Publications, Data, & Statistics

These articles provide information related to contact lens wear and care. They include key publications on related topics but are not intended to be a comprehensive list of references.

Publication Highlight

Cope JR, Konne NM, Jacobs DS, Dhaliwal DK, Rhee MK, Yin J, Steinemann TL. Corneal infections associated with sleeping in contact lenses — Six cases, United States, 2016–2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(32):877–81.

Rah MJ, Walline JJ, Jones-Jordan LA, Sinnott LT, Jackson JM, Manny RE, Coffey B, Lyons S, ACHIEVE Study Group. Vision specific quality of life of pediatric contact lens wearers.External Optom Vis Sci. 2010;87(8):560-6.
Walline JJ, Jones LA, Sinnott L, Chitkara M, Coffey B, Jackson JM, Manny RE, Rah MJ, Prinstein MJ, ACHIEVE Study Group. Randomized trial of the effect of contact lens wear on self-perception in children.External Optom Vis Sci. 2009;86(3):222-32.
Walline JJ, Gaume A, Jones LA, Rah MJ, Manny RE, Berntsen DA, Chitkara M, Kim A, Quinn N. Benefits of contact lens wear for children and teens.External Eye Contact Lens. 2007;33(6 Pt 1):317-21.
Walline JJ, Bailey MD, Zadnik K. Vision-specific quality of life and modes of refractive error correction.External Optom Vis Sci. 2000;77(12):648-52.
Nilsson SE. Ten years of disposable contact lenses — a review of benefits and risks.External Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 1997;20(4):119-28.

Cope JR, Collier SA, Nethercut H, Jones JM, Yates K, Yoder JS. Risk behaviors for contact lens–related eye infections among adults and adolescents — United States, 2016. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(32):841-45.
Cope JR, Collier SA, Rao MM, Chalmers R, Mitchell GL, Richdale K, Wagner H, Kinoshita BT, Lam DY, Sorbara L, Zimmerman A, Yoder JS, Beach MJ. Contact lens wearer demographics and risk behaviors for contact lens-related eye infections – United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(32):865-70.
Wagner H, Richdale K, Mitchell GL, Lam DY, Jansen ME, Kinoshita BT, Sorbara L, Chalmers RL, CLAY Study Group. Age, behavior, environment, and health factors in the soft contact lens risk survey.External Optom Vis Sci. 2014;91(3)252-61.
Morgan PB, Efron N, Toshida H, Nichols, JJ. An international analysis of contact lens complianceExternal. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2011;24(5):223-8.
Sindt CW, Riley CM. Practitioner attitudes on children and contact lenses.External Optometry. 2011;82(1):44-5.
Lam DY, Kinoshita BT, Jansen ME, Mitchell GL, Chalmers RL, McMahon TT, Richdale K, Sorbara L, Wagner H, CLAY Study Group. Contact lens assessment in youth: methods and baseline findings.External Optom Vis Sci. 2011;88(6):708-15.
Rah MJ, Walline JJ, Jones-Jordan LA, Sinnott LT, Jackson JM, Manny RE, Coffey B, Lyons S, ACHIEVE Study Group. Vision specific quality of life of pediatric contact lens wearers.External Optom Vis Sci. 2010;87(8):560-6.
Wu Y, Carnt N, Stapleton F. Contact lens user profile, attitudes and level of compliance to lens care.External Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2010;33(4):183-8.
Riley C, Chalmers RL. Survey of contact lens-wearing habits and attitudes toward methods of refractive correction: 2002 versus 2004.External Optom Vis Sci. 2005;82(6):555-61.

DePaolis M, Cho P, Cunningham D, Morgan PB, Quinn TG, Saks AP, Shovlin JP. What do we do now? Implications for the clinical practice.External Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2013;36 Suppl 1:S28-33.
Chalmers RL, Gleason W. Overview of contact lens postmarket surveillance in the United States: system and recent study results.External Eye Contact Lens. 2013;39(1):109-14.
Legarreta JE, Nau AC, Dhaliwal DK. Acanthamoeba keratitis associated with tap water use during contact lens cleaning: manufacturer guidelines need to change.External Eye Contact Lens. 2013;39(2):158-61.
Wu YT, Teng YJ, Nicholas M, Harmis N, Zhu H, Willcox MD, Stapleton F. Impact of lens case hygiene guidelines on contact lens case contamination.External Optom Vis Sci. 2011;88(10):E1180-7.
Wu Y, Carnt N, Willcox M, Stapleton F. Contact lens and lens storage case cleaning instructions: whose advice should we follow?External Eye Contact Lens. 2010;36(2):68-72.
Wu YT, Zhu H, Harmis NY, Iskandar SY, Willcox M, Stapleton F. Profile and frequency of microbial contamination of contact lens cases.External Optom Vis Sci. 2010 Jan 22.
Chalmers RL. What have pre- and postapproval studies shown about contact lens-related inflammatory events?External Eye Contact Lens. 2007;33(6 Pt 2):388-91; discussion 399-400.

Dumbleton KA, Richter D, Woods CA, Aakre BM, Plowright A, Morgan PB, Jones LW. A multi-country assessment of compliance with daily disposable contact lens wear.External Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2013;36(6):304-12.
Dumbleton KA, Woods CA, Jones LW, Fonn D. The relationship between compliance with lens replacement and contact lens-related problems in silicone hydrogel wearers.External Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2011;34(5):216-22.
Hickson-Curran S, Chalmers RL, Riley C. Patient attitudes and behavior regarding hygiene and replacement of soft contact lenses and storage cases.External Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2011;34(5):207-15.
Lam DY, Kinoshita BT, Jansen ME, Mitchell GL, Chalmers RL, McMahon TT, Richdale K, Sorbara L, Wagner H. Contact lens assessment in youth: methods and baseline findings.External Optom Vis Sci. 2011;88(6):708-15.
McMonnies CW. Improving contact lens compliance by explaining the benefits of compliant procedures.External Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2011;34(5):249-52.
Robertson DM, Cavanagh HD. Non-compliance with contact lens wear and care practices: a comparative analysis.External Optom Vis Sci. 2011;88(12):1402-8.
Bui TH, Cavanagh HD, Robertson DM. Patient compliance during contact lens wear: perceptions, awareness, and behavior.External Eye Contact Lens. 2010;36(6):334-9.
Wu Y, Carnt N, Stapleton F. Contact lens user profile, attitudes and level of compliance to lens care.External Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2010;33(4):183-8.
Cho P, Boost M, Cheng R. Non-compliance and microbial contamination in orthokeratology.External Optom Vis Sci. 2009;86(11):1227-34.
Donshik PC, Ehlers WH, Anderson LD, Suchecki JK. Strategies to better engage, educate, and empower patient compliance and safe lens wear: compliance: what we know, what we do not know, and what we need to know.External Eye Contact Lens. 2007;33(6 Pt 2):430-3; discussion 434.

Cope JR, Collier SA, Rao MM, Chalmers R, Mitchell GL, Richdale K, Wagner H, Kinoshita BT, Lam DY, Sorbara L, Zimmerman A, Yoder JS, Beach MJ. Contact lens wearer demographics and risk behaviors for contact lens-related eye infections – United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(32):865-70.
Stapleton F, Edwards K, Keay L, Naduvialath T, Dart JK, Brian G, Holden B. Risk factors for moderate and severe microbial keratitis in daily wear contact lens users.External Ophthalmology. 2012;119:1516-21.
Wagner H, Chalmers R, Mitchell L, Jansen ME, Kinoshita BT, Lam DY, McMahon TT, Richdale K, Sorbara L, CLAY Study Group. Risk factors for interruption to soft contact lens wear in youth.External Optom Vis Sci. 2011;88:973-80.
Chalmers RL, Wagner H, Mitchell GL, Lam DY, Kinoshita BT, Jansen ME, Richdale K, Sorbara L, McMahon TT. Age and other risk factors for corneal infiltrative and inflammatory events in young soft contact lens wearers from the Contact Lens Assessment in Youth (CLAY) study.External Invest Ophthal Vis Sci. 2011;52(9):6690-6.
Robertson DM, Cavanagh HD. Non-compliance with contact lens wear and care practices: a comparative analysis.External Optom Vis Sci. 2011;88(12):1402-8.
Chalmers RL, Keay L, Long B, Bergenske P, Giles T, Bullimore M. Risk factors for contact lens complications in US clinical practices.External Optom Vis Sci. 2010;87(10):725-35.
Chalmers RL, McNally JJ, Schein OD, Katz J, Tielsch, JM, Alfonso E, Bullimore M, O’Day D, Shovlin J. Risk factors for corneal infiltrates with continuous wear of contact lenses.External Optom Vis Sci. 2007;84(7):573-9.
McNally JJ, Chalmers RL, McKenney CD, Robirds S. Risk factors for corneal infiltrative events with 30-night continuous wear of silicone hydrogel lenses.External Eye Contact Lens. 2003;29(1 Suppl):S153-6; discussion S166, S192-4.
Nilsson SEG. Ten years of disposable contact lenses — a review of benefits and risks.External Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 1997;20(4):119-28.

Udell IJ, Steinemann TL. Orthokeratology: does it live up to expectations?External Am J Ophthalmol. 2013;156(6):1073-1075e2.
Chalmers RL, Keay L, McNally J, Kern J. Multicenter case-control study of the role of lens materials and care products on the development of corneal infiltrates.External Optom Vis Sci. 2012;89(3):316-25.
Sauer A, Bourcier T. Microbial keratitis as a foreseeable complication of cosmetic contact lenses: a prospective study.External Acta Ophthalmol. 2011;89(5):e439-42.
Dumbleton KA, Woods CA, Jones LW, Fonn D. The relationship between compliance with lens replacement and contact lens-related problems in silicone hydrogel wearers.External Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2011;34(5):216-22.
Chalmers RL, Hunt C, Hickson-Curran S, Young G. Struggle with hydrogel CL wear increases with age in young adults.External Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2009;32(3):113-19.
Cho P, Boost M, Cheng R. Non-compliance and microbial contamination in orthokeratology.External Optom Vis Sci. 2009;86(11):1227-34.
Chalmers RL, McNally JJ, Schein OD, Katz J, Tielsch, JM, Alfonso E, Bullimore M, O’Day D, Shovlin J. Risk factors for corneal infiltrates with continuous wear of contact lenses.External Optom Vis Sci. 2007;84(7):573-9.
Donshik P, Long B, Dillehay SM, Bergenske P, Barr JT, Secor G, Yoakum J, Chalmers RL. Inflammatory and mechanical complications associated with 3 years of up to 30 nights of continuous wear of lotrafilcon A silicone hydrogel lenses.External Eye Contact Lens. 2007;33(4):191-5.
Schein OD, McNally JJ, Katz J, Chalmers RL, Tielsch JM, Alfonso E, Bullimore M, O’Day D, Shovlin J. The incidence of microbial keratitis among wearers of a 30-day silicone hydrogel extended-wear contact lens.External Ophthalmology. 2005;112(12):2172-9.
McNally JJ, Chalmers RL, McKenney CD, Robirds S. Risk factors for corneal infiltrative events with 30-night continuous wear of silicone hydrogel lenses.External Eye Contact Lens. 2003;29(1 Suppl):S153-6; discussion S166, S192-4.
Steinemann TL, Fletcher M, Bonny AE, Harvey RA, Hamlin D, Zloty P, Besson M, Walter K, Gagnon M. Over-the-counter decorative contact lenses: Cosmetic or medical devices? A case series.External Eye Contact Lens. 2005;31(5):194-200.
Steinemann TL, Pinninti U, Szczotka LB, Eiferman RA, Price FW Jr. Ocular complications associated with the use of cosmetic contact lenses from unlicensed vendors.External Eye Contact Lens. 2003;29(4):196-200.
Nilsson SEG. Ten years of disposable contact lenses — a review of benefits and risks.External Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 1997;20(4):119-28.

Kilvington S, Shovlin J, Nikolic M. Identification and susceptibility to multipurpose disinfectant solutions of bacteria isolated from contact lens storage cases of patients with corneal infiltrative eventsExternal. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2013;36(6):294-8.
Chalmers RL, Keay L, McNally J, Kern J. Multicenter case-control study of the role of lens materials and care products on the development of corneal infiltrates.External Optom Vis Sci. 2012;89(3):316-25.
Johnston SP, Sriram R, Qvarnstrom Y, Roy S, Verani J, Yoder J, Lorick S, Roberts J, Beach MJ, Visvesvara G. Resistance of Acanthamoeba cysts to disinfection in multiple contact lens solutions.External J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(7):2040-5.
Verani JR, Lorick SA, Yoder JS, Beach MJ, Braden CR, Roberts JM, Conover CS, Chen S, McConnell KA, Chang DC, Park BJ, Jones DB, Visvesvara GS, Roy SL. National outbreak of Acanthamoeba keratitis associated with use of a contact lens solution, United States.External Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(8):1236-42.
Joslin CE, Tu EY, Shoff ME, Booton GC, Fuerst PA, McMahon TT, Anderson RJ, Dworkin MS, Sugar J, Davis FG, Stayner LT. The association of contact lens solution use and Acanthamoeba keratitis.External Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144(2):169-80.
Chang DC, Grant GB, O’Donnell K, Wannemuehler KA, Noble-Wang J, Rao CY, Jacobson LM, Crowell CS, Sneed RS, Lewis FM, Schaffzin JK, Kainer MA, Genese CA, Alfonso EC, Jones DB, Srinivasan A, Fridkin SK, Park BJ. Multistate outbreak of Fusarium keratitis associated with use of a contact lens solution.External JAMA. 2006;296(8):953-63.

Vijay AK, Wilcox M, Zhu H, Stapleton F. Contact lens storage case hygiene practice and storage case contaminationExternal. Eye Contact Lens. 2015;41(2):91-7.
Wu YT, Willcox M, Stapleton F. The effect of contact lens hygiene behavior on lens case contaminationExternal. Optom Vis Sci. 2015;92(2):167
Hickson-Curran S, Chalmers RL, Riley C. Patient attitudes and behavior regarding hygiene and replacement of soft contact lenses and storage cases.External Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2011;34(5):207-15.
Wu YT, Teng YJ, Nicholas M, Harmis N, Zhu H, Willcox MD, Stapleton F. Impact of lens case hygiene guidelines on contact lens case contaminationExternal. Optom Vis Sci. 2011;88(10):E1180-7.
Wu YT, Zhu H, Willcox M, Stapleton F. The effectiveness of various cleaning regimens and current guidelines in contact lens case biofilm removalExternal. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(8):5287-92.
Robertson DM, Cavanagh HD. Non-compliance with contact lens wear and care practices: a comparative analysis.External Optom Vis Sci. 2011;88(12):1402-8.
Wu YT, Teng YJ, Nicholas M, Harmis N, Zhu H, Willcox MD, Stapleton F. Impact of lens case hygiene guidelines on contact lens case contamination.External Optom Vis Sci. 2011;88(10):E1180-7.
Szczotka-Flynn LB, Pearlman E, Ghannoum M. Microbial contamination of contact lenses, lens care solutions, and their accessories: a literature review.External Eye Contact Lens. 2010;36(2):116-29.
Wu Y, Carnt N, Willcox M, Stapleton F. Contact lens and lens storage case cleaning instructions: whose advice should we follow? Eye Contact Lens.External 2010;36(2):68-72.
Wu YT, Zhu H, Harmis NY, Iskandar SY, Willcox M, Stapleton F. Profile and frequency of microbial contamination of contact lens cases.External Optom Vis Sci. 2010 Jan 22.
Weisbarth RE, Gabriel MM, George M, Rappon J, Miller M, Chalmers R, Winterton L. Creating antimicrobial surfaces and materials for contact lenses and lens cases.External Eye Contact Lens. 2007;33(6 Pt 2):426-9; discussion 434.

Cope JR, Collier SA, Srinivasan K, Abliz E, Myers A, Millin CJ, Miller A, Tarver ME. Contact lens–related corneal infections — United States, 2005–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(32):817–20.
Smith AF, Orsborn G. Estimating the annual economic burden of illness caused by contact lens-associated corneal infiltrative events in the United StatesExternal. Eye Contact Lens. 2012;38(3):164-70.
Stapleton F, Edwards K, Keay L, Naduvilath T, Dart JKG, Brian G, Holden B. Risk factors for moderate and severe microbial keratitis in daily wear contact lens users.External Ophthalmology. 2012;119(8):1516-21.
Tu EY, Joslin CE. Recent outbreaks of atypical contact lens-related keratitis: what have we learned?External Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;150(5):602-8 e602.
Dart JK, Radford CF, Minassian D, Verma S, Stapleton F. Risk factors for microbial keratitis with contemporary contact lenses: a case-control study.External Ophthalmology. 2008;115(10):1647-54, 1654 e1641-3.
Stapleton F, Keay L, Edwards K, Naduvilath T, Dart JK, Brian G, Holden BA. The incidence of contact lens-related microbial keratitis in Australia.External Ophthalmology. 2008;115(10):1655-62.
Keay L, Stapleton F, Schein O. Epidemiology of contact lens-related inflammation and microbial keratitis: a 20-year perspective.External Eye Contact Lens. 2007;33(6 Pt 2):346-53, discussion 362-3.
Schein OD, McNally JJ, Katz J, Chalmers RL, Tielsch JM, Alfonso E, Bullimore M, O’Day D, Shovlin J. The incidence of microbial keratitis among wearers of a 30-day silicone hydrogel extended-wear contact lens.External Ophthalmology. 2005;112(12):2172-9.

Ross J, Roy SL, Mathers WD, Ritterband DC, Yoder JS, Ayers T, Shah RD, Samper ME, Shih CY, Schmitz A, Brown AC. Clinical characteristics of Acanthamoeba keratitis infections in 28 states, 2008 to 2011External. Cornea. 2014; 33(2):161-8.
Legarreta JE, Nau AC, Dhaliwal DK. Acanthamoeba keratitis associated with tap water use during contact lens cleaning: manufacturer guidelines need to change.External Eye Contact Lens. 2013;39(2):158-61.
Page MA, Mathers WD. Acanthamoeba keratitis: a 12-year experience covering a wide spectrum of presentations, diagnoses, and outcomes.External J Ophthalmology. 2013;2013:670242.
Yoder JS, Verani J, Heidman N, Hoppe-Bauer J, Alfonso EC, Miller D, Jones DB, Bruckner D, Langston R, Jeng BH, Joslin CE, Tu E, Colby K, Vetter E, Ritterband D, Mathers W, Kowalski RP, Acharya NR, Limaye AP, Leiter C, Roy S, Lorick S, Roberts J, Beach MJ. Acanthamoeba keratitis: the persistence of cases following a multistate outbreak.External Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2012;19(4):221-5.
Johnston SP, Sriram R, Qvarnstrom Y, Roy S, Verani J, Yoder J, Lorick S, Roberts J, Beach MJ, Visvesvara G. Resistance of Acanthamoeba cysts to disinfection in multiple contact lens solutions.External Journal Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(7):2040-5.
Verani JR, Lorick SA, Yoder JS, Beach MJ, Braden CR, Roberts JM, Conover CS, Chen S, McConnell KA, Chang DC, Park BJ, Jones DB, Visvesvara GS, Roy SL. National outbreak of Acanthamoeba keratitis associated with use of a contact lens solution, United States.External Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(8):1236-42.
Joslin CE, Tu EY, Shoff ME, Booton GC, Fuerst PA, McMahon TT, Anderson RJ, Dworkin MS, Sugar J, Davis FG, Stayner LT. The association of contact lens solution use and Acanthamoeba keratitis.External Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144(2):169-80.
Lindsay RG, Watters G, Johnson R, Ormonde SE, Snibson GR. Acanthamoeba keratitis and contact lens wear.External Clin Exp Optom. 2007;90(5):351-60.
Schaumberg DA, Snow KK, Dana MR. The epidemic of Acanthamoeba keratitis: where do we stand?External Cornea. 1998;17(1):3-10.
Auran JD, Starr MB, Jakobiec FA. Acanthamoeba keratitis. A review of the literature.External Cornea. 1987;6(1):2-26.

Epstein, AB. In the aftermath of the Fusarium keratitis outbreak: What have we learned?External Clin Ophthalmol. 2007;1(4):355-66.
Chang DC, Grant GB, O’Donnell K, Wannemuehler KA, Noble-Wang J, Rao CY, Jacobson LM, Crowell CS, Sneed RS, Lewis FM, Schaffzin JK, Kainer MA, Genese CA, Alfonso EC, Jones DB, Srinivasan A, Fridkin SK, Park BJ. Multistate outbreak of Fusarium keratitis associated with use of a contact lens solution.External JAMA. 2006;296(8):953-63.

Richdale K, Lam DY, Mitchell GL, Chalmers RL, Jansen ME, Kinoshita BT, Sorbara L, Wagner H. Geographic and temporal risk factors for interruptions to soft contact lens wear in young wearers.External Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2013;36(5):253-8.
Chalmers RL, Keay L, McNally J, Kern J. Multicenter case-control study of the role of lens materials and care products on the development of corneal infiltrates.External Optom Vis Sci. 2012;89(3):316-25.
Donshik P, Long B, Dillehay SM, Bergenske P, Barr JT, Secor G, Yoakum J, Chalmers RL. Inflammatory and mechanical complications associated with 3 years of up to 30 nights of continuous wear of lotrafilcon A silicone hydrogel lenses.External Eye Contact Lens. 2007;33(4):191-5.
Keay L, Stapleton F, Schein O. Epidemiology of contact lens-related inflammation and microbial keratitis: a 20-year perspective.External Eye Contact Lens. 2007;33(6 Pt 2):346-53, discussion 362-3.
Stapleton F. Epidemiology of contact lens related infiltrates.External Opt Vis Sci. 2007;84(4):257-72.
Steinemann TL, Pinninti U, Szczotka LB, Eiferman RA, Price FW Jr. Ocular complications associated with the use of cosmetic contact lenses from unlicensed vendors.External Eye Contact Lens. 2003;29(4):196-200.

Page last reviewed: August 17, 2018

Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention