VHF Clinical Care for Safely Performing Acute Hemodialysis in Patients in U.S. Hospitals

Inpatient care of patients with a VHF should be provided in a hospital with capacity to perform continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Efforts to minimize direct blood exposure to healthcare personnel and blood contamination of the environment are of principal importance.

In general, CRRT would be preferred over acute peritoneal dialysis (most commonly performed for acute kidney injury in pediatric patients) because of challenges related to performing peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion in the patient's isolation room and performing exchanges through a peritoneal dialysis catheter that has not completely healed. It should be noted that peritoneal dialysis effluent is likely to be more infectious than hemodialysis effluent and needs to be handled with extreme care.

Patient placement

Hemodialysis/CRRT should only be performed in the patient's isolation room.

Establishing vascular access for dialysis

Patients with a VHF may have disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and correction of coagulopathy is not always possible. Read more on pathogen-specific pages.

Designate a highly competent individual, who has also been trained to follow CDC guidelines for proper PPE procedures, to perform catheter insertion.

Perform catheter insertion in the isolation room and use strategies and practices designed to minimize blood exposure during dialysis catheter placement.

The subclavian site for catheter insertion should be avoided because of the challenges with direct site compression if bleeding occurs. Selection of the internal jugular versus femoral vein for catheter insertion may depend on patient characteristics and operator proficiency. Individuals performing catheter placement should be fully trained in hemodialysis catheter placement techniques to reduce cannulation attempts and mechanical complications, including arterial puncture.

Imaging equipment used for catheter insertion or to confirm catheter placement (e.g., ultrasound, chest x-ray) should be dedicated to the isolation room until it can be terminally cleaned and disinfected. If the equipment cannot be dedicated to the isolation room, then it should be cleaned and disinfected according to manufacturer's instructions and hospital policies before removal from the room. This and other factors should be considered in the planning stage before it becomes necessary.

Read more on Guidelines for the Prevention of Intravascular Catheter-Related Infections (2011).

Measures to reduce blood exposure and environmental contamination from the extracorporeal circuit after disconnections could include the standard practice of implementing the use of clamps and/or caps on the ends of the circuit and decreasing the distance to waste bins.

If possible, limit the number and types of healthcare personnel involved in hemodialysis/CRRT procedures. For example, having ICU nurses perform CRRT could eliminate the need for additional nursing support from the dialysis unit.

All staff involved in providing dialysis should follow recommendations for appropriate PPE.

Staff should also wear a fluid-resistant or impermeable apron if they will be performing any circuit connection/disconnection procedures, handling used dialyzers or tubing, or handling or draining effluent.

A hemodialysis/CRRT machine should be dedicated for use on the patient and kept in the isolation room until terminal disinfection procedures are undertaken.

All other dialysis-related supplies, including the dialyzer, should be disposed of after use in accordance with local, state, and federal regulations. Read more on VHF-Associated Waste Management.

Under no circumstances should a used dialyzer be reprocessed or reused.

The viruses included in this guidance should not be able to cross an intact dialyzer membrane. However, because a small dialyzer leak might not be apparent, dialysis effluent should always be handled with care, and while wearing appropriate PPE, to avoid contact and splashes.

The effluent should be disposed of in the toilet or other dedicated drain in a manner that prevents splashes and allows safe drainage into the wastewater sewer system.

Use a dialysis machine that is familiar to the staff who will perform dialysis.

Machines for CRRT

Certain CRRT machines have features that make them easier to manage and to decontaminate than traditional hemodialysis machines in the context of caring for a patient with a VHF, such as a completely closed system, lack of an internal pathway, and use of prepackaged dialysate or replacement fluids. The possibility of blood contamination of internal machine components through pressure monitors is also much less likely with these machines than with other hemodialysis machines. During CRRT, staff should pay close attention to pressure alarms and failures of pressure monitors and look for and document any failure of the tubing or spillage of fluid outside of the tubing, as these may have implications for more extensive machine disinfection procedures.

Additional considerations:

• If clinically appropriate, consider regional citrate anticoagulation during CRRT to reduce episodes of filter clotting that require manipulation of the dialyzer and/or circuit. Regional citrate anticoagulation for CRRT should be used only if the hospital has a protocol in place and nurses trained in the protocol.
• Consider using the same CRRT machine for hemodialysis of the patient for as long as possible while renal replacement therapy is needed to avoid introducing a second dialysis machine (e.g., using the CRRT machine for prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy instead of transitioning to intermittent hemodialysis).

Machines for intermittent hemodialysis

If use of an intermittent hemodialysis machine is warranted:

• Use disposable accessory supplies, such as priming bucket and concentrate containers, if possible.
  • Accessory supplies that are not disposable must be dedicated to the patient and disinfected between uses. Procedures for handling these supplies should be established prior to initiating dialysis.
  • If an attached computer keyboard is needed, use a flat solid surface keyboard that can be easily disinfected or a keyboard cover that can be disinfected or disposed of.
• Pay close attention to pressure alarms, failures of the pressure monitor, and look for and document any flow of blood in the line approaching the external transducer protector, as these may signal internal contamination of the machine with blood.

External machine surfaces

Cleaning and disinfection of external machine surfaces should be performed in accordance with CDC guidance and manufacturer's instructions.

General principles include the following:

• Use appropriate PPE.
• Perform a cleaning step using a detergent.
• Perform disinfection using an EPA-registered hospital disinfectant from List Q; for Ebola disease, products from List L can also be used.
• Ensure all surfaces are cleaned and disinfected (including accessory equipment such as IV poles), paying particular attention to high-touch surfaces, such as control panels.
  • Assure sufficient wet contact time of disinfectant according to label instructions.

Additional considerations:

• Vaporized hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet (UV) light applications for decontamination of isolation room surfaces (during terminal disinfection) might serve to disinfect external surfaces of dialysis machines. If UV light is used, the importance of a direct line of sight for efficient disinfection should be considered.

Internal pathways

Standard heat or chemical disinfection procedures recommended by machine manufacturers and used routinely by dialysis providers are sufficient to inactivate the virus.

Internal machine disinfection of hemodialysis machines should be performed between treatments and conducted in the isolation room.

Other internal machine components

If there is concern about the possibility of fluid contamination of internal machine components such as pressure monitors, contact the manufacturer for guidance and notify the appropriate local or state health department and CDC Emergency Operations Center at 770-488-7100.