About Human Coronaviruses

Overview

Common human coronaviruses usually cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illnesses in people. Mild illnesses include the common cold, which can also be caused by other viruses, such as rhinoviruses. Infection with common human coronaviruses is rarely linked to severe illness.

For the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 infection, see SARS-CoV-2.

Symptoms

Symptoms of infection caused by common human coronaviruses include:

• runny nose
• sore throat
• headache
• fever
• cough
• feeling generally unwell

Risk factors

Common human coronaviruses can sometimes cause severe illness, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, or bronchiolitis. This is more common among infants, older adults, and those with underlying health conditions, such as heart disease or a weakened immune system.

How it spreads

Common human coronaviruses usually spread from an infected person to others through

• the air, by coughing or sneezing
• close personal contact, such as touching or shaking hands
• touching an object or surface with the virus on it, then touching your face before washing your hands

In the United States, people usually get infected with common human coronaviruses from the fall through the spring, but you can get infected at any time of year.

Young children are most likely to get infected, but people can have multiple infections in their lifetimes.

Prevention

Protect yourself from getting sick.

• Take steps for cleaner air.
• Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.
• Avoid touching your face with unwashed hands.
• Avoid close contact with people who are sick.

Protect others when you are sick.

• Stay home while you are sick.
• Avoid close contact with others.
• Consider wearing a mask.
• Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.
• Clean and disinfect objects and surfaces.

There is no vaccine to protect you against the common human coronaviruses, and there are no specific treatments for infections caused by these viruses. Most people with a common human coronavirus infection have mild illness that resolves quickly.

If you are concerned about your symptoms, contact your healthcare provider.

Testing

There are different tests to determine if you are infected with the virus that causes COVID-19. Your healthcare provider can determine if you should be tested.