnant women who had a live birth, by poverty status, Internet panel survey, United States, April 2017 (n=646). Respondents were asked if they were currently pregnant or had been pregnant any time since August 1, 2016. Women were included in the analysis if they were recently pregnant (since August 1st), had delivered a live birth, and knew their Tdap vaccination status and timing of their most recent vaccination. Poverty status was defined based on the reported number of people and children living in the household and annual household income, and the U.S. Census poverty thresholds (https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical-poverty-thresholds.html). Tdap vaccination coverage among recently pregnant women who had a live birth from the 2017 survey: 53.4 percent among women living at or above poverty and 34.3 percent among women living below poverty in 2017.

Footnotes | Data Source and Methods | Limitations | Sample Sizes | Previous Year

Coverage During Pregnancy by Medical Professional Recommendation and Offer

  • In 2017, 65.8% of women with a recent live birth reported receiving an offer of Tdap vaccination from a doctor or other medical professional, 10.4% received a recommendation but were not offered the vaccine, and 23.8% did not receive a recommendation for Tdap vaccination.
  • Tdap vaccination coverage among pregnant women was highest (70.4%) among women who reported that their doctor or other medical professional offered the vaccination.
    • Among pregnant women who reported receiving a recommendation for but no offer of Tdap vaccination from their doctor or other medical professional, 36.9% were vaccinated.
    • Only 0.9% of pregnant women who reported that they did not receive a recommendation for Tdap vaccination from their doctor or other medical professional were vaccinated.
  • Of the women who reported that their provider recommended but did not offer Tdap vaccination, 48.7% received a referral|| to go someplace else to get the vaccination.
    • Of these women referred elsewhere, 67.2% were vaccinated compared with 8.1% of women who received a provider recommendation but no referral.
  • The percentage of women with a live birth who received a provider recommendation or offer of vaccination varied by demographic characteristics.

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Figure 7.

Tdap vaccination coverage during pregnancy among recently pregnant women who had a live birth,* by medical professional recommendation and offer of Tdap vaccination, Internet panel survey, United States, April 2017 (n=647)

Chart of Tdap vaccination coverage during pregnancy among recently pregnant women who had a live birth, by medical professional recommendation and offer of Tdap vaccination, Internet panel survey, United Sates, April 2017 (n=647). Respondents were asked if they were currently pregnant or had been pregnant any time since August 1, 2016. Women were included in the analysis if they were recently pregnant (since August 1st), had delivered a live birth, and knew their Tdap vaccination status and timing of their most recent vaccination. In 2017, 70.4 percent of recently pregnant women who received an offer of Tdap vaccination from a medical professional were vaccinated, 36.9 percent of women who received a recommendation but did not receive an offer of Tdap vaccination from a medical professional were vaccinated, and 0.9 percent of women who received no recommendation or offer of Tdap vaccination from a medical professional were vaccinated.

Footnotes | Data Source and Methods | Limitations | Sample Sizes | Previous Year

Place of Tdap Vaccination During Pregnancy

In 2017, the most commonly reported place for receiving Tdap vaccination during pregnancy among women with a live birth was in the office of an obstetrician/gynecologist or midwife (71.0%).

  • A family doctor or other doctor’s office, or other clinic or health center, was the reported place of Tdap vaccination by 12.0% of women.

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Figure 8.

Place of Tdap vaccination among recently pregnant women who had a live birth, Internet panel survey, United States, April 2017 (n=347)

Chart of the place of Tdap vaccination among recently pregnant women who had a live birth, Internet panel survey, United States, April 2017 (n=347). In 2017, vaccinated women reported the following as the place where they received a Tdap vaccination during their recent pregnancy: 71.0 percent selected OB/GYN’s office or midwife’s office. 12.0 percent selected family or other doctor’s office, or other clinic or health center. 7.4 percent selected pharmacy or drug store, or supermarket or grocery store. 5.8 percent selected hospital. 3.8 percent selected health department clinic.

Footnotes | Data Source and Methods | Limitations | Sample Sizes

Reasons for Not Receiving Tdap Vaccination During Pregnancy

In 2017, respondents in the sample who had never received a Tdap vaccination, or who had been vaccinated but not during their most recent pregnancy, were asked to report their reasons for not receiving Tdap vaccination during their most recent pregnancy. They were then asked to report their one main reason for not getting a Tdap vaccination.

  • Most commonly reported as a main reason for not receiving Tdap vaccination were “I didn’t know that I was supposed to get the Tdap vaccination during my most recent pregnancy” (21.7%) and “I was concerned that the vaccination was unsafe for my baby” (18.3%).
  • Another commonly reported main reason was “I did not receive a recommendation from a doctor, nurse, or other medical professional to get a Tdap vaccine during my pregnancy” (15.1%).
  • Potential barriers to vaccination access, such as “The Tdap vaccination costs too much or is not covered by my insurance” (2.9%) and “The Tdap vaccination was difficult or inconvenient to get” (2.4%), were reported infrequently as reasons for not receiving Tdap vaccination.

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Figure 9.

Main reason for not receiving Tdap vaccination among recently pregnant women who had a live birth and did not receive Tdap during their most recent pregnancy, Internet panel survey, United States, April 2017 (n=298)

Chart of the main reason reported for not receiving Tdap vaccination among recently pregnant women who had a live birth and did not received Tdap during their most recent pregnancy, Internet panel survey, United Sates, April 2017 (n=298). In 2017, unvaccinated women selected the following as their main reason for not receiving a Tdap vaccination during their recent pregnancy: 21.7 percent selected ‘didn’t know I was supposed to get Tdap during my pregnancy’. 18.3 percent selected ‘concerned that the vaccination was unsafe for my baby’. 15.1 percent selected a ‘did not receive a recommendation from a doctor or nurse’. 9.2 percent selected ‘I already got the Tdap vaccine’. This main reason for not getting Tdap vaccination during pregnancy was coded as ‘I already got the Tdap vaccine during a previous pregnancy or at another time’. 7.4 percent selected ‘unlikely that my baby or I would get whooping cough’. 6.4 percent selected ‘my doctor or nurse recommended that I wait’. 4.9 percent selected ‘concerned that the vaccination was unsafe for me’. 4.7 percent selected ‘afraid of needles or shots’. 2.9 percent selected ‘Tdap vaccination costs too much or is not covered by my insurance’. 2.4 percent selected ‘Tdap was difficult or inconvenient to get’. 7 percent selected ‘other’ which included ‘My pregnancy ended before I could get a vaccination’ and open-ended responses that could not be re-categorized.

Footnotes | Data Source and Methods | Limitations | Sample Sizes | Previous Year

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What Can Be Done?

Overall, estimates of Tdap vaccination coverage during pregnancy from the 2017 survey were similar compared with estimates from the 2016 survey. In 2017, Tdap vaccination coverage was highest among pregnant women who reported that their doctor or other medical professional offered Tdap vaccination (70.4%) compared with  pregnant women who reported receiving a recommendation without an offer of vaccination (36.9%) and who did not receive a recommendation at all (0.9%). The most common main reasons for not receiving a Tdap vaccination were lack of awareness about the need for Tdap vaccination during pregnancy (21.7%), concern about safety of the Tdap vaccine for the baby (18.3%), and lack of a provider recommendation for Tdap vaccination during pregnancy (15.1%). Continued efforts are needed to improve Tdap vaccination coverage among pregnant women.

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Data Source and Methods

CDC conducted an Internet panel survey from March 28 to April 7, 2017, to assess end-of-season flu vaccination coverage estimates among pregnant women [15]. Questions about receipt of Tdap vaccination, recommendation for and offer of Tdap vaccination from a medical professional, and reasons for not receiving Tdap vaccination were included in the survey. Women 18–49 years of age who were pregnant at any time since August 1, 2016, were eligible for the survey. Participants were recruited from a preexisting, national, opt-in, general-population Internet panel operated by Survey Sampling International, which provides panel members with online survey opportunities in exchange for nominal incentives. In 2017, 2,399 respondents were eligible and started the online survey. A total of 2,319 eligible respondents completed the online survey, for a cooperation rate of 96.7%. Data were weighted to reflect the age, race/ethnicity, and geographic distribution of the total U.S. population of pregnant women [16–19]. Similar methodology was used in April 2014, April 2015, and April 2016 [20,21].

Survey respondents were asked if they ever had a Tdap vaccination and, if so, whether they received their most recent vaccination before, during, or after their most recent pregnancy. Pregnancy status questions included whether respondents were currently pregnant at the time of the survey or had been pregnant any time since August 1, 2016. Recently pregnant women were asked if they had a live birth. The current analysis included only recently pregnant women who had a live birth. Women who reported receiving vaccination during their most recent pregnancy were counted as vaccinated during pregnancy, while women who reported never being vaccinated or being vaccinated before or after their most recent pregnancy were counted as not vaccinated during pregnancy. In the 2017 survey, 95 out of 742 women with a live birth (12.8%) were not included in the analysis because they did not know if they had ever received a Tdap vaccination or did not know if the Tdap vaccination was received during their pregnancy, leaving a final analytic sample of 647. All respondents in the sample had at least one medical visit since the preceding July and were asked if any doctor or other medical professional had recommended or offered Tdap vaccination during their most recent pregnancy. Respondents who had not received Tdap vaccination during their most recent pregnancy were asked about reasons why they were not vaccinated.

Weighted analyses were conducted using SAS (version 9.4) survey procedures. Because the opt-in Internet panel sample was based on those who initially self-selected for participation in the panel rather than a random probability sample, statistical measures, such as calculation of confidence intervals and tests of differences, were not performed [22]. A change between years or a difference between groups was noted when there was a difference in estimates of at least 5 percentage points.

Sample Demographics

A total of 647 women who were pregnant any time from August 1, 2016, until the survey date in 2017 were included in the analysis. Table 1 shows the frequency of women in each demographic subgroup in the 2017 survey.

Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of recently pregnant women who had a live birth,* United States, Internet panel survey, April 2017
Demographic characteristics of recently pregnant women who had a live birth,* United States, Internet panel survey, April 2017
Characteristics unweighted
n		 weighted
%
Overall 647 100.0
Age group
18–24 years 101 19.5
25–34 years 418 61.2
35–49 years 128 19.3
Race/ethnicity†
Non-Hispanic white 460 58.1
Non-Hispanic black 48 13.9
Hispanic 77 19.4
Non-Hispanic other 62 8.6
Education
High school diploma or less 103 17.5
Some college 173 28.5
College degree 278 40.5
More than a college degree 93 13.6
Insurance status‡
Private/military insurance only 404 59.5
Any public insurance 226 40.5
Living in poverty§
At or above poverty 560 84.7
Below poverty 86 15.3

Footnotes | Data Source and Methods | Limitations

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Limitations

The findings in the report are subject to several limitations.

  • The sample was not necessarily representative of all pregnant women in the United States because the survey was conducted among a smaller group of volunteers who were already enrolled in a preexisting, national, opt-in, general-population Internet panel rather than a randomly selected sample.
  • Some bias might remain after weighting adjustments, given the exclusion of women with no Internet access and the self-selection processes for entry into the panel and participation in the survey. Estimates might be biased if the selection processes for entry into the Internet panel and a woman’s decision to participate in this particular survey were related to receipt of vaccination.
  • All results are based on self-report and not validated by medical record review. However, our vaccination coverage estimates are similar to recently published estimates based on provider-reported data from the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) sites and the Birth Defects Study [23,24].
  • Formal statistics were not used to determine differences in vaccination coverage estimates between groups and seasons.
  • Some subgroups had small sample sizes.
  • Estimates could be biased due to the exclusion of ~13% of respondents who did not know their vaccination status. Sensitivity analysis showed that actual vaccination could have ranged from 43.8% to 56.8% in 2017.

Despite these limitations, Internet panel surveys are considered a useful assessment tool for timely evaluation of Tdap vaccination coverage during pregnancy.

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AUTHORS: Katherine E. Kahn, MPH1; Carla L. Black, PhD2; Helen Ding, MD, MSPH3; Amy Parker Fiebelkorn, MSN, MPH2; Fiona Havers, MD, MHS4; Denise D’Angelo, MPH5; Sarah W. Ball, ScD6; Rebecca Fink, MPH6; Rebecca Devlin, MA6; Stacie M. Greby, DVM, MPH2

1Leidos, Atlanta, GA

2Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC

3CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL

4Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC

5Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC

6Abt Associates Inc., Cambridge, MA

 

Related Links

 

References/Resources

  1. CDC. Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in pregnant women and persons who have or anticipate having close contact with an infant aged <12 months — Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2011. MMWR 2011;60(41):1424-26. Accessed 1/31/2018.
  2. Kretsinger K, Broder KR, Cortese MM, et al. Preventing tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis among adults: Use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine. MMWR 2006;55(RR17):1-33. Accessed 1/31/2018.
  3. CDC. Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in pregnant women — Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2012. MMWR 2013;62(7):131-5. Accessed 1/31/2018.
  4. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Update on immunization and pregnancy: tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccination. Committee Opinion No. 718. Obstet Gynecol 2017;130:e153–7. Accessed 2/5/2018.
  5. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Immunization for women. 2015. Accessed 1/31/2018.
  6. Amirthalingam G, Andrews N, Campbell H, et al. Effectiveness of maternal pertussis vaccination in England: An observational study. Lancet 2014;384(9953):1521–28.
  7. CDC. You can start protecting your baby from whooping cough before birth. 2015. Accessed 1/31/2018.
  8. Dabrera G, Amirthalingam G, Andrews N, et al. A case-control study to estimate the effectiveness of maternal pertussis vaccination in protecting newborn infants in England and Wales, 2012–2013. Clin Infect Dis 2015;60(3):333-7.
  9. Winter K, Nickell S, Powell M, Harriman K. Effectiveness of prenatal versus postpartum Tdap vaccination in preventing infant pertussis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Sep 13.
  10. Baxter R, Bartlett J, Fireman B, et al. Effectiveness of vaccination during pregnancy to prevent infant pertussis. Pediatrics. 2017;139(5):e20164091.
  11. Skoff TH, Blain AE, Watt J, et al. Impact of the US maternal tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccination program on preventing pertussis in infants <2 months of age: A case-control evaluation. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(12):1977–83.
  12. Winter K, Cherry JD, Harriman K. Effectiveness of prenatal Tdap vaccination on pertussis severity in infants. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;64(1):9–14.
  13. CDC. Prevention of Pertussis, Tetanus, and Diphtheria with Vaccines in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 2018;67(2):1–44. Accessed 5/2/2018.
  14. National Vaccine Advisory Committee. Recommendations from the National Vaccine Advisory Committee: Standards for adult immunization practice. Public Health Rep 2014;129:115-23.
  15. Ding H, Black CL, Ball S, et al. Influenza vaccination coverage among pregnant women — United States, 2016–17 Iinfluenza Sseason. MMWR 2017 66(38);1016–1022. Accessed 2/5/2018.
  16. Curtin SC, Abma JC, Kost K. 2010 pregnancy rates among U.S. women. NCHS Health E-Stat. 2015. Accessed 10/27/2016.
  17. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJK, et al. Births: Final Data for 2015. National vital statistics report; vol 66, no 1. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2017. Accessed 2/9/2017.
  18. Jones, RK, Jerman, J. Abortion incidence and service availability in the United States, 2011. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2014;46(1):3–14. Accessed 2/8/2016.
  19. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Ventura SJ, et al. Births: Final data for 2011. National vital statistics reports; vol 62 no 1. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2013. Accessed 2/8/2016.
  20. Kahn KE, Black CL, Ding H, et al. Pregnant women and Tdap vaccination, Internet panel surveys, United States, April 2014 and April 2015. 2016. Accessed 1/31/2018.
  21. Kahn KE, Black CL, Ding H, et al. Pregnant women and Tdap vaccination, Internet panel survey, United States, April 2016. AdultvaxView. 2017. Accessed 2/5/2018.
  22. Baker R, Brick JM, Bates NA, et al. Summary report of the AAPOR Task Force on non-probability sampling. J Surv Stat Methodol 2013;1:90–143.
  23. Kharbanda EO, Vazquez-Benitez G, Lipkind HS, et al. Maternal Tdap vaccination: Coverage and acute safety outcomes in the vaccine safety datalink, 2007–2013. Vaccine 2016;34(7):968-73.
  24. Kerr S, Van Bennekom CM, Liang JL, et al. Tdap vaccination coverage during pregnancy —selected sites, United States, 2006–2015. MMWR 2017;66 (41):1105-8. Accessed 2/5/2018.

 

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Footnotes

* Respondents were asked if they were currently pregnant or had been pregnant any time since August 1, 2016. Women were included in the analysis if they were recently pregnant (since August 1), had delivered a live birth, and knew their Tdap vaccination status and timing of their most recent vaccination.

† Race/ethnicity was self-reported. Women identified as Hispanic might be of any race. Women categorized as white, black, or other race were identified as non-Hispanic. The “other” race category included Asians, American Indians or Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders, and women who selected “other” or multiple races.

‡ Women considered to have any public insurance selected at least one of the following when asked what kind of medical insurance they had: Medicaid, Medicare, Indian Health Service, state sponsored medical plan, or other government plan. Women considered to have private/military insurance selected private medical insurance and/or military medical insurance and did not select any type of public insurance. Due to small numbers (n<30), Tdap vaccination coverage was not calculated for respondents who reported that they had no insurance of any type.

§ Poverty status was defined based on the reported number of people and children living in the household and annual household income, according to the U.S. Census poverty thresholds.

|| Referral is defined based on a “yes” response to the question “During your most recent pregnancy, did any doctor, nurse, or medical professional suggest that you go someplace else to get the Tdap vaccination?”

Main reason for not getting Tdap vaccination during pregnancy was coded as “I already got the Tdap vaccine (during a previous pregnancy or at another time).”

** “Other” main reasons given by respondents for not receiving Tdap vaccination during pregnancy included “My pregnancy ended before I could get a vaccination” and open-ended responses that could not be re-categorized.