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Surveillance of Health Status in Minority Communities --- Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health Across the U.S. (REACH U.S.) Risk Factor Survey, United States, 2009

Youlian Liao, MD

David Bang, PhD

Shannon Cosgrove, MHA

Rick Dulin, BS

Zachery Harris, BS

Alexandria Stewart, BS

April Taylor, MPH

Shannon White, MPH

Graydon Yatabe, MPH

Leandris Liburd, PhD

Wayne Giles, MD

Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion



Corresponding author: Youlian Liao, MD, Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC, MS K-30, 4770 Buford Hwy, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30341. Telephone: 770-488-5299; Fax: 770-488-5974; E-mail: ycl1@cdc.gov.


Abstract

Problem: Substantial racial/ethnic health disparities exist in the United States. Although the populations of racial and ethnic minorities are growing at a rapid pace, large-scale community-based surveys and surveillance systems designed to monitor the health status of minority populations are limited. CDC conducts the Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health across the U.S. (REACH U.S.) Risk Factor Survey annually in minority communities. The survey focuses on black, Hispanic, Asian (including Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander), and American Indian (AI) populations.

Reporting Period Covered: 2009.

Description of System: An address-based sampling design was used in the survey in 28 communities located in 17 states (Arizona, California, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington). Self-reported data were collected through telephone, questionnaire mailing, and in-person interviews from an average of 900 residents aged ≥ 18 years in each community. Data from the community were compared with data derived from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) for the metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area (MMSA), county, or state in which the community was located and also compared with national estimates.

Results: Reported education level and household income were markedly lower in black, Hispanic, and AI communities than that among the general population living in the comparison MMSA, county, or state. More residents in these minority populations did not have health-care coverage and did not see a doctor because of the cost.

Substantial variations were identified in the prevalence of health-related risk factors among minority populations and among communities within the same racial/ethnic population. In 2009, the median prevalence of obesity among Asian/Pacific Islander (A/PI) men and women was 10.3% (range: 4.8%--45.3%) and 6.7% (range: 4.5%--38.2%), respectively, whereas it was 46.2% (range: 39.4%--53.6%) and 45.5% (range: 35.1%--55.1%), respectively, among AI men and women. The median percentage of cigarette smoking among black (28.0% in men and 19.9% in women) and AI communities (36.1% in men and 36.0% in women) was much higher than the national median (19.6% in men and 16.8% in women) among the 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC). Among the four minority communities, blacks had the highest median percentage of persons who reported engaging in no leisure-time physical activity (28.5% in men and 31.6% in women). A much lower percentage of black women met physical activity recommendations in almost all communities compared with that in the corresponding MMSA, county, or state.

Substantial variations were identified in self-perceived health status and prevalence of selected chronic conditions among minority populations and among communities within the same racial/ethnic population. In 2009, the median percentage of men who reported fair or poor health was 15.8% (range: 8.3%--29.3%) among A/PI communities and 26.3% (range: 22.3%--30.8%) among AI communities. The median percentage of women who reported fair or poor health was 20.1% (range: 13.3%--37.2%) among A/PI communities, whereas it was 31.3% (range: 19.4%--44.2%) among Hispanic communities. AI and black communities had a high prevalence of self-reported hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. For most communities, prevalence was much higher than that in the corresponding MMSA, county, or state in which the community was located. The median percentages of persons who knew the signs and symptoms of a heart attack and stroke were consistently lower in all four minority communities than the national median.

Variations were identified among racial/ethnic populations in the use of preventive services. Hispanics had the lowest percentages of persons who had their cholesterol checked, of those with high blood pressure who were taking antihypertensive medication, and of those with diabetes who had a glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) test in the past year. AIs had the lowest mammography screening rate within 2 years among women aged ≥40 years (median: 72.7%; range: 69.4%--76.2%). A/PIs had the lowest Pap smear screening rate within 3 years (median: 74.4%; range: 60.3%--80.8%). The median influenza vaccination rates in adults aged ≥65 years were much lower among black (57.3%) and Hispanic communities (63.3%) than the national median (70.1%) among the 50 states and DC. Pneumococcal vaccination rates also were lower in black (60.5%), Hispanic (58.5%), and A/PI (59.7%) communities than the national median (68.5%).

Interpretations: Data from the REACH U.S. Risk Factor Survey demonstrate that residents in most of the minority communities continue to have lower socioeconomic status, greater barriers to health-care access, and greater risks for and burden of disease compared with the general populations living in the same MMSA, county, or state. Substantial variations in prevalence of risk factors, chronic conditions, and use of preventive services among different minority populations and different communities within the same racial/ethnic population provide opportunities for public health intervention. These variations also indicate that different priorities are needed to eliminate health disparities for different communities.

Public Health Action: These community-level survey data are being used by CDC and community coalitions to implement, monitor, and evaluate intervention programs in each community. Continuous surveillance of health status in minority communities is necessary so that community-specific, culturally sensitive strategies that include system, environmental, and individual-level changes can be tailored to these communities.

Introduction

Substantial racial/ethnic health disparities have been identified in the United States (1). In 2006, one of every four U.S. residents identified themselves as being a racial or ethnic minority (2). The U.S. Census Bureau projects that by 2050, populations that have historically been called "minorities" will make up approximately 50% of the U.S. population (3). Achieving a healthy nation is impossible without healthy minority populations and without eliminating racial/ethnic health disparities. Eliminating health disparities was one of the goals of Healthy People 2010 (4). Individual health is closely linked to the health of the community* and environment in which persons live, work, and play (4). The health of a person is inseparable from the health of the larger community and the health of every community in every state/territory determines the overall health status of the nation. Healthy People 2010 called for community partnerships in building healthy communities (4).

CDC launched the Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) in 1999 (5). During 2000--2006, CDC funded the initial phase of the REACH project, REACH 2010, supporting 42 community coalitions in designing, implementing, and evaluating community-driven strategies to eliminate health disparities (5). The project supported the development and implementation of innovative approaches to working with racial and ethnic minority populations. REACH 2010 demonstrated that health disparities can be reduced and that the health status of populations traditionally most affected by health inequities can be improved (6). Building on the successes of the initial phase of the project, a new funding phase, REACH Across the U.S. (REACH U.S.), was launched in 2007. REACH U.S. endeavors to address the social determinants of health through policy, environmental, and system change and to disseminate effective strategies to more community partners (7). A total of 40 communities were selected competitively and funded by CDC on the basis of the cultural relevance of the proposed intervention, investigator expertise, community participatory strategies, and demonstrated success in prior training, translation, and dissemination activities. These 40 funded communities focused on one or more racial and ethnic population, including blacks, Hispanics, Asians (including Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders), and American Indians (AIs). The health focus areas include cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, breast and cervical cancer, adult/older adult immunization, hepatitis B, asthma, and infant mortality.

In 2001, to monitor the health of racial/ethnic minority communities and as part of the REACH project evaluation, CDC began to conduct annual REACH 2010 Risk Factor Surveys. Baseline data for the REACH 2010 project have been published previously (8). This report presents data from the first survey year of the REACH U.S. project collected during May--November 2009.

Methods

Survey Communities

CDC contracted with the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) at the University of Chicago to conduct the REACH U.S. Risk Factor Survey in 28 of the 40 U.S. REACH communities. The survey included adult residents aged ≥18 years. The 28 communities participating in the survey were located in 17 states.§

The survey areas and populations were consistent with the focus of the intervention programs. The areas included specific counties, census tracts, zip codes, neighborhood areas, or tribal areas (Table 1). The size of the survey area varied by community, ranging from a small neighborhood (e.g., within the boundaries of four specific streets in west Philadelphia) to a whole county (e.g., Pima County, Arizona) and from several census tracts or zip codes to an entire state (e.g., Oklahoma). Among the five communities in California, some geographic overlapping occurred. The survey was conducted independently in each community. The REACH project led by the Morehouse School of Medicine, the Southeastern U.S. Collaborative Center of Excellence for the Elimination of Disparities, involved several areas in south Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. The survey for this project included only the intervention areas in Fulton County, Georgia. In 20 REACH communities, just one minority population was focused (black or Haitian American: eight; Hispanic: four; Asian or Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander [Asian/Pacific Islander (A/PI)]: four; and AI: four); six communities focused on both blacks and Hispanics; and two communities focused on three minority populations (blacks, Hispanics, and A/PIs) (Table 2).

Address-Based Sampling Design

An address-based sampling method was used in the REACH U.S. Risk Factor Survey to reduce the potential coverage bias of traditional random-digit--dialing. When the previous REACH 2010 Risk Factor Survey was initiated in 2001, random-digit--dialing was the preferred mode of data collection, except in three communities in which in-person face-to-face interviews were performed because of low telephone coverage (8). Since then, use of cellular telephones has increased. In 2009, 25% of U.S. homes had only cellular phones (9). In addition, 15% received most or all of their calls on cellular phones even though they had a landline. Therefore, up to 40% of U.S. homes might not be reachable by traditional random-digit--dialing used in most surveys targeting landlines. Minority populations have embraced cellular phones at a higher rate than the majority, increasing the risk for coverage bias in REACH communities (9). The basis of the address-based sampling frame is the U.S. Postal Service delivery sequence file. This file contains nearly all addresses in the United States that receive mail. Geographic information systems technology was used to construct an address frame that matched the intervention geographies of the REACH program. After a sample of addresses was selected randomly, the addresses were matched to telephone numbers. The median matching rate was 60% (range: 40%--71%). Advance letters describing the survey were sent to sampled households with known telephone numbers. The survey was conducted by telephone for these addresses. Self-administered questionnaires were mailed to households without a phone match and to those who did not respond by telephone. Finally, an in-person follow-up to a subset of nonresponders was conducted.

To increase the efficiency of the survey, designers purposely selected those addresses that were more likely to be households of the survey race/ethnicity. These addresses were identified by aggregating data from multiple sources (e.g., residential directory listings, administrative data, and consumer transactions).

For telephone and in-person interviews, the household screening was conducted with any household member aged ≥18 years to ascertain the age and racial/ethnic eligibility of each adult household member. Up to two eligible adults were selected for further household member interviews. For the survey by mail, all household members were invited to complete the mailed survey. The goal was to survey 900 adult household members in each community.

Complete data were collected from 24,117 eligible household members. Of these, 19,177 (79%) were from telephone interviews, 4,022 (17%) from questionnaire mailings, and 918 (4%) from in-person interviews. Among household members who were contacted by telephone, 43% cooperated with the screening interview (range: 25%-- 65%). The completion rate of detailed household member interviews was 42% (range: 26%--58%) for eligible household members. In the questionnaire mailing, the mail return rate was 20% (range: 8%--25%). In the in-person survey, the screening completion rate was 75% (range: 48%--88%), and the completion rate of household member interviews was 72% (range: 50%--92%).

Questionnaires

A uniform questionnaire was used for all communities and was administered in English, Spanish, Vietnamese, Khmer, Haitian Creole, or Chinese (Mandarin or Cantonese). The questionnaire included questions regarding respondents' demographics, socioeconomic status (e.g., education and income), perceived health status, health-care access, self-reported height and weight, leisure-time physical activity, fruit and vegetable intake, cigarette smoking, awareness of hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and diabetes care, and receipt of preventive services (e.g., cholesterol screening, mammography, Papanicolaou [Pap] smear test, and influenza and pneumococcal vaccination). The questions were identical to those used in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) (10).

Comparison Populations

Health status and risk factor level in the REACH U.S. communities were compared with those in the general population from BRFSS. BRFSS is a state-based telephone survey of civilian residents aged ≥18 years (10). Typically, BRFSS reports state-level estimates. Since 2002, BRFSS has had sufficient samples to produce area-level estimates for selected metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas (MMSAs), metropolitan divisions, and selected counties. For 13 REACH U.S. communities, data from each community were compared with data from BRFSS in the MMSA in which the community was located (Table 1). For eight communities, community data were compared with county data from BRFSS. For the remaining seven communities that could not be matched to a specific MMSA or county, state-specific BRFSS data were used for comparisons.

The sample size of respondents from the comparison populations was increased by combining MMSA- or county-level data from 2007--2009 survey years and state-level data from 2008--2009 survey years (Table 2). Certain BRFSS data were available only in the 2007 and 2009 survey years (e.g., meeting physical activity recommendation, fruit and vegetable intake, having cholesterol checked, awareness of hypertension, and the use of antihypertensive medication among those who reported having high blood pressure). Certain questions were included in BRFSS as the optional modules that were asked only in certain states (either all samples or subsamples) for selected years. Therefore, state-level data from the combined years of 2007--2009 were used whenever available to compare with community-level data for the following modules: signs and symptoms of heart attack and stroke (2007 and 2009), diabetes care (glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1C] test, foot, and eye exams) (2007--2009), and women's health (mammography and pap smear test) (2007--2009). Aggregated data across communities by race/ethnicity also were compared with the national estimates for all 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC) in the 2009 BRFSS (women's health data in 2008).

Data Analysis

The prevalence of risk factors, chronic conditions, and access to and use of preventive services was estimated by community, four racial/ethnic populations, and sex. In Boston, Massachusetts, the surveyed minority population, Haitian Americans, were reported under the "black" racial category. The term "Asian/Pacific Islander (A/PI)" included various Asian populations, Native Hawaiians, and Other Pacific Islanders. For example, the community in Waianae, Hawaii, focused on Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. A community in New York City focused on Chinese, Koreans, and other Asians. Special Services for Groups in California focused on Cambodians, Filipinos, Laotians, Vietnamese, and Samoans. Orange County Asian and Pacific Islanders Community Alliance focused on Cambodians, Hmong, Thais, Vietnamese, Laotians, Native Hawaiians, Samoans, Tongans, Marshallese, and Guamanians/Chamorros, all of whom were grouped under A/PIs. So that sample sizes could be increased, data from men and women were combined in the analyses for the following variables: taking antihypertensive medication among those with reported hypertension, HbA1C tests and foot and eye examinations among persons with diabetes, and vaccinations among persons aged ≥65 years.

In the calculation of prevalence, persons who replied "don't know" or who refused to answer the questions were excluded from the denominator. If a denominator was <30, the prevalence estimate was considered unstable and was not presented. SUDAAN was used in the analysis to account for the complex sampling design and to calculate the 95% confidence intervals for both the REACH U.S. and BRFSS data. For the REACH U.S. survey, each sample was weighted to reflect the probability of selection, the number of eligible members, and the number of selected members at the sampled address and was adjusted by age-gender population sizes of members of the surveyed minority population. For BRFSS, each sample was weighted to reflect the adult population for each MMSA, county, or state. Use of MMSA, county, or state BRFSS as the standard permits a percentage estimated from a community to be described as being higher than the standard if the percentage in the MMSA, county, or state is lower than the lower limit of the confidence interval of the percentage in the community (11). Conversely, the percentage estimated for the community can be described as being lower than the standard if the percentage in MMSA, county, or state is higher than the upper limit of the confidence interval. These comparisons were not used as an indicator of statistical significance in a formal statistical test.

Results

Social Demography and Access to Health Care

Education

Among men, the median percentage of adults who reported having less than a high school education ranged from 6.3% in A/PI communities to 29.5% in Hispanic communities (Table 3). Among women, the median percentage ranged from 9.3% in A/PI communities to 31.5% in Hispanic communities. Except for A/PI men, these medians were higher than the national median among the 50 states and the DC in the 2009 BRFSS (8.5% in men and 7.5% in women). With a few exceptions, a much higher percentage of black and Hispanic men and women in the surveyed communities reported having less than a high school education compared with that in the general populations from the same MMSA, county, or state in BRFSS. Among minority populations, Hispanics reported the lowest education level, whereas A/PIs had the highest education level. However, substantial community variations were identified within certain racial/ethnic populations. For example, <2% of A/PI men or women reported having less than a high school education in the surveyed community in Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California, compared with 21.3% of men and 27.1%, of women from the surveyed community in New York City.

Household Income

The median percentage of men who reported having annual household income of <$25,000 ranged from 27.2% in A/PI communities to 45.4% in Hispanic communities (Table 4). The median percentage among women ranged from 27.6% in A/PI communities to 50.5% in black communities. All these medians were higher than the national median percentage of household income of <$25,000 among the 50 states and DC in 2009 (21.3% in men and 26.4% in women).The median percentages of persons with incomes of <$25,000 in black and Hispanic communities were about twice the national level. A substantially higher percentage of men and women reported low income in all Hispanic and AI communities and in the vast majority of black communities compared with that in the comparison MMSA, county, or state populations. Substantial community variations were identified within the same racial/ethnic population. For example, 12.1% and 19.2% of A/PI men and women, respectively, had an income of <$25,000 in the surveyed community in Seattle and King County compared with 41.6% and 46.9%, respectively, in the community in New York City.

Health-Care Coverage

Respondents were asked if they had any kind of health-care coverage, including health insurance, prepaid plans such as HMOs, or government plans such as Medicare. The median percentage of men who reported having no health-care coverage ranged from 14.8% in A/PI communities to 29.2% in Hispanic communities (Table 5). The median percentage among women ranged from 15.2% in A/PI communities to 26.7% in AI communities. Except for A/PI men, these medians were higher than the national median among the 50 states and DC in 2009 (16.5% in men and 12.4% in women). Higher percentages of men and women without health-care coverage were reported in the majority of black, Hispanic, and AI communities compared with those in the corresponding MMSA, county, or state in which the community was located. Within the same racial/ethnic population, a two- to fourfold difference was identified in coverage rates across communities.

Cost as a Barrier to Obtaining Health Care

Respondents were asked whether at any time in the previous 12 months they had needed to see a doctor but could not do so because of cost. The median percentage of men who could not see a doctor because of cost ranged from 10.6% in A/PI communities to 21.8% in Hispanic communities (Table 6). The median percentage among women ranged from 14.0% in A/PI communities to 25.6% in Hispanic communities. Except for A/PIs, these medians were higher than the national median in 2009 (12.2% in men and 14.7% in women). A higher percentage of adults who had not seen a doctor because of the cost was reported consistently in Hispanic communities compared with the corresponding MMSA, county, or state in which the community was located. A greater variation in the one-on-one comparison between the individual community and BRFSS counterpart was observed in black, A/PI, and AI communities.

Chronic Disease Risk Factors

Obesity

Obesity is defined as body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 calculated from self-reported height and weight. The median percentage of obesity among men ranged from 10.3% in A/PI communities to 46.2% in AI communities (Table 7). The median percentage among women ranged from 6.7% in A/PI communities to 45.5% in AI communities. Except for A/PI communities, these median percentages were higher than the national median among the 50 states and DC in 2009 (28.6% in men and 26.0% in women). The prevalence of obesity was substantially higher among both men and women in AI communities and among women in black communities compared with that in the comparison MMSA, county, or state in which the community was located. Overall, approximately 45% of AI men and women and black women were obese in the surveyed communities, whereas slightly more than one fourth of adults were obese at the national level. Obesity was uncommon in most A/PI communities. However, obesity prevalence in Native Hawaiians/Other Pacific Islanders (45.3% in men and 38.2% in women) was much higher than in the general population in Honolulu (24.5% in men and 19.9% in women). Two- to threefold differences in obesity prevalence were reported across black communities.

Cigarette Smoking

Cigarette smokers were defined as those who had ever smoked ≥100 cigarettes and who currently smoke. The median percentage of cigarette smoking among men ranged from 13.8% in A/PI communities to 36.1% in AI communities (Table 8). The median percentage among women ranged from 3.7% in A/PI communities to 36.0% in AI communities. The median percentages among black and AI communities were higher than the national median among the 50 states and DC in 2009 (19.6% in men and 16.8% in women). Substantial community variations in prevalence of smoking within the same racial/ethnic population were identified. The difference could be up to fourfold across communities. For example, the prevalence of smoking was <5% in women in the majority of A/PI communities, compared with 21.3% in Waianae, Hawaii.

Leisure-Time Physical Activity

Respondents were asked if they had participated, other than as a part of their regular job, in any physical activities or exercises (e.g., running, calisthenics, golf, gardening, or walking for exercise) during the past month. The median percentage of men who reported having no leisure-time physical activity ranged from 23.6% in A/PI communities to 28.5% in black communities (Table 9). The median percentage among women ranged from 25.6% in A/PI communities to 31.6% in black communities. Except for women in A/PI communities, these median percentages were higher than the national median among the 50 states and DC in 2009 (21.5% in men and 25.6% in women). Substantial variations were identified within the same racial/ethnic population in one-on-one comparisons between individual communities and the corresponding MMSA, county, or state.

Met Physical Activity Recommendation

Respondents were asked to recall their overall frequency and duration of time spent in moderate activities (e.g., brisk walking, bicycling, vacuuming, or gardening) and vigorous activities (e.g., running, aerobics, or heavy yard work) in a typical week. Persons were defined as meeting recommended physical activity levels if they reported participating in either moderate physical activity ≥30 minutes/day, 5 days/week, or vigorous physical activity ≥20 minutes/day, 3 days/week (12). The median percentage of men who met physical activity recommendations ranged from 39.8% in A/PI communities to 47.9% in AI communities (Table 10). The median percentage among women ranged from 34.6% in black communities to 44.9% in AI communities. These median percentages were all lower than the national median percentage among the 50 states and DC in 2009 (52.4% in men and 47.8% in women). With very few exceptions, a much lower percentage of black women met physical activity recommendations in the surveyed communities compared with that in the corresponding MMSA, county, or state in which the community was located. The results were less consistent in one-on-one comparisons between individual communities and the corresponding BRFSS counterparts for Hispanics, A/PIs, and AIs.

Fruit and Vegetable Intake

Fruit and vegetable intake was calculated from six questions regarding the intake of fruit juices, fruit, green salad, potatoes, carrots, and other vegetables. A national education program has advocated eating at least five servings of fruits and vegetables daily (13). The median percentage of men who reported eating at least five fruits and vegetables daily ranged from 19.6% in Hispanic communities to 23.8% in black and A/PI communities (Table 11). The median percentage among women ranged from 23.5% in AI communities to 33.6% in A/PI communities. Overall the differences between these medians and the national median percentage (19.2% in men and 27.7% in women) were small. The percentage of women who reported eating at least five fruits and vegetables daily was much lower in most of the Hispanic communities than in the corresponding MMSA, county, or state. One-on-one comparisons between individual communities and the corresponding BRFSS counterparts were less consistent in other racial populations.

Health Status and Selected Chronic Conditions

Perceived Health Status

Respondents were asked to rate their own general health as either "excellent," "very good," "good," "fair," or "poor." The median percentages of men who reported fair or poor health ranged from 15.8% in A/PI communities to 26.3% in AI communities (Table 12). The median percentages among women ranged from 20.1% in A/PI communities to 31.3% in Hispanic communities. These medians were all higher than the national median percentage among the 50 states and DC in 2009 (13.4% in men and 15.3% in women). With few exceptions, a substantially higher percentage of men and women in Hispanic communities and women in black communities reported fair or poor health compared with that in the comparison MMSA, county, or state populations. The one-on-one comparisons between individual communities and the corresponding BRFSS counterparts were less consistent for A/PI and AI communities.

High Blood Pressure

The prevalence of high blood pressure was assessed by asking respondents, "Have you ever been told by a doctor, nurse, or other professional that you have high blood pressure?" Adults who reported prehypertension or borderline high blood pressure, and females who reported high blood pressure during pregnancy, were not considered as having hypertension. The median prevalence of high blood pressure among men ranged from 22.8% in Hispanic communities to 43.9% in AI communities (Table 13). The median prevalence among women ranged from 24.0% in A/PI communities to 46.2% in black communities. The medians among black and AI communities were much higher than the national median among the 50 states and DC in 2009 (29.8% in men and 27.8% in women). With very limited exceptions, the prevalence of high blood pressure was substantially higher in black and AI communities than in the corresponding MMSA, county, or state. The results of one-on-one comparisons between individual communities and the corresponding BRFSS counterparts were less consistent for Hispanic and A/PI communities. Substantial community variations in the prevalence of high blood pressure were identified within the same racial/ethnic population. For example, the prevalence of high blood pressure was 12.9% and 15.0% in Hispanic men and women, respectively, in the surveyed community in Seattle/King County, whereas it was 42.5% in Hispanic men in the surveyed community of Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico, and 36.5% in Hispanic women in the surveyed community of East Harlem, New York. The prevalence of high blood pressure was 23.7% and 16.8% in A/PI men and women, respectively in Seattle/King County, whereas the prevalence was twice as high in A/PI men in the surveyed community in Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California (46.7%) and in A/PI women in the surveyed community of Waianae, Hawaii (38.1%).

Cardiovascular Diseases

The percentage of cardiovascular diseases was assessed by asking respondents if they had ever been told by a doctor that they had any of the following conditions: heart attack or myocardial infarction, angina or coronary heart disease, or stroke. The median prevalence of cardiovascular diseases among men ranged from 6.6% in A/PI communities to 13.4% in AI communities (Table 14). The median prevalence among women ranged from 4.4% in A/PI communities to 12.3% in AI communities. The medians were higher among AI communities, and lower among Hispanic and A/PI communities than the national median among the 50 states and DC in 2009 (8.8% in men and 6.3% in women). A higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases was apparent among women in the majority of black and AI communities compared with that in the corresponding MMSA, county, or state. One-on-one comparisons between the individual communities and the corresponding BRFSS counterparts were not consistent for Hispanic and A/PI communities.

Diabetes

The prevalence of diagnosed diabetes was assessed by asking respondents, "Have you ever been told by a doctor that you have diabetes?" The median prevalence of diabetes (excluding gestational, borderline, or prediabetes) among men ranged from 10.0% in Hispanic communities to 18.0% in AI communities (Table 15). The median prevalence among women ranged from 10.3% in A/PI communities to 18.4% in AI communities. All these medians were higher than the national median among the 50 states and DC in 2009 (8.8% in men and 8.2% in women). With a few exceptions, the prevalence of diabetes was substantially higher in both men and women in black and AI communities than in the comparison MMSA, county, or states. The prevalence was also much higher in women in Hispanic communities compared with their BRFSS counterparts. Substantial community variations (two- to fivefold difference) were identified in the prevalence of diabetes within the same racial/ethnic population.

Knowledge of Heart Attack Symptoms

A respondent was considered as having knowledge of heart attack signs and symptoms and the action to take if he or she correctly answered "yes" to all five questions on symptoms of heart attack, "no" to the incorrect symptom, and "call 911" when the responder thought someone was having a heart attack (14). The five symptoms of heart attack were 1) pain or discomfort in the jaw, neck, or back; 2) feeling weak, lightheaded, or faint; 3) chest pain or discomfort; 4) pain or discomfort in the arms or shoulder; and 5) shortness of breath. An incorrect symptom was sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes. The median percentage of men who knew heart attack symptoms and action ranged from 3.2% in Hispanic communities to 8.7% in AI communities (Table 16). The median percentage among women ranged from 4.7% in Hispanic communities to 13.5% in AI communities. These median percentages were all lower than the median percentage of 33 statesand DC in the 2009 BRFSS (10.4% in men and 14.7% in women). The percentage of adults who knew heart attack symptoms and action was substantially lower in almost all black, Hispanic, and A/PI communities than it was in the comparison states or the median percentage of the 33 states and DC when state-specific data were not available. Within the same racial/ethnic populations, community variations in the percentage of persons who had knowledge of heart attack symptoms were substantial.

Knowledge of Stroke Symptoms

A respondent was considered as having knowledge of stroke signs and symptoms and the action to take if he or she correctly answered "yes" to all five questions on symptoms of stroke, "no" to the incorrect symptom, and "call 911" when the respondent thought that someone was having a stroke. The five symptoms of stroke were 1) sudden confusion or trouble speaking; 2) sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side; 3) sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes; 4) sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance; and 5) severe headache without known cause. An incorrect symptom was sudden chest pain or discomfort.

The median percentage of men who knew stroke signs and symptoms and what action to take ranged from 7.9% in A/PI communities to 14.5% in AI communities (Table 17). The median percentage among women ranged from 7.0% in Hispanic communities to 15.4% in AI communities. These median percentages were all much lower than the median percentage among 33 states and DC in the 2009 BRFSS (19.4% in men and 21.0% in women). With very few exceptions, the percentage of adults who knew stroke symptoms and action was substantially lower in black, Hispanic, and A/PI communities than that in the corresponding states or the median of the 33 states and DC when state-specific data were not available. Within the same racial/ethnic population, substantial community variations were identified in the percentage of persons who had the knowledge of stroke symptoms.

Clinical Care and Preventive Services

Blood Cholesterol Checked

The median percentage of men who reported having their blood cholesterol checked during the preceding 5 years ranged from 60.5% in Hispanic communities to 73.6% in black communities (Table 18). The median percentage among women ranged from 67.4% in Hispanic communities to 80.5% in black communities. The median percentage was much lower than the national median percentage in both men (74.4%) and women (79.2%) among the 50 states and DC. A substantially lower percentage of men and women reported having cholesterol checked in the preceding 5 years in almost all Hispanic communities compared with that of the population in the comparison MMSA, county, or state in which the community was located. One-on-one comparisons between the community and corresponding MMSA, county, or state were less consistent in other minority populations.

Antihypertensive Medication Usage

The median percentage of adults with hypertension who reported taking antihypertensive medication ranged from 68.7% in Hispanic communities to 81.0% in black communities (Table 19). The median percentage among Hispanic communities was lower than the national median percentage (79.2%) among the 50 states and DC in 2009. The difference between the median percentage and the national median was small for the other three minority populations.

Preventive Care in Persons with Diabetes

Respondents who reported having diabetes were asked whether in the preceding 12 months, they had 1) an HbA1C test, 2) their feet checked for any sores or irritations by a health professional, and 3) a dilated eye exam. The median percentages of respondents with diabetes who had none of these three exams were all <3% in the four minority populations. The median percentage of persons with all three exams ranged from 46.2% in Hispanic communities to 59.6% in A/PI communities.

HbA1C. The median percentage of adults with diabetes who reported having had an HbA1C test within the previous year ranged from 64.1% in Hispanic communities to 79.5% in AI communities (Table 20). The median percentage among black, Hispanic, and A/PI communities was lower than the national median percentage (79.7%) among 45 states (all states except Arkansas, Idaho, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and South Dakota) and DC in 2009. Substantially lower percentages of adults having an HbA1C test within a year were reported in almost all Hispanic communities compared with those in the comparison state populations. One-on-one comparisons between individual communities and the corresponding states were less consistent in other minority populations.

Foot exam. The median percentage of adults with diabetes who reported having had their feet checked by a health professional within the previous year ranged from 68.7% in Hispanic communities to 82.0% in black communities (Table 21). The median percentage among Hispanic communities was lower, but higher among black and AI communities, than the national median percentage (73.4%) among 45 states and DC in 2009. Much higher percentages of adults who had their feet checked within the previous year were reported in the majority of black and AI communities compared with those in the corresponding states.

Dilated eye exam. The median percentage of adults with diabetes who reported having had a dilated eye exam within the previous year ranged from 71.3% in Hispanic communities to 78.3% in A/PI communities (Table 22). These median percentages were somewhat higher than the national median percentage (69.2%) among 45 states and DC in 2009. However, no substantive difference in the eye exam rate was identified in the majority of the one-on-one comparisons between the individual community and the corresponding state in which the community was located.

Women's Cancer Screening

Mammography

The median percentage of women aged ≥40 years who reported having had a mammogram during the previous 2 years ranged from 72.7% in AI communities to 80.7% in black communities (Table 23). These medians were lower than the national median percentage (83.2%) among the 50 states and DC in 2008 BRFSS. A lower mammography screening rate was reported in AI communities than in the corresponding state in which the community was located. The results of one-on-one comparisons between individual communities and their BRFSS counterparts were less consistent for the other minority populations.

Pap Smear Test

The median percentage of women with an intact uterine cervix who reported having had a Pap smear screening during the previous 3 years ranged from 74.4% in A/PI communities to 85.0% in black communities (Table 24). The median percentage among A/PI communities, but not among the other three minority populations, was lower than the national median percentage (82.9%) in 2008. A lower percentage of women received Pap smear screening in the majority of the A/PI communities compared with that in the corresponding state. The differences were mostly small in the one-on-one comparisons between individual communities and their BRFSS counterparts for the three other minority populations.

Immunization

Influenza Vaccination

The median percentage of adults aged ≥65 years who reported that they had an influenza vaccination in the previous year ranged from 57.3% in black communities to 79.5% in A/PI communities (Table 25). The median percentage was lower than the national median (70.1%) in 2009 among black and Hispanic communities, while higher among A/PI communities. With very few exceptions, black communities had a much lower rate of influenza vaccination than that in the corresponding MMSA, county, or state population. The differences were not significant in most of the one-on-one comparisons between the individual community and BRFSS counterpart for the three other minority populations.

Pneumococcal Vaccination

The median percentage of adults aged ≥65 years who reported that they had ever had a pneumococcal vaccination ranged from 58.5% in Hispanic communities to 78.7% in AI communities (Table 26). Except among AI communities, the median percentages among the other three minority communities were lower than the national median (68.5%) among the 50 states and DC in 2009. However, the vaccination rates in the majority of the communities and those in the corresponding MMSA, county, or state were not substantially different.

Discussion

Several population-based surveys have been conducted in the individual states and the nation, including the National Health Interview Survey, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and BRFSS. These surveys were designed to collect data in national or statewide probability samples to obtain national or state-level estimates. They were not designed specifically to monitor the health status of persons at the community level or to focus on minority communities. As a result, surveillance data for racial/ethnic minorities often is lacking. The previous REACH 2010 Risk Factor Survey (8) and the current REACH U.S. Risk Factor Survey provide valuable information at the community level on socioeconomic demographics, risk factors, chronic conditions, and the use of preventive services in the four minority populations surveyed.

Data from the REACH U.S. Risk Factor Survey indicate that for the majority of health and socioeconomic indicators, black, Hispanic, and AI communities do not fare as well as the general populations in their respective MMSA, county, or state, or in the United States as a whole. Socioeconomic status as measured by education level and household income was substantially lower among these communities. Minorities in these communities had less health insurance coverage, higher cost barriers to access health care, and worse self-rated general health. Variations were identified in the prevalence of risk factors and chronic condition burden among the four minority populations. Obesity, smoking, high blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes were the major health risk and chronic conditions in black and AI communities. Lack of physical activity was prominent in black communities, especially among women. Lack of knowledge of heart attack and stroke symptoms was prominent in black, Hispanic, and A/PI communities. The cholesterol screening rate and the percentage of persons who reported having high blood pressure and were taking antihypertensive medication was lowest in Hispanic communities. Underuse of selected preventive services was apparent, including underuse of mammography screening in AI communities, of Pap smear testing in A/PI communities, and of influenza vaccination in black and Hispanic communities.

The substantial variations identified among the four racial/ethnic minority populations in different risk factors and health conditions indicate that different priorities are needed to eliminate health disparities. In the REACH 2010 and REACH U.S. project, community-based coalitions were formed to address community-specific health issues. These coalitions were driven primarily by residents of the community at every stage of the program, including setting health priorities, planning, implementation and evaluation. A unique feature of REACH was that the project did not use a standardized intervention protocol but was sufficiently flexible to allow community choices on the basis of priorities, available resources, and local realities (6).

These survey data show an aggregation of socioeconomic demographic factors (e.g., education and income), risk factors (e.g., obesity, smoking, and physical inactivity) and chronic diseases (e.g., high blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes). This indicates that multifaceted and multisectoral strategies are needed to make effective changes. REACH U.S. grantees have identified numerous societal, policy, environmental, cultural, and individual-level factors that must be changed to eliminate racial and ethnic disparities. Thus, each grantee develops appropriate programs that address the complex root causes of racial and ethnic health disparities.

The data demonstrate a substantial heterogeneity across communities within the same broad racial/ethnic population. For example, obesity prevalence among black men was 13.0% in a community in Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California, whereas it was 41.6% in a community in southern West Virginia. The smoking prevalence among Hispanic men was 10.3% in a community in Santa Clara Valley, California, whereas it was 34.4% in a community in Southeast Chicago. Although smoking was rare among women in Asian communities, it was prevalent among Native Hawaii/Pacific Islander women in Waianae, Hawaii. Differences in percentages of persons receiving preventive services were also substantial across communities. The rate of mammography screening during the previous 2 years among women aged ≥40 years was only 66.3% in the Hispanic population surveyed in Seattle and King County, Washington compared with 93.5% among the Hispanic population surveyed in Lawrence, Massachusetts. Similarly, the rate of pneumococcal vaccination among blacks aged ≥65 years was 42.7% in Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, whereas the rate was 73.5% in the black population surveyed in southern West Virginia. These wide variations in prevalence of health-related behaviors, chronic conditions, and use of preventive services across communities likely are related to demographic, cultural, local laws, policies, and environmental influences among residents of these communities and the majority of these influences are more or less modifiable, depending on local circumstances. The salient variations and intrapopulation differences also indicate that opportunities and the possibility for change exist.

The baseline data of the previous REACH 2010 Risk Factor Survey were collected in 21 communities in 2001 (7). Among them, 11 communities also participated in the current REACH U.S. Risk Factor Survey with complete geographic match in seven and partial matches in four communities. Although a list-assisted random-digit--dialing design instead of address-based sampling, was used in the previous REACH 2010 survey, the survey questionnaires were very similar. Since the previous survey was conducted 8 years ago (8), many improvements have occurred in the health and health care indicators in the four minority populations. For example, among men, the median prevalence of smoking was 28.8% in Hispanic communities 8 years ago, whereas it was 17.6% in the current survey. Likewise, the median prevalence of smoking decreased from 30.5% to 13.8% in Asian men, consistent with the 5-year smoking trend in REACH 2010 Asian communities reported previously (15). These improvements are greater than the national decreasing trend in smoking (25.5% in 2001 and 19.6% in 2009). Although an increase occurred in the percentage of adults who met physical activity recommendations in the nation for men (from 49.6% to 52.4%) and women (from 42.9% to 47.8%), the increase was larger among REACH communities during the same time period. Among men, the median percentage increased from 36.2% to 43.8% in blacks, from 35.1% to 45.8% in Hispanics, from 24.1% to 39.8% in A/PIs, and from 42.9% to 47.9% in AIs. Among women, the corresponding median percentage increased from 25.6% to 34.6% in blacks, 33.7% to 44.7% in Hispanics, 17.3% to 40.5% in A/PIs, and 35.9% to 44.9% in AIs, respectively. Similar trends also were observed in fruit and vegetable intake (data not reported). Improvements in the measures of health care and preventive services were also evident in these communities. For example, fewer than half of Hispanics who reported having hypertension were taking medication for high blood pressure in the 2001 REACH 2010 survey; although still lower than the national level, this percentage increased to more than two thirds in the 2009 REACH U.S. survey. The vaccination rate for pneumonia increased from 50.5% to 60.5% in black communities, from 46.0% to 58.5% in Hispanic communities, from 37.5% to 59.7% in A/PI communities, and from 67.3% to 78.7% in AI communities. Racial and ethnic health disparities have long been recognized and actions have been called for to close the gap (16,17). Many improvements in health indicators have occurred during the past decade in minority communities (6). However, vital statistics data indicate that black-white mortality disparities widened during 1990--2005 in certain diseases (e.g., heart disease, breast cancer, and diabetes) at the national level, especially in such urban areas as Chicago (18).

Limitations

The findings in this report are subject to at least eight limitations. First, because minority populations are not homogeneous, substantial ethnic, cultural, and social diversity exists within any racial/ethnic minority population. For example, Haitian Americans were grouped under blacks. Hispanics comprised multiple diverse subpopulations (e.g., Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and Dominicans). A/PIs consisted of Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders, and various Asian populations (e.g., Chinese, Koreans, Vietnamese, Cambodians, and Filipinos). Second, because AIs were sampled in only four different communities, the data reported might not represent AIs from other communities in the United States. Third, although the survey sampled an average of 900 adult residents in each community, sample sizes in certain communities (e.g., Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina, and Intertribal Council of Michigan) were relatively small. Fourth, certain communities included multiple racial/ethnic populations, reducing the sample size for each minority population. Sample size was reduced further when prevalence estimates were limited to women, specific ages (e.g., age ≥65 years), or those with certain chronic conditions (e.g., diabetes). As a result of limited sample size, estimated confidence intervals were wide for certain health indicators in certain communities. Fifth, the response rates of the telephone and questionnaire mailing components of this survey were somewhat low. The survey aimed to collect representative samples from each racial/ethnic minority population surveyed. Respondents were weighted according to age and gender distribution of the minority population in the community and accounted for varying inclusion probabilities among them. Approximately 42% of the mail questionnaire respondents reported having only cellular phones or no phone service. When compared with national data for each racial/ethnic population, participants in the REACH Risk Factor Survey tended to have lower income and educational attainment. This most likely reflects the lower socioeconomic status of the REACH communities along with the higher cellular phone coverage that was obtained in the REACH survey compared with the BRFSS. Sixth, because estimates were based on "having been told" and self-reported data and subject to recall errors/bias or social desirability effects, the prevalence of certain chronic conditions and use of preventive services might be under- or overestimated. Seventh, the questions used in this study related to physical activity were appropriate to evaluate the percentage of persons who met an earlier physical activity recommendation (12) but not the most current 2008 guideline (19). Finally, the prevalence estimates for small area (i.e., MMSA and county) might not be the same as those reported here if other statistical methods (e.g., Bayesian methodology) are used.

Despite these limitations, the REACH U.S. survey has multiple strengths. Unlike previous national or state-based surveys, it is the largest community-based survey that focuses on multiple minority populations in the United States. The use of an address-based sampling design, which included multiple data collection modes (telephone, mailing, and in-person interviews), enabled the survey to reach those without telephones or with only cellular phones. The survey was conducted from a single center using a uniform methodology across all communities. The questions used in the survey were identical to those used in BRFSS, thus allowing data from the two surveys to be compared.

Conclusion

Despite measurable improvements in the overall health of the nation including minority populations, the REACH U.S. Risk Factor Survey demonstrates that health disparities remain widespread among members of racial and ethnic minority populations. The data from this survey provide important information for assessing, prioritizing, and planning intervention efforts in each community. These results underscore the need for community-based approaches that include policy, systems, environmental, and individual-level changes. They also underscore the need to tailor prevention strategies to the needs of specific communities to eliminate health disparities. Continuing data collection is necessary for evaluating the effectiveness of the interventions and for enhancing existing programs and disseminating the lessons learned.

References

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  3. US Census Bureau, US interim projections by age, sex, race and Hispanic origin: 2000--2050. Available at http://www.census.gov/population/www/projections/usinterimproj. Accessed March 30, 2011.
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  6. CDC. REACHing across the divide: finding solutions to health disparities. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2007. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/reach/pdf/health_disparities_101607.pdf. Accessed March 30, 2011.
  7. CDC. At glance: racial and ethnic approaches to community health (REACH U.S.). Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2008. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/reach. Accessed March 30, 2011.
  8. Liao Y, Tucker P, Okoro CA, et al. REACH 2010 surveillance of health status in minority communities---United States, 2001--2002. MMWR 2004;53(No. SS-6).
  9. Blumberg SJ, Luke JV. Wireless substitution: early release of estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, July--December 2009. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/wireless201005.pdf Accessed March 30, 2011.
  10. CDC. Public health surveillance for behavioral risk factors in a changing environment. MMWR 2003;52(No. RR-9)
  11. Rosner B. Fundamentals of biostatistics. 5th ed. Pacific Grove, California: Duxbury Thomson Learning; 2000.
  12. Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, et al. Physical activity and public health: a recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA 1995;273:402--7.
  13. CDC. About the National Fruit and Vegetable Program. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2011. Available at http://www.fruitsandveggiesmatter.gov/health_professionals/about.html. Accessed March 30, 2011.
  14. Greenlund KJ, Keenan NL, Giles WH, et al. Public recognition of major signs and symptoms of heart attack: seventeen states and the US Virgin Islands, 2001. Am Heart J 2004;147:1010--6.
  15. Liao Y, Tsoh JY, Chen R, et al. Decreases in smoking prevalence in Asian communities served by the Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) Project. Am J Public Health 2010;100:853--60.
  16. US Department of Health and Human Service. Report of the Secretary's Task Force on Black and Minority Health. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services; 1985. Available at http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/assets/pdf/checked/1/ANDERSON.pdf. Accessed March 30, 2011.
  17. US Public Law 106-525. Minority Health and Health Disparities Research and Education Act of 2000. 106th Congress 2nd session, November 22, 2000.
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* As used in this report, "community" has two possible meanings, referring either to a locale (e.g., a community in Los Angeles county) or to members of an minority population (e.g., the Hispanic community). Unless preceded by the name of a racial/ethnic population group, the word should be understood as meaning a locale (e.g., a neighborhood or county) in which data were collected. On several occasions the word is used in the commonly accepted sense of meaning the entire city, county, state, or nation as opposed to a segment of the larger whole (e.g., "the health of the larger community").

Five communities whose targeted health priority was infant mortality were excluded because the design of the survey on adult populations was not appropriate to study issues related to infant mortality. An additional seven communities whose interventions were widely spread geographically were excluded because conducting the survey was not feasible.

§ Arizona, California, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington

Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin


TABLE 1. Geographic descriptions of the 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009 --- United States

Community

Community geography

BRFSS comparison area

Richmond, Virginia

12 census tracts in Richmond, Virginia

Richmond MMSA, Virginia

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Within the boundaries of four specific streets in West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

15 zip codes in southern West Virginia

West Virginia

Boston, Massachusetts

Greater Boston area

Boston--Quincy and Cambridge--Newton--Framingham MMSAs, Massachusetts

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

South Carolina

Fulton County, Georgia

23 census tracts in Fulton County, Atlanta, Georgia

Atlanta--Sandy Springs--Marietta MMSA, Georgia

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

11 census tracts in Cleveland, Ohio

Cleveland--Elyria--Mentor MMSA, Ohio

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

16 zip codes in south Los Angeles and 2 zip codes in Inglewood, California

Los Angeles--Long Beach--Glendale MMSA, California

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

5 neighborhoods around the City of Chicago, Illinois

Cook County, Illinois

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

4 neighborhoods in the Southeast Chicago, Illinois

Cook County, Illinois

South Los Angeles, California

20 zip codes in South Los Angeles, California

Los Angeles--Long Beach--Glendale MMSA, California

East Harlem, New York

25 census tracts in East Harlem, New York

New York--White Plains--Wayne MMSA, New York--New Jersey

Southwest Bronx, New York

4 zip codes in southwest Bronx, New York

New York--White Plains--Wayne MMSA, , New York--New Jersey

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

2 neighborhoods in Northwest Chicago, Illinois

Cook County, Illinois

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

8 census tracts in Gilroy, California

San Jose--Sunnyvale--Santa Clara MMSA, California

Pima County, Arizona

Pima County, Arizona

Pima County, Arizona

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

New Mexico

Lawrence, Massachusetts

Lawrence, Massachusetts

Essex County, Massachusetts

Seattle and King County, Washington

Seattle and King County, Washington

King County, Washington

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

79 zip codes in Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

Santa Ana--Anaheim--Irvine and Los Angeles--Long Beach--Glendale MMSAs, California

Special Service for Group, California

32 zip codes within Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

Santa Ana--Anaheim--Irvine and Los Angeles--Long Beach--Glendale MMSAs, California

Waianae, Hawaii

Waianae (zip code 96792), Hawaii

Honolulu County, Hawaii

New York City, New York

23 census tracts in New York City, New York

New York--White Plains--Wayne MMSA, New York--New Jersey

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

Entire Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

Santa Ana--Anaheim--Irvine and Los Angeles--Long Beach--Glendale MMSAs, California

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

2 zip codes in Jackson and Swain counties

North Carolina

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

11 counties in the southeast corners of Oklahoma

Oklahoma

Intertribal Council of Michigan

Tribal lands in 3 counties, Michigan

Michigan

Oklahoma

State of Oklahoma

Oklahoma

Abbreviations: MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area and A/PI = Asian/Pacific Islander.


TABLE 2. Number of respondents in the 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and the comparison population samples from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by sex and race/ethnicity --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. population samples

BRFSS

No. of respondents

MMSA/County/State*

Sex

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

Name

No.

Richmond, Virginia

Total

915

---

---

---

Richmond MMSA

2,497

Male

271

---

---

---

933

Female

644

---

---

---

1,564

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Total

907

---

---

---

Philadelphia County

4,210

Male

267

---

---

---

1,323

Female

640

---

---

---

2,887

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

Total

898

---

---

---

West Virginia

8,985

Male

327

---

---

---

3,428

Female

571

---

---

---

5,557

Boston, Massachusetts

Total

585

---

---

---

Boston--Quincy and Cambridge--Newton--Framingham MMSAs

23,001

Male

214

---

---

---

8,448

Female

371

---

---

---

14,553

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

Total

908

---

---

---

South Carolina

20,062

Male

270

---

---

---

7,445

Female

638

---

---

---

12,617

Fulton County, Georgia

Total

911

---

---

---

Atlanta--Sandy Springs--Marietta MMSA

7,709

Male

280

---

---

---

2,689

Female

631

---

---

---

5,020

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

Total

884

---

---

---

Cleveland--Elyria--Mentor MMSA

3,679

Male

267

---

---

---

1,342

Female

617

---

---

---

2,337

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

Total

1,144

---

---

---

Los Angeles--Long Beach--Glendale MMSA

7,041

Male

352

---

---

---

2,794

Female

792

---

---

---

4,247

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

Total

741

523

---

---

Cook County

5,245

Male

199

201

---

---

1,911

Female

542

322

---

---

3,334

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

Total

656

289

---

---

Cook County

5,245

Male

189

97

---

---

1,911

Female

467

192

---

---

3,334

South Los Angeles, California

Total

511

229

---

---

Los Angeles--Long Beach--Glendale MMSA

7,041

Male

163

92

---

---

2,794

Female

348

137

---

---

4,247

East Harlem, New York

Total

420

495

---

---

New York--White Plains--Wayne MMSA

12,629

Male

115

154

---

---

4,697

Female

305

341

---

---

7,932

Southwest Bronx, New York

Total

527

424

---

---

New York--White Plains--Wayne MMSA

12,629

Male

176

139

---

---

4,697

Female

351

285

---

---

7,932

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

Total

296

273

---

---

Cook County

5,245

Male

96

96

---

---

1,911

Female

200

177

---

---

3,334

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

Total

---

945

---

---

San Jose--Sunnyvale--Santa Clara MMSA

1,492

Male

---

362

---

---

657

Female

---

583

---

---

835

Pima County, Arizona

Total

---

1,073

---

---

Pima County

2,255

Male

---

413

---

---

857

Female

---

660

---

---

1,398

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

Total

---

907

---

---

New Mexico

15,064

Male

---

333

---

---

5,837

Female

---

574

---

---

9,227

Lawrence, Massachusetts

Total

---

914

---

---

Essex County

8,079

Male

---

332

---

---

2,875

Female

---

582

---

---

5,204

Seattle and King County, Washington

Total

139

187

624

---

King County

11,184

Male

48

96

310

---

4,459

Female

91

91

314

---

6,725


TABLE 2. (Continued) Number of respondents in the 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and the comparison population samples from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by sex and race/ethnicity --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. population samples

BRFSS

No. of respondents

MMSA/County/State*

Sex

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

Name

Number

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

Total

99

768

99

---

Santa Ana--Anaheim--Irvine and Los Angeles--Long Beach--Glendale MMSAs

7,041

Male

35

282

36

---

2,794

Female

64

486

63

---

4,247

Special Service for Group, California

Total

---

---

835

---

Santa Ana--Anaheim--Irvine and Los Angeles--Long Beach--Glendale MMSAs

7,041

Male

---

---

414

---

2,794

Female

---

---

421

---

4,247

Waianae, Hawaii

Total

---

---

901

---

Honolulu County

8,931

Male

---

---

340

---

3,656

Female

---

---

561

---

5,275

New York City, New York

Total

---

---

900

---

New York--White Plains--Wayne MMSA

12,629

Male

---

---

407

---

4,697

Female

---

---

493

---

7,932

Orange County AP/I Community Alliance, California

Total

---

---

731

---

Santa Ana--Anaheim--Irvine and Los Angeles--Long Beach--Glendale MMSAs

7,041

Male

---

---

326

---

2,794

Female

---

---

405

---

4,247

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

Total

---

---

---

228

North Carolina

29,112

Male

---

---

---

93

10,977

Female

---

---

---

135

18,135

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

Total

---

---

---

1,052

Oklahoma

15,658

Male

---

---

---

395

5,604

Female

---

---

---

657

10,054

Intertribal Council of Michigan

Total

---

---

---

349

Michigan

18,708

Male

---

---

---

146

6,956

Female

---

---

---

203

11,752

Oklahoma

Total

---

---

---

830

Oklahoma

15,658

Male

---

---

---

331

5,604

Female

---

---

---

499

10,054

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Data for MMSAs and counties are from survey years 2007--2009; data for states are from survey years 2008--2009.

Not applicable.


TABLE 3. Percentage of adults who reported having less than a high school education, in 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and in the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by race/ethnicity and sex --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. racial/ethnic populations

BRFSS

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

MMSA/County/State

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

Men

Richmond, Virginia

25.3

(20.5--30.8)

---*

---

---

---

---

---

7.0

(5.0-- 9.9)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

19.8

(15.3--25.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

12.8

(9.2--17.3)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

7.8

(5.0--12.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

14.3

(13.0--15.8)

Boston, Massachusetts

24.3

(18.3--31.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

6.0

(5.2-- 7.0)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

18.4

(13.7--24.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

12.0

(10.8--13.3)

Fulton County, Georgia

15.5

(11.6--20.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

6.9

(5.4-- 8.8)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

17.8

(13.2--23.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

8.5

(6.4--11.2)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

8.5

(5.5--13.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

23.1

(20.8--25.6)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

16.3

(10.9--23.6)

23.8

(17.9--30.8)

---

---

---

---

10.3

(8.5--12.4)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

10.7

(6.7--16.7)

22.7

(14.7--33.5)

---

---

---

---

10.3

(8.5--12.4)

South Los Angeles, California

9.5

(5.0--17.3)

40.4

(29.1--52.9)

---

---

---

---

23.1

(20.8--25.6)

East Harlem, New York

23.0

(15.7--32.4)

35.4

(27.5--44.3)

---

---

---

---

12.3

(10.8--14.0)

Southwest Bronx, New York

19.4

(13.4--27.2)

34.2

(25.6--44.1)

---

---

---

---

12.3

(10.8--14.0)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

18.2

(11.9--26.9)

18.7

(11.5--28.9)

---

---

---

---

10.3

(8.5--12.4)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

30.3

(25.4--35.6)

---

---

---

---

11.8

(8.3--16.3)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

17.1

(13.5--21.6)

---

---

---

---

6.7

(4.7-- 9.5)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

15.1

(11.3--19.8)

---

---

---

---

12.8

(11.4--14.3)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

41.2

(35.4--47.3)

---

---

---

---

9.3

(7.4--11.6)

Seattle and King County, Washington

8.3

(2.9--21.4)

28.6

(19.8--39.4)

6.0

(3.8-- 9.4)

---

---

5.4

(4.4-- 6.6)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

3.6

(0.9--14.2)

30.8

(25.4--36.8)

1.7

(0.2--11.0)

---

---

23.1

(20.8--25.6)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

5.6

(3.5-- 8.9)

---

---

23.1

(20.8--25.6)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

8.9

(6.2--12.5)

---

---

4.4

(3.6-- 5.3)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

21.3

(17.4--25.8)

---

---

12.3

(10.8--14.0)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

6.6

(4.3--10.0)

---

---

23.1

(20.8--25.6)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

18.0

(11.6--26.8)

16.0

(14.7--17.4)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

15.7

(12.1--20.2)

13.1

(11.8--14.5)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

20.8

(14.5--28.9)

6.5

(5.8-- 7.4)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

20.1

(14.9--26.4)

13.1

(11.8--14.5)

Median

17.1

---

29.5

---

6.3

---

19.1

---

8.5

---

Low

3.6

---

15.1

---

1.7

---

15.7

---

4.5

---

High

25.3

---

41.2

---

21.3

---

20.8

---

20.7

---

Women

Richmond, Virginia

27.2

(23.9--30.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

4.9

(3.8-- 6.3)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

15.3

(12.8--18.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

10.5

(8.6--12.6)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

7.8

(5.8--10.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

13.5

(12.5--14.7)

Boston, Massachusetts

25.8

(21.3--31.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

5.4

(4.8-- 6.0)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

16.6

(14.0--19.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

11.6

(10.7--12.5)

Fulton County, Georgia

15.4

(12.9--18.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

7.1

(6.1-- 8.3)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

18.2

(15.3--21.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

4.3

(3.4-- 5.4)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

6.0

(4.6-- 7.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

22.9

(21.1--24.9)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

13.5

(10.7--16.9)

30.4

(25.3--36.0)

---

---

---

---

7.9

(6.7-- 9.2)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

5.1

(3.4-- 7.6)

19.2

(14.3--25.3)

---

---

---

---

7.9

(6.7-- 9.2)

South Los Angeles, California

7.1

(4.5--11.0)

43.2

(32.9--54.0)

---

---

---

---

22.9

(21.1--24.9)

East Harlem, New York

19.1

(14.6--24.5)

38.1

(33.0--43.5)

---

---

---

---

11.8

(10.7--13.1)

Southwest Bronx, New York

17.0

(13.1--21.7)

32.5

(26.4--39.4)

---

---

---

---

11.8

(10.7--13.1)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

16.3

(11.4--22.7)

24.6

(18.6--31.6)

---

---

---

---

7.9

(6.7-- 9.2)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

33.8

(29.8--38.0)

---

---

---

---

14.8

(11.3--19.2)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

20.3

(17.2--23.8)

---

---

---

---

6.8

(5.2-- 8.9)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

21.3

(17.8--25.2)

---

---

---

---

12.2

(11.2--13.2)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

39.4

(35.1--43.8)

---

---

---

---

7.6

(6.4-- 9.1)

Seattle and King County, Washington

7.8

(3.8--15.5)

28.0

(19.2--38.9)

9.8

(7.0--13.7)

---

---

4.9

(4.1-- 5.9)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

4.9

(1.6--14.2)

42.7

(38.2--47.3)

1.4

(0.2-- 9.2)

---

---

22.9

(21.1--24.9)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

8.8

(6.3--12.2)

---

---

22.9

(21.1--24.9)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

6.9

(5.0-- 9.4)

---

---

4.9

(4.3-- 5.7)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

27.1

(23.2--31.3)

---

---

11.8

(10.7--13.1)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

10.2

(7.4--13.9)

---

---

22.9

(21.1--24.9)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

15.8

(10.7--22.7)

12.5

(11.7--13.3)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

10.3

(8.2--13.0)

12.2

(11.4--13.0)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

10.7

(7.3--15.5)

6.2

(5.6-- 6.9)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

13.2

(10.1--17.1)

12.2

(11.4--13.0)

Median

15.4

---

31.5

---

9.3

---

12.0

---

7.5

---

Low

4.9

---

19.2

---

1.4

---

10.3

---

3.6

---

High

27.2

---

43.2

---

27.1

---

15.8

---

19.6

---

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, CI = confidence interval, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Not applicable.

Data from 2009 BRFSS from the 50 states and the District of Columbia.


TABLE 4. Percentage of adults who reported having an annual household income of <$25,000, in 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and in the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by race/ethnicity and sex --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. racial/ethnic populations

BRFSS

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

MMSA/County/State

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

Men

Richmond, Virginia

49.9

(43.1--56.7)

---*

---

---

---

---

---

14.1

(11.0--18.0)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

52.2

(45.3--59.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

28.0

(22.9--33.7)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

36.0

(29.9--42.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

25.5

(23.7--27.4)

Boston, Massachusetts

41.6

(33.7--49.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

15.8

(14.4--17.3)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

47.9

(40.8--55.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

23.5

(21.8--25.3)

Fulton County, Georgia

46.2

(40.0--52.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

13.3

(11.3--15.6)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

54.6

(47.8--61.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

18.9

(16.0--22.2)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

38.6

(32.4--45.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

32.9

(30.2--35.7)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

50.6

(41.9--59.3)

41.3

(33.5--49.7)

---

---

---

---

23.7

(21.0--26.6)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

40.9

(32.7--49.8)

25.4

(16.7--36.7)

---

---

---

---

23.7

(21.0--26.6)

South Los Angeles, California

35.8

(26.5--46.3)

54.1

(42.2--65.6)

---

---

---

---

32.9

(30.2--35.7)

East Harlem, New York

42.9

(33.3--53.0)

56.7

(47.6--65.4)

---

---

---

---

23.2

(21.3--25.2)

Southwest Bronx, New York

46.9

(38.2--55.9)

61.8

(51.1--71.5)

---

---

---

---

23.2

(21.3--25.2)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

44.2

(33.1--55.9)

47.4

(36.2--58.9)

---

---

---

---

23.7

(21.0--26.6)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

38.4

(33.0--44.2)

---

---

---

---

16.6

(12.6--21.5)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

32.8

(27.5--38.7)

---

---

---

---

22.7

(18.6--27.5)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

36.7

(31.0--42.8)

---

---

---

---

28.9

(27.1--30.9)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

55.7

(49.5--61.7)

---

---

---

---

16.2

(13.9--18.7)

Seattle and King County, Washington

22.7

(11.7--39.5)

43.4

(33.0--54.4)

12.1

(8.4--17.1)

---

---

13.1

(11.7--14.7)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

20.6

(11.1--35.1)

47.8

(41.5--54.1)

26.1

(12.4--47.0)

---

---

32.9

(30.2--35.7)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

29.2

(24.1--34.9)

---

---

32.9

(30.2--35.7)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

28.2

(23.5--33.5)

---

---

11.8

(10.5--13.2)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

41.6

(36.3--47.1)

---

---

23.2

(21.3--25.2)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

21.0

(15.8--27.3)

---

---

32.9

(30.2--35.7)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

42.0

(31.8--52.9)

26.8

(25.2--28.4)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

41.2

(35.6--47.1)

29.5

(27.8--31.2)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

40.9

(32.6--49.7)

20.5

(19.2--21.9)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

45.3

(38.7--52.0)

29.5

(27.8--31.2)

Median

43.6

---

45.4

---

27.2

---

41.6

---

21.3

---

Low

20.6

---

25.4

---

12.1

---

40.9

---

12.0

---

High

54.6

---

61.8

---

41.6

---

45.3

---

36.0

---

Women

Richmond, Virginia

64.2

(60.2--68.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

14.9

(12.6--17.5)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

58.1

(53.9--62.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

38.3

(34.6--42.1)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

46.4

(41.9--51.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

33.1

(31.6--34.7)

Boston, Massachusetts

44.1

(38.0--50.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

19.1

(18.1--20.1)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

57.4

(52.8--61.8)

---

---

---

---

---

---

31.1

(29.6--32.6)

Fulton County, Georgia

58.6

(53.9--63.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

22.4

(20.6--24.4)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

64.5

(60.3--68.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

26.9

(24.4--29.4)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

40.1

(36.0--44.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

40.8

(38.6--43.0)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

49.7

(44.7--54.8)

47.9

(41.8--54.1)

---

---

---

---

29.1

(27.1--31.3)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

45.5

(40.4--50.8)

41.1

(33.5--49.1)

---

---

---

---

29.1

(27.1--31.3)

South Los Angeles, California

41.6

(34.8--48.7)

72.1

(61.9--80.4)

---

---

---

---

40.8

(38.6--43.0)

East Harlem, New York

51.3

(45.2--57.3)

69.9

(64.3--75.0)

---

---

---

---

30.7

(29.1--32.4)

Southwest Bronx, New York

55.0

(48.3--61.6)

70.8

(63.9--76.8)

---

---

---

---

30.7

(29.1--32.4)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

55.9

(47.9--63.6)

47.1

(38.5--55.8)

---

---

---

---

29.1

(27.1--31.3)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

44.0

(39.7--48.5)

---

---

---

---

21.6

(17.6--26.1)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

39.9

(35.8--44.1)

---

---

---

---

25.0

(21.6--28.7)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

48.5

(43.8--53.2)

---

---

---

---

35.4

(33.8--37.1)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

67.5

(62.9--71.8)

---

---

---

---

22.7

(20.7--24.9)

Seattle and King County, Washington

35.2

(25.2--46.8)

47.9

(36.7--59.2)

19.2

(14.7--24.8)

---

---

14.3

(13.1--15.6)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

35.7

(24.2--49.0)

65.5

(60.8--69.9)

23.6

(14.4--36.1)

---

---

40.8

(38.6--43.0)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

31.5

(26.9--36.6)

---

---

40.8

(38.6--43.0)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

31.8

(27.7--36.1)

---

---

17.6

(16.3--19.0)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

46.9

(42.3--51.5)

---

---

30.7

(29.1--32.4)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

22.2

(17.7--27.5)

---

---

40.8

(38.6--43.0)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

44.6

(36.2--53.4)

30.7

(29.4--32.0)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

46.2

(41.9--50.6)

34.7

(33.4--35.9)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

40.2

(33.5--47.4)

25.6

(24.4--26.8)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

42.6

(37.6--47.8)

34.7

(33.4--35.9)

Median

50.5

---

48.2

---

27.6

---

43.6

---

26.4

---

Low

35.2

---

39.9

---

19.2

---

40.2

---

16.3

---

High

64.5

---

72.1

---

46.9

---

46.2

---

42.1

---

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, CI = confidence interval, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Not applicable.

Data from 2009 BRFSS from the 50 states and the District of Columbia.


TABLE 5. Percentage of adults who reported having no health care coverage, in 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and in the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by race/ethnicity and sex --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. racial/ethnic populations

BRFSS

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

MMSA/County/State

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

Men

Richmond, Virginia

24.9

(19.4--31.4)

---*

---

---

---

---

---

10.3

(7.7--13.8)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

22.7

(17.5--28.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

17.8

(13.4--23.2)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

28.5

(22.5--35.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

18.7

(16.9--20.6)

Boston, Massachusetts

18.7

(13.1--26.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

6.0

(5.1-- 7.0)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

31.3

(24.8--38.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

19.0

(17.3--20.7)

Fulton County, Georgia

37.7

(31.6--44.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

15.2

(12.8--18.0)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

30.5

(24.5--37.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

11.1

(8.8--14.0)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

25.3

(19.5--32.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

19.0

(16.8--21.3)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

38.4

(30.5--46.9)

39.1

(31.6--47.1)

---

---

---

---

20.6

(17.9--23.6)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

37.3

(29.2--46.1)

29.2

(19.2--41.6)

---

---

---

---

20.6

(17.9--23.6)

South Los Angeles, California

26.0

(17.6--36.7)

43.9

(32.7--55.6)

---

---

---

---

19.0

(16.8--21.3)

East Harlem, New York

16.9

(10.7--25.5)

37.0

(28.8--45.9)

---

---

---

---

17.2

(15.5--19.1)

Southwest Bronx, New York

22.3

(15.4--31.1)

21.3

(13.7--31.6)

---

---

---

---

17.2

(15.5--19.1)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

27.3

(18.2--38.7)

29.2

(20.2--40.1)

---

---

---

---

20.6

(17.9--23.6)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

27.5

(22.5--33.2)

---

---

---

---

10.2

(7.1--14.4)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

22.3

(17.5--27.9)

---

---

---

---

16.6

(13.0--21.0)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

20.9

(16.1--26.6)

---

---

---

---

20.9

(19.1--22.7)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

21.5

(16.7--27.3)

---

---

---

---

6.8

(5.1-- 9.0)

Seattle and King County, Washington

17.6

(9.5--30.1)

51.2

(41.9--60.4)

14.8

(10.6--20.2)

---

---

11.5

(10.2--13.1)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

21.6

(10.1--40.3)

43.2

(37.1--49.5)

16.0

(7.2--31.9)

---

---

19.0

(16.8--21.3)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

19.7

(15.3--25.0)

---

---

19.0

(16.8--21.3)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

14.8

(11.0--19.6)

---

---

6.9

(5.7-- 8.2)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

13.9

(10.5--18.1)

---

---

17.2

(15.5--19.1)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

13.2

(9.2--18.5)

---

---

19.0

(16.8--21.3)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

18.9

(12.2--28.2)

19.9

(18.5--21.5)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

30.9

(25.4--37.0)

19.7

(18.2--21.3)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

26.4

(19.3--35.0)

15.2

(13.9--16.6)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

36.5

(30.1--43.4)

19.7

(18.2--21.3)

Median

25.7

---

29.2

---

14.8

---

28.7

---

16.5

---

Low

16.9

---

20.9

---

13.2

---

18.9

---

7.1

---

High

38.4

---

51.2

---

19.7

---

36.5

---

25.4

---

Women

Richmond, Virginia

17.1

(14.1--20.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

7.0

(5.2-- 9.4)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

16.6

(13.5--20.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

10.6

(8.5--13.2)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

19.0

(15.4--23.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

15.1

(13.8--16.4)

Boston, Massachusetts

10.2

(7.0--14.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

3.5

(3.0-- 4.0)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

26.1

(22.1--30.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

15.0

(13.9--16.2)

Fulton County, Georgia

30.3

(26.3--34.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

14.4

(12.8--16.1)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

18.3

(15.2--21.8)

---

---

---

---

---

---

9.6

(7.9--11.6)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

15.9

(12.9--19.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

18.7

(17.0--20.5)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

19.1

(15.4--23.5)

38.5

(32.6--44.7)

---

---

---

---

14.3

(12.6--16.1)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

19.4

(15.4--24.2)

29.4

(22.3--37.7)

---

---

---

---

14.3

(12.6--16.1)

South Los Angeles, California

17.3

(12.6--23.5)

44.4

(35.3--53.8)

---

---

---

---

18.7

(17.0--20.5)

East Harlem, New York

14.2

(10.5--18.8)

20.1

(15.8--25.2)

---

---

---

---

13.1

(11.8--14.4)

Southwest Bronx, New York

14.4

(10.2--19.9)

16.2

(11.1--22.9)

---

---

---

---

13.1

(11.8--14.4)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

23.6

(17.3--31.4)

34.3

(26.9--42.6)

---

---

---

---

14.3

(12.6--16.1)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

21.0

(17.5--25.0)

---

---

---

---

8.5

(5.9--12.1)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

20.3

(16.8--24.4)

---

---

---

---

11.3

(9.0--14.2)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

17.2

(13.8--21.3)

---

---

---

---

18.6

(17.2--20.0)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

11.4

(8.8--14.6)

---

---

---

---

3.9

(3.2-- 4.8)

Seattle and King County, Washington

20.8

(12.9--31.8)

41.7

(31.0--53.1)

15.8

(11.4--21.4)

---

---

9.1

(8.1--10.3)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

10.7

(4.8--22.0)

39.9

(35.4--44.6)

17.4

(10.4--27.5)

---

---

18.7

(17.0--20.5)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

15.5

(11.8--20.2)

---

---

18.7

(17.0--20.5)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

10.0

(7.4--13.2)

---

---

4.7

(3.9-- 5.8)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

13.2

(10.3--16.7)

---

---

13.1

(11.8--14.4)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

14.8

(11.2--19.3)

---

---

18.7

(17.0--20.5)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

32.4

(24.2--41.8)

16.1

(15.0--17.2)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

25.1

(21.4--29.3)

19.0

(17.9--20.1)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

14.5

(10.2--20.2)

10.2

(9.4--11.1)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

28.2

(23.6--33.2)

19.0

(17.9--20.1)

Median

17.8

---

25.2

---

15.2

---

26.7

---

12.4

---

Low

10.2

---

11.4

---

10.0

---

14.5

---

3.6

---

High

30.3

---

44.4

---

17.4

---

32.4

---

25.0

---

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, CI = confidence interval, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Not applicable.

Data from 2009 BRFSS from the 50 states and the District of Columbia.


TABLE 6. Percentage of adults who had had a time when they could not see a doctor during the previous 12 months because of the cost, in 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and in the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by race/ethnicity and sex --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. racial/ethnic populations

BRFSS

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

MMSA/County/State

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

Men

Richmond, Virginia

23.6

(18.2--30.0)

---*

---

---

---

---

---

9.6

(6.9--13.4)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

21.9

(17.1--27.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

14.0

(10.2--18.9)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

23.6

(18.1--30.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

16.2

(14.6--17.9)

Boston, Massachusetts

13.6

(9.0--20.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

5.6

(4.8-- 6.5)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

15.1

(10.8--20.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

13.5

(12.1--14.9)

Fulton County, Georgia

24.5

(19.2--30.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

12.4

(10.2--14.9)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

18.1

(13.5--23.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

10.9

(8.6--13.7)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

18.8

(14.0--24.8)

---

---

---

---

---

---

14.6

(12.7--16.7)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

20.3

(14.2--28.2)

21.7

(16.0--28.8)

---

---

---

---

15.2

(13.0--17.7)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

20.8

(14.9--28.2)

21.8

(14.1--32.1)

---

---

---

---

15.2

(13.0--17.7)

South Los Angeles, California

20.2

(12.8--30.5)

31.4

(21.2--43.7)

---

---

---

---

14.6

(12.7--16.7)

East Harlem, New York

17.2

(11.1--25.8)

23.5

(17.0--31.6)

---

---

---

---

13.8

(12.3--15.4)

Southwest Bronx, New York

14.2

(8.9--21.8)

19.5

(12.7--28.9)

---

---

---

---

13.8

(12.3--15.4)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

12.0

(6.1--22.4)

23.5

(15.1--34.6)

---

---

---

---

15.2

(13.0--17.7)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

21.6

(17.3--26.5)

---

---

---

---

9.1

(6.4--12.8)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

20.8

(16.2--26.2)

---

---

---

---

10.1

(7.6--13.2)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

20.3

(15.9--25.6)

---

---

---

---

14.2

(12.8--15.8)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

21.6

(16.7--27.3)

---

---

---

---

6.3

(4.8-- 8.2)

Seattle and King County, Washington

20.0

(10.5--34.8)

23.1

(13.8--36.1)

11.6

(8.2--16.2)

---

---

8.5

(7.3-- 9.9)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

20.0

(9.4--37.6)

24.9

(19.8--30.8)

6.8

(2.1--19.4)

---

---

14.6

(12.7--16.7)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

13.5

(9.8--18.2)

---

---

14.6

(12.7--16.7)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

8.3

(5.6--12.1)

---

---

4.9

(4.0-- 5.8)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

9.5

(6.9--12.9)

---

---

13.8

(12.3--15.4)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

11.6

(8.0--16.7)

---

---

14.6

(12.7--16.7)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

5.8

(2.4--13.4)

14.5

(13.3--15.8)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

19.6

(15.3--24.8)

14.7

(13.4--16.1)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

17.4

(11.8--24.9)

12.4

(11.3--13.6)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

20.2

(15.3--26.2)

14.7

(13.4--16.1)

Median

20.0

---

21.8

---

10.6

---

18.5

---

12.2

---

Low

12.0

---

19.5

---

6.8

---

5.8

---

4.7

---

High

24.5

---

31.4

---

13.5

---

20.2

---

18.3

---

Women

Richmond, Virginia

20.6

(17.5--24.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

9.7

(7.9--11.8)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

20.2

(17.0--24.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

14.4

(11.8--17.4)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

21.0

(17.6--24.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

19.6

(18.3--21.0)

Boston, Massachusetts

16.6

(12.8--21.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

6.3

(5.6-- 7.1)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

25.4

(21.8--29.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

18.6

(17.4--19.8)

Fulton County, Georgia

30.3

(26.3--34.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

18.5

(16.9--20.2)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

21.1

(17.9--24.8)

---

---

---

---

---

---

12.2

(10.4--14.2)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

19.9

(16.6--23.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

19.7

(18.1--21.5)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

18.0

(14.3--22.4)

32.6

(27.0--38.8)

---

---

---

---

15.7

(14.0--17.5)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

22.6

(18.4--27.5)

24.8

(18.3--32.6)

---

---

---

---

15.7

(14.0--17.5)

South Los Angeles, California

14.6

(10.2--20.4)

33.8

(24.3--44.8)

---

---

---

---

19.7

(18.1--21.5)

East Harlem, New York

15.3

(11.5--19.9)

22.2

(18.0--27.1)

---

---

---

---

15.4

(14.2--16.7)

Southwest Bronx, New York

12.9

(9.1--18.0)

22.2

(17.0--28.5)

---

---

---

---

15.4

(14.2--16.7)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

18.1

(12.8--25.0)

29.3

(22.6--37.0)

---

---

---

---

15.7

(14.0--17.5)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

26.3

(22.6--30.4)

---

---

---

---

13.9

(10.8--17.7)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

23.4

(19.9--27.2)

---

---

---

---

14.1

(11.6--16.9)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

22.8

(19.0--27.0)

---

---

---

---

18.1

(16.9--19.4)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

21.4

(17.9--25.2)

---

---

---

---

7.6

(6.5-- 9.0)

Seattle and King County, Washington

23.4

(14.5--35.5)

29.7

(20.2--41.5)

11.9

(8.4--16.5)

---

---

11.6

(10.4--12.8)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

13.2

(7.0--23.6)

35.3

(31.0--40.0)

23.0

(14.0--35.5)

---

---

19.7

(18.1--21.5)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

13.7

(10.4--17.9)

---

---

19.7

(18.1--21.5)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

13.7

(10.9--17.0)

---

---

6.2

(5.3-- 7.1)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

14.3

(11.3--17.8)

---

---

15.4

(14.2--16.7)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

15.5

(12.1--19.7)

---

---

19.7

(18.1--21.5)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

13.0

(8.2--20.1)

19.0

(18.0--20.0)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

21.3

(17.8--25.2)

20.7

(19.7--21.8)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

18.0

(13.2--24.0)

14.0

(13.1--14.9)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

23.2

(19.0--28.0)

20.7

(19.7--21.8)

Median

20.1

---

25.6

---

14.0

---

19.7

---

14.7

---

Low

12.9

---

21.4

---

11.9

---

13.0

---

7.0

---

High

30.3

---

35.3

---

23.0

---

23.2

---

24.3

---

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, CI = confidence interval, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Not applicable.

Data from 2009 BRFSS from the 50 states and the District of Columbia.


TABLE 7. Percentage of adults who are obese,* in 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and in the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by race/ethnicity and sex --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. racial/ethnic populations

BRFSS

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

MMSA/County/State

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

Men

Richmond, Virginia

32.3

(26.4--38.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

28.6

(24.5--33.0)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

29.2

(23.7--35.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

29.4

(24.5--34.8)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

41.6

(35.3--48.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

31.8

(30.0--33.7)

Boston, Massachusetts

19.3

(13.5--26.8)

---

---

---

---

---

---

22.1

(20.8--23.5)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

30.8

(24.9--37.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

29.8

(28.0--31.6)

Fulton County, Georgia

21.9

(17.2--27.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

25.4

(23.0--28.0)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

28.9

(23.4--35.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

28.4

(25.4--31.7)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

31.7

(25.9--38.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

24.1

(21.7--26.6)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

28.8

(22.0--36.6)

33.9

(26.8--41.7)

---

---

---

---

27.0

(24.4--29.8)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

36.8

(29.2--45.0)

45.0

(34.4--56.0)

---

---

---

---

27.0

(24.4--29.8)

South Los Angeles, California

40.4

(31.2--50.4)

28.2

(18.6--40.2)

---

---

---

---

24.1

(21.7--26.6)

East Harlem, New York

24.9

(17.5--34.2)

32.0

(24.1--41.1)

---

---

---

---

21.8

(20.1--23.6)

Southwest Bronx, New York

27.1

(20.5--35.0)

25.9

(18.2--35.4)

---

---

---

---

21.8

(20.1--23.6)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

32.4

(22.6--44.0)

35.1

(25.0--46.6)

---

---

---

---

27.0

(24.4--29.8)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

28.4

(23.9--33.4)

---

---

---

---

17.7

(14.4--21.7)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

36.9

(31.5--42.6)

---

---

---

---

28.0

(23.9--32.6)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

30.6

(25.4--36.4)

---

---

---

---

25.7

(24.0--27.5)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

25.1

(20.3--30.6)

---

---

---

---

25.5

(22.8--28.4)

Seattle and King County, Washington

29.3

(17.2--45.3)

32.3

(22.1--44.6)

10.9

(7.7--15.4)

---

---

22.0

(20.5--23.6)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

13.0

(5.0--30.0)

32.0

(26.5--38.0)

20.4

(8.4--41.7)

---

---

24.1

(21.7--26.6)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

9.6

(6.6--13.7)

---

---

24.1

(21.7--26.6)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

45.3

(39.9--50.9)

---

---

24.5

(22.8--26.3)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

8.7

(6.2--12.1)

---

---

21.8

(20.1--23.6)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

4.8

(2.8--8.1)

---

---

24.1

(21.7--26.6)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

53.6

(43.1--63.9)

29.9

(28.4--31.4)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

39.4

(33.8--45.2)

32.5

(30.8--34.1)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

43.1

(35.0--51.7)

30.3

(28.9--31.8)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

49.3

(42.8--55.8)

32.5

(30.8--34.1)

Median

29.3

---

32.0

---

10.3

---

46.2

---

28.6§

---

Low

13.0

---

25.1

---

4.8

---

39.4

---

15.8§

---

High

41.6

---

45.0

---

45.3

---

53.6

---

35.0§

---

Women

Richmond, Virginia

45.1

(41.0--49.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

27.2

(24.1--30.4)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

46.6

(42.6--50.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

32.4

(29.0--36.0)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

47.3

(42.7--51.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

31.8

(30.3--33.4)

Boston, Massachusetts

32.5

(27.1--38.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

17.9

(16.9--18.9)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

48.9

(44.5--53.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

30.9

(29.5--32.4)

Fulton County, Georgia

38.8

(34.4--43.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

23.6

(22.0--25.3)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

45.9

(41.7--50.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

26.4

(24.2--28.8)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

38.7

(34.8--42.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

23.9

(22.1--25.7)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

52.1

(47.2--57.0)

42.3

(36.0--48.7)

---

---

---

---

26.6

(24.7--28.7)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

48.8

(43.7--53.9)

51.2

(43.4--59.0)

---

---

---

---

26.6

(24.7--28.7)

South Los Angeles, California

46.3

(39.4--53.3)

33.7

(23.7--45.5)

---

---

---

---

23.9

(22.1--25.7)

East Harlem, New York

40.1

(34.7--45.9)

42.4

(36.9--48.0)

---

---

---

---

22.4

(21.1--23.8)

Southwest Bronx, New York

44.2

(37.8--50.7)

31.2

(25.2--37.8)

---

---

---

---

22.4

(21.1--23.8)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

44.2

(36.6--52.1)

39.8

(32.0--48.2)

---

---

---

---

26.6

(24.7--28.7)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

36.6

(32.3--41.0)

---

---

---

---

22.2

(18.4--26.5)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

33.3

(29.5--37.4)

---

---

---

---

23.9

(20.8--27.2)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

35.9

(31.6--40.4)

---

---

---

---

25.6

(24.2--27.0)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

36.9

(32.7--41.3)

---

---

---

---

18.7

(16.8--20.7)

Seattle and King County, Washington

25.4

(16.9--36.3)

36.2

(25.8--48.0)

5.8

(3.7--9.1)

---

---

20.3

(19.0--21.6)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

39.3

(27.9--52.0)

41.9

(37.3--46.6)

8.6

(3.5--19.5)

---

---

23.9

(22.1--25.7)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

6.7

(4.5--10.0)

---

---

23.9

(22.1--25.7)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

38.2

(34.0--42.6)

---

---

19.9

(18.5--21.3)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

6.6

(4.6--9.2)

---

---

22.4

(21.1--23.8)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

4.5

(2.5--7.9)

---

---

23.9

(22.1--25.7)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

50.2

(41.5--58.9)

29.8

(28.6--31.0)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

35.1

(31.0--39.4)

30.6

(29.4--31.7)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

55.1

(48.0--62.0)

29.5

(28.4--30.7)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

40.7

(35.9--45.8)

30.6

(29.4--31.7)

Median

44.7

---

36.8

---

6.7

---

45.5

---

26.0§

---

Low

25.4

---

31.2

---

4.5

---

35.1

---

18.7§

---

High

52.1

---

51.2

---

38.2

---

55.1

---

36.0§

---

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, CI = confidence interval, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Body mass index≥30.0 kg/m2 based on self--reported height and weight.

Not applicable.

§ Data from 2009 BRFSS from the 50 states and the District of Columbia.


TABLE 8. Percentage of adults who currently smoke, in 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and in the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by race/ethnicity and sex --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. racial/ethnic populations

BRFSS

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

MMSA/County/State

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

Men

Richmond, Virginia

38.6

(32.4--45.2)

---*

---

---

---

---

---

21.0

(17.2--25.4)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

36.6

(30.6--43.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

29.9

(25.0--35.4)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

27.9

(22.2--34.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

26.8

(25.0--28.8)

Boston, Massachusetts

8.5

(4.7--15.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

15.5

(14.2--16.9)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

33.0

(26.5--40.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

21.5

(19.9--23.2)

Fulton County, Georgia

29.5

(24.0--35.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

18.0

(15.8--20.5)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

28.2

(22.6--34.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

17.7

(15.2--20.5)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

19.3

(14.5--25.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

16.0

(14.0--18.2)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

37.9

(30.2--46.3)

25.4

(19.2--32.7)

---

---

---

---

23.8

(21.2--26.6)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

28.0

(21.2--36.0)

34.4

(23.6--47.1)

---

---

---

---

23.8

(21.2--26.6)

South Los Angeles, California

26.2

(17.8--36.9)

17.7

(10.4--28.4)

---

---

---

---

16.0

(14.0--18.2)

East Harlem, New York

23.2

(16.1--32.2)

22.7

(16.0--31.1)

---

---

---

---

17.1

(15.5--18.8)

Southwest Bronx, New York

17.8

(12.6--24.5)

15.5

(10.4--22.6)

---

---

---

---

17.1

(15.5--18.8)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

34.9

(24.9--46.3)

20.0

(12.8--29.8)

---

---

---

---

23.8

(21.2--26.6)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

10.3

(7.2--14.4)

---

---

---

---

11.9

(8.8--15.9)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

17.5

(13.3--22.7)

---

---

---

---

19.4

(15.9--23.4)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

20.3

(15.4--26.2)

---

---

---

---

20.9

(19.3--22.6)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

15.0

(11.2--19.8)

---

---

---

---

16.5

(14.1--19.2)

Seattle and King County, Washington

17.7

(8.7--32.5)

14.0

(7.8--23.8)

13.1

(9.3--18.0)

---

---

12.5

(11.3--13.9)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

11.4

(4.2--27.4)

17.3

(12.9--22.9)

14.0

(5.8--30.1)

---

---

16.0

(14.0--18.2)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

16.0

(12.1--20.9)

---

---

16.0

(14.0--18.2)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

22.5

(18.3--27.4)

---

---

18.0

(16.4--19.8)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

13.6

(10.6--17.3)

---

---

17.1

(15.5--18.8)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

13.6

(10.1--18.1)

---

---

16.0

(14.0--18.2)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

31.7

(22.8--42.2)

23.4

(22.1--24.9)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

31.2

(25.9--37.1)

26.8

(25.2--28.5)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

56.3

(47.8--64.4)

21.8

(20.5--23.2)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

40.4

(34.0--47.0)

26.8

(25.2--28.5)

Median

28.0

---

17.6

---

13.8

---

36.1

---

19.6

---

Low

8.5

---

10.3

---

13.1

---

31.2

---

11.9

---

High

38.6

---

34.4

---

22.5

---

56.3

---

27.7

---

Women

Richmond, Virginia

30.7

(27.0--34.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

16.1

(13.7--18.8)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

24.4

(21.1--28.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

21.4

(18.5--24.5)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

24.3

(20.6--28.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

25.3

(23.9--26.8)

Boston, Massachusetts

2.9

(1.4-- 5.8)

---

---

---

---

---

---

13.1

(12.2--14.1)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

12.8

(10.2--16.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

19.0

(17.8--20.2)

Fulton County, Georgia

15.8

(13.0--19.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

14.9

(13.4--16.5)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

29.5

(25.8--33.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

19.0

(16.9--21.3)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

15.3

(12.6--18.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

8.9

(7.7--10.3)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

24.6

(20.9--28.8)

6.4

(4.3-- 9.5)

---

---

---

---

16.3

(14.8--18.0)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

26.5

(22.2--31.4)

11.9

(7.9--17.5)

---

---

---

---

16.3

(14.8--18.0)

South Los Angeles, California

17.6

(12.5--24.2)

10.2

(5.3--18.7)

---

---

---

---

8.9

(7.7--10.3)

East Harlem, New York

20.1

(16.1--24.8)

16.7

(12.9--21.2)

---

---

---

---

12.5

(11.6--13.6)

Southwest Bronx, New York

19.6

(14.9--25.4)

12.1

(8.3--17.4)

---

---

---

---

12.5

(11.6--13.6)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

23.5

(17.1--31.2)

14.5

(9.8--21.0)

---

---

---

---

16.3

(14.8--18.0)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

8.0

(5.8--10.8)

---

---

---

---

5.1

(3.7-- 7.2)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

11.1

(8.6--14.1)

---

---

---

---

14.7

(12.2--17.6)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

15.4

(12.2--19.3)

---

---

---

---

16.5

(15.3--17.7)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

10.0

(7.4--13.3)

---

---

---

---

15.2

(13.5--17.1)

Seattle and King County, Washington

9.1

(5.1--15.7)

12.6

(6.6--22.6)

4.4

(2.4-- 7.8)

---

---

10.7

(9.7--11.8)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

11.6

(5.6--22.4)

6.9

(4.9-- 9.6)

4.3

(1.0--17.3)

---

---

8.9

(7.7--10.3)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

0.8

(0.3-- 2.1)

---

---

8.9

(7.7--10.3)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

21.3

(17.9--25.1)

---

---

12.5

(11.4--13.7)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

1.4

(0.7-- 3.1)

---

---

12.5

(11.6--13.6)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

3.1

(1.6-- 6.0)

---

---

8.9

(7.7--10.3)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

39.4

(31.2--48.3)

18.0

(17.0--18.9)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

26.4

(22.7--30.4)

23.5

(22.5--24.6)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

48.9

(42.0--55.8)

18.3

(17.4--19.4)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

32.6

(28.4--37.1)

23.5

(22.5--24.6)

Median

19.9

---

11.5

---

3.7

---

36.0

---

16.8

---

Low

2.9

---

6.4

---

0.8

---

26.4

---

7.7

---

High

30.7

---

16.7

---

21.3

---

48.9

---

24.2

---

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, CI = confidence interval, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Not applicable.

Data from 2009 BRFSS from the 50 states and the District of Columbia.


TABLE 9. Percentage of adults who reported no leisure time physical activity during the preceding month, in 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and in the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by race/ethnicity and sex --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. racial/ethnic populations

BRFSS

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

MMSA/County/State

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

Men

Richmond, Virginia

34.6

(28.5--41.2)

---*

---

---

---

---

---

18.1

(15.2--21.4)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

30.5

(24.5--37.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

23.8

(19.6--28.6)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

21.2

(16.7--26.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

28.6

(26.8--30.5)

Boston, Massachusetts

30.4

(23.8--38.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

18.5

(17.2--19.9)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

35.5

(28.9--42.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

22.6

(21.1--24.3)

Fulton County, Georgia

26.9

(21.7--32.8)

---

---

---

---

---

---

18.3

(16.1--20.7)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

29.0

(23.1--35.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

21.1

(18.5--24.0)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

23.2

(18.2--29.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

23.4

(21.2--25.8)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

29.2

(22.3--37.3)

27.9

(21.1--35.9)

---

---

---

---

21.7

(19.3--24.4)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

27.9

(21.0--36.0)

16.6

(10.6--25.1)

---

---

---

---

21.7

(19.3--24.4)

South Los Angeles, California

30.0

(21.6--40.0)

22.5

(13.8--34.5)

---

---

---

---

23.4

(21.2--25.8)

East Harlem, New York

22.4

(15.4--31.4)

32.3

(24.7--40.9)

---

---

---

---

24.6

(22.8--26.5)

Southwest Bronx, New York

26.0

(19.0--34.5)

29.8

(22.0--38.9)

---

---

---

---

24.6

(22.8--26.5)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

32.6

(22.3--44.9)

23.2

(15.4--33.5)

---

---

---

---

21.7

(19.3--24.4)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

24.5

(20.0--29.6)

---

---

---

---

15.2

(11.9--19.3)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

26.0

(21.1--31.5)

---

---

---

---

20.9

(17.1--25.2)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

23.9

(19.2--29.4)

---

---

---

---

19.9

(18.4--21.5)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

37.6

(31.6--44.0)

---

---

---

---

21.0

(18.5--23.7)

Seattle and King County, Washington

20.3

(10.0--36.8)

28.1

(18.5--40.4)

16.6

(12.6--21.7)

---

---

14.1

(12.9--15.5)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

22.5

(11.3--40.0)

27.1

(21.8--33.1)

23.5

(11.5--42.1)

---

---

23.4

(21.2--25.8)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

18.8

(14.8--23.7)

---

---

23.4

(21.2--25.8)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

25.9

(21.3--31.1)

---

---

15.1

(13.7--16.5)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

24.0

(19.7--28.7)

---

---

24.6

(22.8--26.5)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

23.7

(18.1--30.2)

---

---

23.4

(21.2--25.8)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

17.8

(10.2--29.2)

22.2

(20.9--23.4)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

33.6

(28.4--39.1)

29.2

(27.7--30.8)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

21.7

(15.3--29.9)

22.2

(21.0--23.6)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

39.4

(33.1--46.1)

29.2

(27.7--30.8)

Median

28.5

---

26.6

---

23.6

---

27.7

---

21.5

---

Low

20.3

---

16.6

---

16.6

---

17.8

---

15.1

---

High

35.5

---

37.6

---

25.9

---

39.4

---

29.4

---

Women

Richmond, Virginia

42.1

(38.2--46.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

22.9

(20.0--26.1)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

31.8

(28.1--35.8)

---

---

---

---

---

---

36.5

(33.0--40.2)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

32.8

(28.6--37.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

35.5

(34.0--37.0)

Boston, Massachusetts

36.9

(31.3--42.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

20.8

(19.9--21.8)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

34.2

(30.0--38.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

30.4

(29.1--31.8)

Fulton County, Georgia

31.3

(27.1--35.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

23.9

(22.2--25.7)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

37.0

(33.0--41.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

27.5

(25.4--29.9)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

24.0

(20.8--27.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

24.6

(22.8--26.5)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

34.4

(29.8--39.2)

29.4

(23.8--35.7)

---

---

---

---

28.5

(26.6--30.5)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

35.5

(30.8--40.6)

28.3

(21.7--36.1)

---

---

---

---

28.5

(26.6--30.5)

South Los Angeles, California

31.3

(25.3--38.0)

28.1

(20.1--37.8)

---

---

---

---

24.6

(22.8--26.5)

East Harlem, New York

31.4

(26.1--37.3)

41.7

(36.2--47.4)

---

---

---

---

31.3

(29.8--32.8)

Southwest Bronx, New York

30.4

(24.8--36.6)

43.0

(36.3--50.1)

---

---

---

---

31.3

(29.8--32.8)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

28.6

(22.0--36.3)

36.7

(29.0--45.1)

---

---

---

---

28.5

(26.6--30.5)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

25.9

(22.4--29.9)

---

---

---

---

20.7

(17.2--24.8)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

22.3

(18.9--26.1)

---

---

---

---

23.3

(20.4--26.5)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

28.2

(24.1--32.7)

---

---

---

---

26.2

(24.8--27.7)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

42.3

(37.7--47.0)

---

---

---

---

22.8

(20.9--24.8)

Seattle and King County, Washington

21.6

(13.3--33.1)

34.3

(24.6--45.5)

26.9

(21.5--33.0)

---

---

17.0

(15.8--18.3)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

24.1

(14.8--36.9)

32.3

(28.2--36.8)

18.0

(10.2--29.7)

---

---

24.6

(22.8--26.5)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

24.2

(19.9--28.9)

---

---

24.6

(22.8--26.5)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

28.4

(24.5--32.7)

---

---

23.4

(21.9--24.8)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

27.3

(23.4--31.6)

---

---

31.3

(29.8--32.8)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

23.6

(19.1--28.8)

---

---

24.6

(22.8--26.5)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

21.9

(15.1--30.6)

28.7

(27.6--29.8)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahosma

---

---

---

---

---

---

31.8

(28.0--35.9)

33.5

(32.4--34.6)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

24.3

(18.6--31.0)

26.3

(25.3--27.4)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

28.2

(24.0--32.9)

33.5

(32.4--34.6)

Median

31.6

---

30.9

---

25.6

---

26.3

---

25.6

---

Low

21.6

---

22.3

---

18.0

---

21.9

---

16.4

---

High

42.1

---

43.0

---

28.4

---

31.8

---

36.8

---

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, CI = confidence interval, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Not applicable.

Data from 2009 BRFSS from the 50 states and the District of Columbia.


TABLE 10. Percentage of adults who met physical activity recommendations,* in 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and in the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by race/ethnicity and sex --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. racial/ethnic populations

BRFSS

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

MMSA/County/State

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

Men

Richmond, Virginia

38.3

(31.7--45.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

55.6

(49.9--61.1)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

43.7

(37.3--50.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

49.6

(42.5--56.8)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

50.1

(43.6--56.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

36.8

(34.0--39.6)

Boston, Massachusetts

32.3

(25.4--39.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

51.1

(48.9--53.3)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

39.1

(32.3--46.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

48.8

(45.9--51.7)

Fulton County, Georgia

48.7

(42.4--55.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

49.3

(45.5--53.0)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

42.8

(36.0--49.8)

---

---

---

---

---

---

53.4

(49.1--57.6)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

47.2

(40.8--53.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

48.2

(44.4--52.0)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

49.3

(40.9--57.7)

34.4

(27.4--42.2)

---

---

---

---

49.7

(46.0--53.3)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

47.3

(39.0--55.7)

53.8

(42.1--65.1)

---

---

---

---

49.7

(46.0--53.3)

South Los Angeles, California

39.5

(29.9--49.9)

50.5

(38.8--62.1)

---

---

---

---

48.2

(44.4--52.0)

East Harlem, New York

43.6

(33.3--54.5)

45.7

(36.8--54.9)

---

---

---

---

49.8

(47.0--52.6)

Southwest Bronx, New York

43.8

(35.4--52.6)

44.5

(34.8--54.7)

---

---

---

---

49.8

(47.0--52.6)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

34.3

(23.9--46.5)

57.1

(46.3--67.3)

---

---

---

---

49.7

(46.0--53.3)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

45.9

(40.4--51.6)

---

---

---

---

45.9

(39.0--52.9)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

53.0

(47.1--58.7)

---

---

---

---

54.4

(48.3--60.3)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

54.1

(48.0--60.1)

---

---

---

---

56.4

(53.7--59.1)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

40.0

(34.4--45.8)

---

---

---

---

51.2

(46.9--55.6)

Seattle and King County, Washington

49.5

(34.6--64.4)

35.0

(25.6--45.8)

36.3

(30.5--42.5)

---

---

54.9

(52.6--57.2)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

46.7

(29.4--64.8)

42.1

(35.9--48.5)

31.4

(18.5--47.9)

---

---

48.2

(44.4--52.0)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

49.7

(43.7--55.7)

---

---

48.2

(44.4--52.0)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

48.8

(42.9--54.6)

---

---

54.1

(51.7--56.6)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

33.2

(28.2--38.5)

---

---

49.8

(47.0--52.6)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

43.2

(37.2--49.5)

---

---

48.2

(44.4--52.0)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

49.2

(38.5--59.9)

50.1

(47.5--52.7)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

43.1

(37.3--49.2)

48.0

(45.4--50.6)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

48.6

(40.0--57.3)

52.7

(50.3--55.1)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

47.1

(40.4--53.9)

48.0

(45.4--50.6)

Median

43.8

---

45.8

---

39.8

---

47.9

---

52.4§

---

Low

32.3

---

34.4

---

31.4

---

43.1

---

36.8§

---

High

50.1

---

57.1

---

49.7

---

49.2

---

63.3§

---

Women

Richmond, Virginia

29.9

(26.1--34.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

48.6

(44.3--52.9)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

34.5

(30.5--38.8)

---

---

---

---

---

---

39.1

(34.5--43.9)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

33.1

(28.8--37.8)

---

---

---

---

---

---

33.1

(31.1--35.3)

Boston, Massachusetts

25.6

(20.8--31.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

51.5

(49.8--53.2)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

27.5

(23.7--31.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

39.6

(37.4--41.7)

Fulton County, Georgia

34.6

(30.3--39.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

45.9

(43.3--48.4)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

35.0

(30.9--39.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

47.9

(44.6--51.2)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

37.5

(33.6--41.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

45.9

(43.0--48.8)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

35.9

(31.3--40.7)

46.7

(40.8--52.8)

---

---

---

---

46.6

(43.8--49.3)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

33.3

(28.6--38.2)

40.5

(33.0--48.4)

---

---

---

---

46.6

(43.8--49.3)

South Los Angeles, California

31.8

(25.8--38.5)

49.4

(39.5--59.4)

---

---

---

---

45.9

(43.0--48.8)

East Harlem, New York

40.0

(34.3--45.9)

40.6

(35.2--46.2)

---

---

---

---

43.4

(41.4--45.6)

Southwest Bronx, New York

33.5

(27.5--40.1)

32.7

(26.2--39.8)

---

---

---

---

43.4

(41.4--45.6)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

37.9

(30.5--45.8)

44.2

(36.3--52.3)

---

---

---

---

46.6

(43.8--49.3)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

49.1

(44.7--53.4)

---

---

---

---

48.4

(42.3--54.6)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

45.2

(40.9--49.5)

---

---

---

---

51.4

(46.8--55.9)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

46.1

(41.4--50.7)

---

---

---

---

48.4

(46.3--50.5)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

36.8

(32.4--41.3)

---

---

---

---

50.6

(47.3--54.0)

Seattle and King County, Washington

48.4

(37.1--59.8)

45.3

(34.4--56.6)

38.3

(32.7--44.3)

---

---

51.5

(49.5--53.5)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

50.0

(37.4--62.6)

39.5

(35.1--44.2)

48.8

(36.2--61.5)

---

---

45.9

(43.0--48.8)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

39.1

(34.1--44.5)

---

---

45.9

(43.0--48.8)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

44.4

(39.9--48.9)

---

---

47.4

(45.3--49.5)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

33.4

(29.2--37.9)

---

---

43.4

(41.4--45.6)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

41.9

(36.6--47.5)

---

---

45.9

(43.0--48.8)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

44.9

(36.1--54.1)

41.0

(39.1--42.9)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

44.9

(40.4--49.5)

45.1

(43.3--46.9)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

46.2

(39.3--53.2)

47.8

(45.9--49.7)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

39.6

(34.7--44.6)

45.1

(43.3--46.9)

Median

34.6

---

44.7

---

40.5

---

44.9

---

47.8§

---

Low

25.6

---

32.7

---

33.4

---

39.6

---

32.7§

---

High

50.0

---

49.4

---

48.8

---

46.2

---

55.9§

---

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, CI = confidence interval, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Participating in moderate physical activity ≥30 minutes/day and 5 days/week or in vigorous physical activity ≥20 minutes/day and 3 days/week.

Not applicable..

§ Data from 2009 BRFSS from the 50 states and the District of Columbia.


TABLE 11. Percentage of adults who reported eating at least five fruits and vegetables daily, in 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and in the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by race/ethnicity and sex --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. racial/ethnic populations

BRFSS

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

MMSA/County/State

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

Men

Richmond, Virginia

23.7

(18.2--30.3)

---*

---

---

---

---

---

22.2

(18.2--26.9)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

28.1

(22.4--34.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

22.0

(17.1--27.8)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

23.5

(18.5--29.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

13.3

(11.5--15.4)

Boston, Massachusetts

34.3

(27.4--41.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

20.6

(19.0--22.4)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

22.6

(17.0--29.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

13.9

(12.1--16.0)

Fulton County, Georgia

23.9

(19.1--29.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

22.4

(19.4--25.7)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

18.7

(13.9--24.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

16.1

(13.2--19.4)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

24.7

(19.5--30.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

21.1

(18.3--24.2)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

11.0

(7.0--16.8)

11.8

(7.7--17.6)

---

---

---

---

20.5

(17.7--23.6)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

16.3

(11.5--22.7)

15.5

(9.0--25.2)

---

---

---

---

20.5

(17.7--23.6)

South Los Angeles, California

31.7

(22.7--42.2)

22.8

(14.5--33.9)

---

---

---

---

21.1

(18.3--24.2)

East Harlem, New York

29.3

(20.8--39.5)

29.1

(21.7--37.8)

---

---

---

---

23.6

(21.3--26.1)

Southwest Bronx, New York

24.6

(18.0--32.7)

19.2

(12.8--27.9)

---

---

---

---

23.6

(21.3--26.1)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

19.4

(12.1--29.7)

14.7

(8.7--23.7)

---

---

---

---

20.5

(17.7--23.6)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

19.9

(15.8--24.9)

---

---

---

---

20.7

(15.9--26.4)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

19.5

(15.5--24.2)

---

---

---

---

25.9

(21.2--31.2)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

19.7

(15.5--24.8)

---

---

---

---

19.3

(17.5--21.3)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

23.6

(18.7--29.3)

---

---

---

---

19.4

(16.4--22.8)

Seattle and King County, Washington

21.5

(11.5--36.4)

19.4

(12.0--29.7)

23.6

(18.6--29.3)

---

---

23.2

(21.3--25.2)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

36.6

(20.9--55.7)

22.1

(17.2--27.9)

23.9

(11.9--42.2)

---

---

21.1

(18.3--24.2)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

25.2

(20.6--30.4)

---

---

21.1

(18.3--24.2)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

25.3

(20.7--30.5)

---

---

20.9

(19.0--22.9)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

15.4

(11.9--19.7)

---

---

23.6

(21.3--26.1)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

23.4

(18.5--29.2)

---

---

21.1

(18.3--24.2)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

18.5

(12.0--27.3)

17.4

(15.6--19.3)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

20.8

(16.3--26.1)

12.4

(10.7--14.3)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

22.1

(15.7--30.1)

18.5

(16.6--20.5)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

14.2

(10.4--19.1)

12.4

(10.7--14.3)

Median

23.8

---

19.6

---

23.8

---

19.7

---

19.2

---

Low

11.0

---

11.8

---

15.4

---

14.2

---

11.3

---

High

36.6

---

29.1

---

25.3

---

22.1

---

28.4

---

Women

Richmond, Virginia

29.5

(26.0--33.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

31.2

(27.6--35.2)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

31.7

(27.9--35.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

28.7

(24.7--33.1)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

27.7

(23.9--32.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

18.8

(17.3--20.5)

Boston, Massachusetts

22.4

(18.1--27.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

32.6

(31.1--34.2)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

29.2

(25.3--33.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

20.6

(19.0--22.3)

Fulton County, Georgia

23.8

(20.3--27.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

30.7

(28.4--33.0)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

21.0

(17.8--24.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

27.5

(24.7--30.5)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

34.0

(30.1--38.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

32.1

(29.4--34.9)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

23.3

(19.3--27.8)

21.5

(16.8--27.1)

---

---

---

---

29.1

(26.7--31.6)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

21.2

(17.5--25.5)

21.8

(15.7--29.5)

---

---

---

---

29.1

(26.7--31.6)

South Los Angeles, California

29.3

(23.6--35.7)

25.4

(17.3--35.7)

---

---

---

---

32.1

(29.4--34.9)

East Harlem, New York

26.2

(21.3--31.9)

24.2

(19.9--29.1)

---

---

---

---

29.7

(27.9--31.6)

Southwest Bronx, New York

25.7

(20.4--31.8)

27.0

(21.2--33.7)

---

---

---

---

29.7

(27.9--31.6)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

32.0

(25.2--39.6)

24.4

(18.5--31.6)

---

---

---

---

29.1

(26.7--31.6)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

28.3

(24.7--32.2)

---

---

---

---

38.3

(32.5--44.4)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

24.4

(20.9--28.3)

---

---

---

---

30.4

(26.6--34.6)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

26.0

(22.2--30.2)

---

---

---

---

26.8

(25.1--28.7)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

21.3

(17.8--25.3)

---

---

---

---

34.0

(30.9--37.2)

Seattle and King County, Washington

31.6

(23.2--41.3)

33.9

(24.0--45.4)

34.8

(29.3--40.8)

---

---

33.4

(31.6--35.3)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

23.8

(14.9--35.9)

24.8

(21.2--28.8)

35.7

(24.8--48.2)

---

---

32.1

(29.4--34.9)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

35.8

(31.0--41.0)

---

---

32.1

(29.4--34.9)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

28.3

(24.5--32.3)

---

---

28.2

(26.3--30.1)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

20.8

(17.3--24.8)

---

---

29.7

(27.9--31.6)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

32.4

(27.5--37.6)

---

---

32.1

(29.4--34.9)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

25.4

(18.5--33.9)

23.7

(22.3--25.2)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

23.1

(19.8--26.8)

16.7

(15.5--18.0)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

23.8

(18.2--30.4)

26.4

(24.8--28.0)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

19.0

(15.7--22.9)

16.7

(15.5--18.0)

Median

27.0

---

24.6

---

33.6

---

23.5

---

27.7

---

Low

21.0

---

21.3

---

20.8

---

19.0

---

16.7

---

High

34.0

---

33.9

---

35.8

---

25.4

---

35.9

---

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, CI = confidence interval, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Not applicable.

Data from 2009 BRFSS from the 50 states and the District of Columbia.


TABLE 12. Percentage of adults who reported fair or poor health, in 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and in the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by race/ethnicity and sex --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. racial/ethnic populations

BRFSS

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

MMSA/County/State

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

Men

Richmond, Virginia

27.3

(22.0--33.3)

---*

---

---

---

---

---

13.2

(10.2--16.8)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

29.8

(24.3--35.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

19.0

(15.5--23.2)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

21.4

(17.1--26.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

23.5

(22.0--25.2)

Boston, Massachusetts

14.7

(10.3--20.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

10.7

(9.8--11.7)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

21.6

(16.7--27.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

14.5

(13.4--15.7)

Fulton County, Georgia

16.1

(12.3--20.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

11.6

(9.8--13.8)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

22.9

(17.9--28.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

14.1

(12.1--16.4)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

21.0

(16.8--25.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

20.0

(17.8--22.3)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

25.3

(19.0--32.8)

24.1

(18.1--31.4)

---

---

---

---

16.2

(14.2--18.5)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

17.6

(12.4--24.4)

29.5

(20.5--40.5)

---

---

---

---

16.2

(14.2--18.5)

South Los Angeles, California

21.7

(14.8--30.6)

34.8

(24.3--47.0)

---

---

---

---

20.0

(17.8--22.3)

East Harlem, New York

20.7

(14.4--29.0)

34.5

(27.1--42.8)

---

---

---

---

15.9

(14.4--17.6)

Southwest Bronx, New York

18.9

(13.8--25.3)

24.6

(18.0--32.6)

---

---

---

---

15.9

(14.4--17.6)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

21.8

(14.0--32.2)

20.1

(13.0--29.6)

---

---

---

---

16.2

(14.2--18.5)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

23.3

(19.0--28.2)

---

---

---

---

12.2

(9.0--16.2)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

17.6

(14.0--21.8)

---

---

---

---

15.2

(12.4--18.5)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

20.8

(16.7--25.6)

---

---

---

---

16.3

(14.9--17.6)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

31.0

(26.1--36.3)

---

---

---

---

13.9

(11.9--16.1)

Seattle and King County, Washington

9.3

(3.7--21.8)

18.6

(12.0--27.6)

10.6

(7.6--14.5)

---

---

8.8

(7.9-- 9.9)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

16.5

(7.8--31.7)

30.2

(24.9--36.1)

8.3

(3.0--20.7)

---

---

20.0

(17.8--22.3)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

16.6

(13.0--20.9)

---

---

20.0

(17.8--22.3)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

23.3

(18.9--28.3)

---

---

13.2

(12.0--14.6)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

29.3

(24.8--34.2)

---

---

15.9

(14.4--17.6)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

15.0

(11.2--19.7)

---

---

20.0

(17.8--22.3)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

22.3

(14.9--32.2)

17.0

(15.8--18.3)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

30.8

(26.0--36.0)

18.4

(17.2--19.7)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

24.3

(18.0--32.1)

14.3

(13.3--15.3)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

28.2

(22.9--34.3)

18.4

(17.2--19.7)

Median

21.2

---

24.4

---

15.8

---

26.3

---

13.4

---

Low

9.3

---

17.6

---

8.3

---

22.3

---

9.3

---

High

29.8

---

34.8

---

29.3

---

30.8

---

24.0

---

Women

Richmond, Virginia

30.3

(26.7--34.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

13.3

(11.3--15.6)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

29.9

(26.4--33.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

22.7

(19.9--25.8)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

25.4

(21.7--29.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

24.2

(23.0--25.5)

Boston, Massachusetts

22.7

(18.8--27.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

11.6

(10.9--12.3)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

22.9

(19.7--26.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

17.8

(16.8--18.9)

Fulton County, Georgia

22.4

(19.3--25.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

13.3

(12.1--14.6)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

33.3

(29.5--37.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

15.1

(13.3--17.1)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

22.1

(19.2--25.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

23.0

(21.2--24.9)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

27.2

(23.3--31.5)

28.9

(23.8--34.6)

---

---

---

---

18.3

(16.7--20.0)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

25.7

(21.8--30.1)

19.4

(14.3--25.8)

---

---

---

---

18.3

(16.7--20.0)

South Los Angeles, California

26.9

(21.1--33.6)

32.3

(23.6--42.5)

---

---

---

---

23.0

(21.2--24.9)

East Harlem, New York

30.4

(25.5--35.8)

43.0

(37.8--48.5)

---

---

---

---

18.5

(17.3--19.8)

Southwest Bronx, New York

20.9

(16.6--25.9)

44.2

(37.5--51.2)

---

---

---

---

18.5

(17.3--19.8)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

24.6

(18.7--31.5)

37.5

(30.2--45.5)

---

---

---

---

18.3

(16.7--20.0)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

30.3

(26.5--34.3)

---

---

---

---

15.8

(12.5--19.7)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

21.7

(18.6--25.2)

---

---

---

---

14.7

(12.5--17.1)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

28.9

(25.0--33.2)

---

---

---

---

18.9

(17.8--20.1)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

40.5

(36.3--44.9)

---

---

---

---

13.4

(12.0--14.9)

Seattle and King County, Washington

14.3

(9.0--22.1)

25.6

(17.1--36.4)

14.2

(10.6--18.6)

---

---

10.8

(9.9--11.7)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

19.3

(11.3--30.9)

37.1

(32.6--41.9)

13.3

(6.6--25.0)

---

---

23.0

(21.2--24.9)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

19.7

(15.9--24.2)

---

---

23.0

(21.2--24.9)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

23.7

(20.2--27.6)

---

---

14.6

(13.5--15.8)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

37.2

(32.9--41.7)

---

---

18.5

(17.3--19.8)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

20.4

(16.4--25.2)

---

---

23.0

(21.2--24.9)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

26.6

(19.8--34.8)

18.5

(17.6--19.5)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

27.5

(24.0--31.3)

19.8

(18.9--20.8)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

23.5

(18.1--29.8)

14.9

(14.1--15.7)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

23.2

(19.6--27.3)

19.8

(18.9--20.8)

Median

25.0

---

31.3

---

20.1

---

25.1

---

15.3

---

Low

14.3

---

19.4

---

13.3

---

23.2

---

10.4

---

High

33.3

---

44.2

---

37.2

---

27.5

---

23.5

---

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, CI = confidence interval, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Not applicable.

Data from 2009 BRFSS from the 50 states and the District of Columbia.


TABLE 13. Percentage of adults who have been told by a health professional that they have high blood pressure, in 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and in the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by race/ethnicity and sex --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. racial/ethnic populations

BRFSS

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

MMSA/County/State

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

Men

Richmond, Virginia

38.9

(32.9--45.3)

---*

---

---

---

---

---

29.9

(25.5--34.7)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

44.0

(37.9--50.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

33.3

(27.3--39.8)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

53.6

(47.0--60.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

39.0

(36.3--41.7)

Boston, Massachusetts

23.7

(18.4--30.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

26.2

(24.5--28.0)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

40.9

(34.4--47.8)

---

---

---

---

---

---

33.7

(31.2--36.3)

Fulton County, Georgia

31.6

(26.1--37.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

28.2

(25.3--31.3)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

40.9

(34.5--47.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

32.7

(29.0--36.6)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

41.3

(35.5--47.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

24.3

(21.6--27.1)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

39.1

(31.6--47.2)

21.0

(15.5--27.9)

---

---

---

---

29.1

(26.1--32.3)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

31.9

(25.2--39.3)

30.0

(21.5--40.1)

---

---

---

---

29.1

(26.1--32.3)

South Los Angeles, California

41.6

(32.6--51.1)

19.9

(12.9--29.4)

---

---

---

---

24.3

(21.6--27.1)

East Harlem, New York

35.7

(27.4--45.0)

22.5

(16.8--29.3)

---

---

---

---

25.5

(23.4--27.8)

Southwest Bronx, New York

29.3

(23.0--36.5)

27.0

(20.4--34.9)

---

---

---

---

25.5

(23.4--27.8)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

45.1

(34.5--56.2)

21.2

(14.1--30.6)

---

---

---

---

29.1

(26.1--32.3)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

23.1

(19.0--27.7)

---

---

---

---

22.5

(18.0--27.8)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

31.0

(26.4--36.1)

---

---

---

---

28.6

(24.2--33.4)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

42.5

(36.6--48.6)

---

---

---

---

28.4

(26.4--30.6)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

29.8

(25.1--35.0)

---

---

---

---

26.7

(23.6--30.0)

Seattle and King County, Washington

23.1

(13.3--37.2)

12.9

(8.3--19.6)

23.7

(19.2--28.9)

---

---

24.7

(23.0--26.6)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

35.9

(22.1--52.5)

21.7

(17.3--26.9)

46.7

(31.1--63.1)

---

---

24.3

(21.6--27.1)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

33.5

(28.6--38.8)

---

---

24.3

(21.6--27.1)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

41.6

(36.2--47.3)

---

---

30.2

(28.1--32.3)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

26.4

(22.1--31.1)

---

---

25.5

(23.4--27.8)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

26.0

(21.2--31.5)

---

---

24.3

(21.6--27.1)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

45.9

(35.4--56.7)

31.7

(29.6--33.8)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

42.5

(37.1--48.2)

34.9

(32.7--37.1)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

33.7

(26.5--41.8)

31.8

(29.9--33.9)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

45.2

(38.8--51.8)

34.9

(32.7--37.1)

Median

39.0

---

22.8

---

30.0

---

43.9

---

29.8

---

Low

23.1

---

12.9

---

23.7

---

33.7

---

22.1

---

High

53.6

---

42.5

---

46.7

---

45.9

---

39.0

---

Women

Richmond, Virginia

53.3

(49.1--57.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

26.6

(23.4--30.0)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

49.3

(45.2--53.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

34.5

(30.5--38.8)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

49.4

(44.8--54.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

36.3

(34.4--38.3)

Boston, Massachusetts

27.3

(22.8--32.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

23.3

(22.1--24.6)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

47.9

(43.5--52.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

31.7

(29.9--33.6)

Fulton County, Georgia

40.0

(36.0--44.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

26.1

(24.2--28.0)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

46.4

(42.4--50.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

29.5

(26.8--32.3)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

44.2

(40.4--48.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

24.5

(22.3--26.9)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

38.8

(34.4--43.5)

19.3

(15.4--24.0)

---

---

---

---

28.7

(26.5--31.0)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

47.8

(42.7--53.0)

21.7

(16.8--27.6)

---

---

---

---

28.7

(26.5--31.0)

South Los Angeles, California

45.5

(39.1--52.2)

23.5

(16.3--32.6)

---

---

---

---

24.5

(22.3--26.9)

East Harlem, New York

46.2

(40.7--51.9)

36.5

(31.4--41.8)

---

---

---

---

26.1

(24.5--27.8)

Southwest Bronx, New York

39.4

(33.6--45.5)

36.0

(29.6--42.9)

---

---

---

---

26.1

(24.5--27.8)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

46.1

(38.6--53.8)

25.6

(19.4--32.9)

---

---

---

---

28.7

(26.5--31.0)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

28.5

(24.8--32.5)

---

---

---

---

20.9

(17.0--25.5)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

27.4

(24.1--31.0)

---

---

---

---

24.8

(21.7--28.2)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

34.7

(30.6--39.1)

---

---

---

---

24.9

(23.4--26.3)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

33.1

(29.3--37.2)

---

---

---

---

23.6

(21.4--25.9)

Seattle and King County, Washington

31.3

(22.8--41.2)

15.0

(9.0--23.8)

16.8

(13.2--21.1)

---

---

21.8

(20.5--23.2)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

46.7

(35.1--58.7)

26.3

(22.4--30.6)

19.2

(11.0--31.3)

---

---

24.5

(22.3--26.9)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

29.7

(25.5--34.3)

---

---

24.5

(22.3--26.9)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

38.1

(33.9--42.4)

---

---

30.0

(28.3--31.9)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

27.3

(23.5--31.4)

---

---

26.1

(24.5--27.8)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

20.7

(16.5--25.6)

---

---

24.5

(22.3--26.9)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

41.4

(32.9--50.4)

31.4

(29.8--33.1)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

42.5

(38.5--46.7)

33.8

(32.3--35.4)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

36.4

(30.2--43.1)

27.8

(26.5--29.2)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

42.0

(37.2--47.0)

33.8

(32.3--35.4)

Median

46.2

---

26.9

---

24.0

---

41.7

---

27.8

---

Low

27.3

---

15.0

---

16.8

---

36.4

---

20.3

---

High

53.3

---

36.5

---

38.1

---

42.5

---

38.9

---

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, CI = confidence interval, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Not applicable.

Data from 2009 BRFSS from the 50 states and the District of Columbia.


TABLE 14. Percentage of adults who reported having cardiovascular diseases,* in 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and in the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by race/ethnicity and sex --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. racial/ethnic populations

BRFSS

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

MMSA/County/State

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

Men

Richmond, Virginia

11.8

(8.8--15.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

8.4

(6.7--10.5)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

13.0

(9.6--17.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

9.3

(7.0--12.4)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

12.8

(9.7--16.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

14.1

(12.9--15.3)

Boston, Massachusetts

2.2

(1.1-- 4.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

7.5

(6.8-- 8.1)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

10.8

(7.4--15.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

10.2

(9.3--11.1)

Fulton County, Georgia

8.2

(5.8--11.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

6.9

(5.9-- 7.9)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

11.6

(8.3--15.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

10.2

(8.6--11.9)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

7.9

(5.7--10.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

5.9

(5.0-- 6.9)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

12.2

(7.9--18.3)

6.0

(3.3--10.9)

---

---

---

---

6.9

(5.7-- 8.2)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

8.8

(5.5--13.7)

9.9

(5.0--18.7)

---

---

---

---

6.9

(5.7-- 8.2)

South Los Angeles, California

8.0

(4.4--14.2)

7.1

(2.9--16.0)

---

---

---

---

5.9

(5.0-- 6.9)

East Harlem, New York

8.1

(4.3--14.5)

11.8

(7.5--18.0)

---

---

---

---

7.0

(6.2-- 7.9)

Southwest Bronx, New York

6.5

(3.9--10.6)

7.7

(4.6--12.7)

---

---

---

---

7.0

(6.2-- 7.9)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

11.1

(6.5--18.3)

3.2

(1.3-- 7.6)

---

---

---

---

6.9

(5.7-- 8.2)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

7.7

(5.2--11.3)

---

---

---

---

5.4

(3.8-- 7.5)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

6.7

(4.6-- 9.5)

---

---

---

---

7.7

(6.2-- 9.6)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

13.0

(9.7--17.2)

---

---

---

---

8.2

(7.4-- 9.1)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

9.0

(6.5--12.3)

---

---

---

---

8.8

(7.4--10.4)

Seattle and King County, Washington

4.4

(1.4--13.0)

7.2

(2.8--17.3)

4.8

(2.9-- 7.9)

---

---

6.1

(5.4-- 6.8)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

10.0

(3.8--24.2)

7.6

(5.0--11.4)

6.3

(2.0--18.3)

---

---

5.9

(5.0-- 6.9)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

7.7

(5.5--10.6)

---

---

5.9

(5.0-- 6.9)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

14.3

(11.0--18.4)

---

---

7.0

(6.2-- 8.0)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

6.9

(5.0-- 9.5)

---

---

7.0

(6.2-- 7.9)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

6.3

(4.1-- 9.5)

---

---

5.9

(5.0-- 6.9)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

12.8

(7.4--21.0)

9.8

(9.0--10.8)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

16.5

(13.1--20.5)

11.3

(10.5--12.2)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

12.7

(8.4--18.6)

9.5

(8.8--10.2)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

14.0

(10.8--18.0)

11.3

(10.5--12.2)

Median

9.4

---

7.7

---

6.6

---

13.4

---

8.8§

---

Low

2.2

---

3.2

---

4.8

---

12.7

---

5.5§

---

High

13.0

---

13.0

---

14.3

---

16.5

---

13.6§

---

Women

Richmond, Virginia

11.5

(9.2--14.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

6.4

(5.1-- 7.9)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

13.7

(11.3--16.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

10.3

(8.4--12.4)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

11.8

(9.4--14.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

12.7

(11.8--13.6)

Boston, Massachusetts

2.9

(1.6-- 5.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

5.1

(4.6-- 5.5)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

6.0

(4.5-- 8.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

7.6

(7.0-- 8.2)

Fulton County, Georgia

7.4

(5.9-- 9.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

5.6

(4.9-- 6.4)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

12.1

(9.8--14.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

6.9

(6.0-- 8.0)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

8.6

(7.0--10.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

5.7

(4.9-- 6.7)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

8.8

(6.7--11.5)

4.3

(2.5-- 7.2)

---

---

---

---

7.0

(6.1-- 8.0)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

9.7

(7.4--12.7)

5.6

(3.4-- 9.2)

---

---

---

---

7.0

(6.1-- 8.0)

South Los Angeles, California

11.2

(7.7--16.2)

2.8

(1.1-- 7.1)

---

---

---

---

5.7

(4.9-- 6.7)

East Harlem, New York

11.8

(8.8--15.7)

10.7

(7.5--15.0)

---

---

---

---

6.3

(5.6-- 7.1)

Southwest Bronx, New York

6.7

(4.9-- 9.2)

8.3

(5.8--11.7)

---

---

---

---

6.3

(5.6-- 7.1)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

10.9

(7.1--16.4)

8.6

(5.6--13.0)

---

---

---

---

7.0

(6.1-- 8.0)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

5.3

(3.7-- 7.6)

---

---

---

---

5.0

(3.5-- 7.2)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

3.5

(2.3-- 5.2)

---

---

---

---

6.1

(5.0-- 7.4)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

8.2

(6.3--10.6)

---

---

---

---

6.0

(5.5-- 6.6)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

6.1

(4.6-- 8.2)

---

---

---

---

5.7

(4.9-- 6.8)

Seattle and King County, Washington

12.5

(7.2--20.7)

2.5

(0.6--10.9)

2.7

(1.5-- 4.9)

---

---

4.2

(3.8-- 4.7)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

5.9

(2.2--15.0)

5.7

(3.9-- 8.3)

4.0

(1.3--11.7)

---

---

5.7

(4.9-- 6.7)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

3.5

(2.3-- 5.3)

---

---

5.7

(4.9-- 6.7)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

8.4

(6.4--10.9)

---

---

5.4

(4.7-- 6.1)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

4.7

(3.2-- 6.9)

---

---

6.3

(5.6-- 7.1)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

4.7

(2.5-- 8.4)

---

---

5.7

(4.9-- 6.7)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

11.8

(7.7--17.5)

7.4

(6.9-- 8.0)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

13.5

(11.2--16.1)

9.2

(8.6-- 9.8)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

12.7

(8.7--18.3)

7.8

(7.3-- 8.3)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

11.1

(8.8--13.8)

9.2

(8.6-- 9.8)

Median

10.3

---

5.7

---

4.4

---

12.3

---

6.3§

---

Low

2.9

---

2.5

---

2.7

---

11.1

---

4.2§

---

High

13.7

---

10.7

---

8.4

---

13.5

---

11.6§

---

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, CI = confidence interval, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Had any of the following: heart attack or myocardial infarction, angina or coronary heart diseases, or stroke.

Not applicable.

§ Data from 2009 BRFSS from the 50 states and the District of Columbia.


TABLE 15. Percentage of adults who have been told by a doctor that they have diabetes*, in 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and in the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by race/ethnicity and sex --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. racial/ethnic populations

BRFSS

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

MMSA/County/State

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

Men

Richmond, Virginia

19.3

(15.0--24.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

8.2

(6.6--10.3)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

18.6

(14.5--23.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

11.0

(8.3--14.4)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

21.2

(16.9--26.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

12.0

(10.9--13.2)

Boston, Massachusetts

14.1

(10.3--19.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

7.8

(7.1-- 8.6)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

15.7

(11.8--20.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

10.7

(9.8--11.8)

Fulton County, Georgia

10.8

(7.9--14.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

8.3

(7.1-- 9.6)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

13.5

(9.9--18.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

9.9

(8.4--11.7)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

14.7

(11.4--18.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

9.0

(7.9--10.4)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

12.2

(8.5--17.1)

9.8

(6.4--14.8)

---

---

---

---

9.0

(7.6--10.6)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

13.3

(9.2--18.8)

10.2

(6.0--16.7)

---

---

---

---

9.0

(7.6--10.6)

South Los Angeles, California

15.7

(10.8--22.2)

9.0

(4.8--16.0)

---

---

---

---

9.0

(7.9--10.4)

East Harlem, New York

12.3

(7.8--18.8)

12.5

(8.6--17.9)

---

---

---

---

8.3

(7.3-- 9.3)

Southwest Bronx, New York

13.9

(9.6--19.7)

9.1

(5.8--14.0)

---

---

---

---

8.3

(7.3-- 9.3)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

21.7

(14.3--31.6)

8.6

(4.5--15.7)

---

---

---

---

9.0

(7.6--10.6)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

12.1

(9.2--15.7)

---

---

---

---

6.8

(4.9-- 9.4)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

14.3

(11.0--18.5)

---

---

---

---

10.4

(8.0--13.4)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

16.4

(12.9--20.8)

---

---

---

---

8.4

(7.6-- 9.3)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

12.8

(9.7--16.6)

---

---

---

---

6.7

(5.5-- 8.1)

Seattle and King County, Washington

9.3

(3.7--21.8)

4.9

(2.3--10.0)

7.8

(5.4--11.2)

---

---

6.7

(5.9-- 7.6)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

3.6

(0.9--13.6)

9.7

(6.9--13.3)

10.0

(4.1--22.4)

---

---

9.0

(7.9--10.4)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

14.7

(11.1--19.1)

---

---

9.0

(7.9--10.4)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

18.0

(14.3--22.4)

---

---

7.8

(6.9-- 8.8)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

12.3

(9.5--15.7)

---

---

8.3

(7.3-- 9.3)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

10.0

(7.4--13.4)

---

---

9.0

(7.9--10.4)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

30.4

(21.9--40.5)

9.2

(8.5-- 9.9)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

11.6

(8.9--15.1)

11.1

(10.2--12.0)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

23.1

(16.8--30.9)

10.0

(9.3--10.8)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

12.9

(9.7--17.0)

11.1

(10.2--12.0)

Median

14.0

---

10.0

---

11.2

---

18.0

---

8.8§

---

Low

3.6

---

4.9

---

7.8

---

11.6

---

6.0§

---

High

21.7

---

16.4

---

18.0

---

30.4

---

13.1§

---

Women

Richmond, Virginia

20.0

(17.2--23.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

6.7

(5.5-- 8.1)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

19.0

(16.1--22.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

12.1

(10.2--14.4)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

17.0

(14.1--20.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

12.3

(11.4--13.3)

Boston, Massachusetts

10.7

(8.1--14.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

6.4

(5.9-- 6.9)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

20.1

(17.1--23.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

9.8

(9.1--10.5)

Fulton County, Georgia

13.5

(11.2--16.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

8.3

(7.5-- 9.3)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

15.9

(13.3--18.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

8.5

(7.3-- 9.8)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

12.9

(10.8--15.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

8.8

(7.7--10.0)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

15.6

(12.8--18.8)

7.4

(5.2--10.4)

---

---

---

---

9.1

(8.0--10.3)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

13.4

(10.7--16.7)

14.1

(10.3--19.1)

---

---

---

---

9.1

(8.0--10.3)

South Los Angeles, California

15.9

(12.0--20.8)

10.3

(6.4--16.2)

---

---

---

---

8.8

(7.7--10.0)

East Harlem, New York

16.2

(12.7--20.4)

14.5

(11.3--18.5)

---

---

---

---

8.4

(7.6-- 9.1)

Southwest Bronx, New York

13.1

(9.6--17.7)

14.9

(11.1--19.8)

---

---

---

---

8.4

(7.6-- 9.1)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

17.2

(12.6--23.1)

11.8

(7.8--17.4)

---

---

---

---

9.1

(8.0--10.3)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

12.8

(10.3--15.7)

---

---

---

---

8.4

(6.2--11.2)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

12.9

(10.6--15.7)

---

---

---

---

6.8

(5.5-- 8.3)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

15.9

(13.1--19.1)

---

---

---

---

8.1

(7.4-- 8.8)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

12.5

(10.2--15.3)

---

---

---

---

7.4

(6.4-- 8.5)

Seattle and King County, Washington

11.0

(6.3--18.4)

4.5

(1.8--10.8)

4.7

(2.8-- 7.7)

---

---

5.2

(4.7-- 5.8)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

20.8

(12.7--32.1)

11.7

(9.0--14.9)

9.3

(4.1--19.6)

---

---

8.8

(7.7--10.0)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

11.2

(8.6--14.5)

---

---

8.8

(7.7--10.0)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

14.5

(11.8--17.7)

---

---

8.9

(8.0-- 9.8)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

11.6

(9.1--14.6)

---

---

8.4

(7.6-- 9.1)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

5.3

(3.4-- 8.2)

---

---

8.8

(7.7--10.0)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

23.4

(17.1--31.1)

9.7

(9.1--10.4)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

16.2

(13.6--19.2)

10.1

(9.4--10.7)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

20.6

(15.5--26.8)

8.5

(7.9-- 9.0)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

15.4

(12.5--18.7)

10.1

(9.4--10.7)

Median

15.9

---

12.7

---

10.3

---

18.4

---

8.2§

---

Low

10.7

---

4.5

---

4.7

---

15.4

---

5.0§

---

High

20.8

---

15.9

---

14.5

---

23.4

---

12.9§

---

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, CI = confidence interval, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Did not include gestational diabetes, prediabetes, or borderline diabetes.

Not applicable.

§ Data from 2009 BRFSS from the 50 states and the District of Columbia.


TABLE 16. Percentage of adults who know signs and symptoms of heart attack, in 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and in the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by race/ethnicity and sex --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. racial/ethnic populations

BRFSS

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

State

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

Men

Richmond, Virginia

7.3

(4.3--12.2)

---*

---

---

---

---

---

9.7

(8.5--11.2)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

2.1

(1.0-- 4.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

10.4

---

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

6.2

(3.7--10.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

13.7

(11.9--15.7)

Boston, Massachusetts

2.5

(1.1-- 5.8)

---

---

---

---

---

---

9.1

(7.4--11.2)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

4.2

(2.1-- 7.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

8.4

(7.1-- 9.9)

Fulton County, Georgia

6.8

(4.1--11.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

9.3

(8.2--10.5)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

1.9

(0.8-- 4.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

12.6

(10.4--15.0)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

4.2

(2.3-- 7.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

10.4

---

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

2.9

(1.5-- 5.6)

3.6

(1.6-- 8.0)

---

---

---

---

10.4

---

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

4.0

(1.9-- 8.3)

3.2

(1.2-- 8.8)

---

---

---

---

10.4

---

South Los Angeles, California

3.1

(1.0-- 9.3)

0.0

---

---

---

---

---

10.4

---

East Harlem, New York

6.7

(3.2--13.5)

2.5

(1.0-- 6.4)

---

---

---

---

12.3

(10.1--14.9)

Southwest Bronx, New York

2.7

(1.2-- 6.1)

2.6

(0.9-- 7.4)

---

---

---

---

12.3

(10.1--14.9)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

2.4

(0.8-- 7.3)

3.1

(1.3-- 7.5)

---

---

---

---

10.4

---

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

4.6

(3.0-- 7.1)

---

---

---

---

10.4

---

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

5.6

(3.8-- 8.3)

---

---

---

---

10.6

(8.4--13.4)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

8.0

(5.4--11.8)

---

---

---

---

10.4

---

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

2.0

(0.9-- 4.3)

---

---

---

---

9.1

(7.4--11.2)

Seattle and King County, Washington

6.0

(2.2--15.4)

5.4

(2.3--12.3)

5.9

(3.7-- 9.3)

---

---

15.0

(13.3--16.7)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

15.9

(6.7--33.2)

2.2

(1.0-- 4.8)

9.1

(3.4--22.4)

---

---

10.4

---

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

3.1

(1.7-- 5.5)

---

---

10.4

---

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

7.5

(5.1--10.8)

---

---

7.7

(5.9-- 9.8)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

4.2

(2.4-- 7.1)

---

---

12.3

(10.1--14.9)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

5.6

(2.9--10.4)

---

---

10.4

---

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

7.4

(3.6--14.4)

8.9

(8.0-- 9.8)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

9.8

(6.7--14.1)

8.2

(7.1-- 9.5)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

7.5

(4.3--12.6)

11.4

(9.2--14.0)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

10.8

(7.2--16.1)

8.2

(7.1-- 9.5)

Median

4.1

---

3.2

---

5.8

---

8.7

---

10.4

---

Low

1.9

---

0.0

---

3.1

---

7.4

---

6.9

---

High

15.9

---

8.0

---

9.1

---

10.8

---

15.0

---

Women

Richmond, Virginia

5.7

(4.1-- 8.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

16.7

(15.5--18.0)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

7.7

(5.7--10.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

14.7

---

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

7.6

(5.6--10.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

18.1

(16.6--19.7)

Boston, Massachusetts

3.2

(1.5-- 6.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

17.7

(15.6--19.9)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

6.5

(4.7-- 9.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

13.8

(12.4--15.4)

Fulton County, Georgia

6.1

(4.2-- 8.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

13.3

(12.4--14.3)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

5.7

(3.9-- 8.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

16.7

(14.8--18.9)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

7.4

(5.5-- 9.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

14.7

---

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

6.8

(4.8-- 9.5)

2.0

(0.9-- 4.4)

---

---

---

---

14.7

---

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

7.6

(5.3--10.8)

6.3

(3.7--10.6)

---

---

---

---

14.7

---

South Los Angeles, California

7.2

(4.2--12.0)

0.3

(0.1-- 1.2)

---

---

---

---

14.7

---

East Harlem, New York

7.3

(4.5--11.6)

3.9

(2.3-- 6.6)

---

---

---

---

14.6

(12.8--16.6)

Southwest Bronx, New York

3.0

(1.5-- 5.9)

4.8

(2.6-- 8.6)

---

---

---

---

14.6

(12.8--16.6)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

6.9

(3.7--12.5)

4.7

(2.4-- 8.8)

---

---

---

---

14.7

---

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

4.6

(3.1-- 6.7)

---

---

---

---

14.7

---

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

9.6

(7.3--12.6)

---

---

---

---

14.6

(12.6--16.8)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

12.5

(9.5--16.2)

---

---

---

---

14.7

---

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

4.2

(2.7-- 6.4)

---

---

---

---

17.7

(15.6--19.9)

Seattle and King County, Washington

10.2

(5.2--19.0)

5.7

(2.6--11.9)

10.0

(7.3--13.7)

---

---

19.6

(18.1--21.1)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

11.6

(5.8--21.8)

3.5

(2.2-- 5.6)

8.5

(3.5--19.2)

---

---

14.7

---

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

4.9

(3.0-- 7.8)

---

---

14.7

---

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

4.8

(3.2-- 7.1)

---

---

10.4

(8.6--12.6)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

3.1

(1.8-- 5.1)

---

---

14.6

(12.8--16.6)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

4.0

(2.2-- 7.1)

---

---

14.7

---

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

11.6

(7.1--18.5)

13.8

(13.1--14.6)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

11.1

(8.7--14.1)

13.3

(12.4--14.3)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

15.8

(11.5--21.5)

17.7

(15.4--20.2)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

15.4

(12.1--19.4)

13.3

(12.4--14.3)

Median

7.1

---

4.7

---

4.9

---

13.5

---

14.7

---

Low

3.0

---

0.3

---

3.1

---

11.1

---

10.0

---

High

11.6

---

12.5

---

10.0

---

15.8

---

19.6

---

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, CI = confidence interval, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Not applicable.

Data from 2009 BRFSS from 33 states (Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin) and the District of Columbia.


TABLE 17. Percentage of adults who know signs and symptoms of stroke, in 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and in the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by race/ethnicity and sex --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. racial/ethnic populations

BRFSS

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

State

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

Men

Richmond, Virginia

7.7

(4.8--12.3)

---*

---

---

---

---

---

21.6

(19.4--23.9)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

7.3

(4.7--11.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

19.4

---

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

11.8

(8.2--16.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

19.2

(17.1--21.5)

Boston, Massachusetts

3.4

(1.5-- 7.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

20.8

(17.9--23.9)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

9.3

(6.0--14.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

15.8

(13.9--17.9)

Fulton County, Georgia

13.8

(9.7--19.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

19.2

(17.5--21.0)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

6.2

(3.6--10.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

20.0

(17.4--23.0)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

12.6

(9.0--17.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

19.4

---

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

2.7

(1.3-- 5.5)

6.5

(3.4--12.0)

---

---

---

---

19.4

---

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

5.9

(3.4-- 9.9)

15.4

(8.3--26.8)

---

---

---

---

19.4

---

South Los Angeles, California

10.4

(5.4--19.0)

3.9

(1.2--11.5)

---

---

---

---

19.4

---

East Harlem, New York

9.1

(4.9--16.2)

5.5

(2.5--11.5)

---

---

---

---

18.8

(16.2--21.6)

Southwest Bronx, New York

5.0

(1.9--12.4)

1.3

(0.4-- 4.1)

---

---

---

---

18.8

(16.2--21.6)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

8.4

(3.9--17.3)

3.8

(1.4--10.0)

---

---

---

---

19.4

---

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

11.4

(8.3--15.4)

---

---

---

---

19.4

---

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

12.1

(8.8--16.3)

---

---

---

---

19.3

(15.9--23.1)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

11.9

(8.5--16.3)

---

---

---

---

19.4

---

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

7.3

(4.8--11.1)

---

---

---

---

20.8

(17.9--23.9)

Seattle and King County, Washington

11.2

(4.3--26.0)

10.4

(5.8--18.1)

12.4

(8.9--16.9)

---

---

27.9

(25.8--30.1)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

8.2

(2.7--22.6)

9.9

(6.7--14.4)

7.2

(2.1--21.8)

---

---

19.4

---

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

7.1

(4.5--10.9)

---

---

19.4

---

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

8.5

(5.9--12.1)

---

---

14.5

(12.1--17.1)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

6.4

(4.3-- 9.5)

---

---

18.8

(16.2--21.6)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

10.0

(6.8--14.5)

---

---

19.4

---

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

15.5

(8.6--26.4)

16.9

(15.7--18.1)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

15.5

(11.6--20.5)

13.6

(12.2--15.1)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

13.4

(8.6--20.1)

20.8

(17.7--24.3)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

13.1

(9.5--17.9)

13.6

(12.2--15.1)

Median

8.3

---

8.6

---

7.9

---

14.5

---

19.4

---

Low

2.7

---

1.3

---

6.4

---

13.1

---

14.4

---

High

13.8

---

15.4

---

12.4

---

15.5

---

27.9

---

Women

Richmond, Virginia

10.7

(8.2--13.8)

---

---

---

---

---

---

23.6

(22.1--25.2)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

13.6

(10.8--16.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

21.0

---

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

11.4

(8.9--14.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

21.1

(19.5--22.8)

Boston, Massachusetts

8.4

(5.7--12.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

24.0

(21.7--26.5)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

11.2

(8.8--14.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

19.3

(17.6--21.0)

Fulton County, Georgia

8.4

(6.1--11.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

20.0

(18.8--21.2)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

10.8

(8.4--13.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

19.9

(17.8--22.1)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

10.2

(7.8--13.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

21.0

---

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

11.4

(8.7--14.8)

5.6

(3.4-- 9.0)

---

---

---

---

21.0

---

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

15.4

(12.0--19.5)

8.6

(5.0--14.4)

---

---

---

---

21.0

---

South Los Angeles, California

10.6

(7.0--15.8)

1.1

(0.3-- 4.1)

---

---

---

---

21.0

---

East Harlem, New York

8.2

(5.6--11.8)

3.5

(1.9-- 6.4)

---

---

---

---

19.1

(17.1--21.3)

Southwest Bronx, New York

6.9

(4.2--11.3)

3.0

(1.0-- 8.5)

---

---

---

---

19.1

(17.1--21.3)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

9.8

(5.7--16.1)

6.5

(3.5--11.9)

---

---

---

---

21.0

---

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

10.8

(8.4--13.8)

---

---

---

---

21.0

---

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

13.7

(10.9--17.2)

---

---

---

---

21.0

(18.4--23.9)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

13.2

(10.3--16.9)

---

---

---

---

21.0

---

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

5.3

(3.7-- 7.7)

---

---

---

---

24.0

(21.7--26.5)

Seattle and King County, Washington

18.5

(11.5--28.6)

11.6

(6.6--19.6)

17.1

(13.3--21.8)

---

---

26.8

(25.1--28.6)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

10.4

(5.0--20.4)

7.4

(5.2--10.3)

7.1

(2.6--18.2)

---

---

21.0

---

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

6.8

(4.5--10.3)

---

---

21.0

---

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

8.1

(5.9--11.1)

---

---

16.1

(13.8--18.7)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

8.8

(6.5--11.8)

---

---

19.1

(17.1--21.3)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

9.2

(6.5--12.8)

---

---

21.0

---

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

13.3

(8.3--20.7)

20.0

(19.1--20.9)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

14.4

(11.6--17.8)

17.6

(16.5--18.7)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

16.4

(11.8--22.4)

23.4

(21.0--26.1)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

19.1

(15.5--23.2)

17.6

(16.5--18.7)

Median

10.7

---

7.0

---

8.5

---

15.4

---

21.0

---

Low

6.9

---

1.1

---

6.8

---

13.3

---

16.1

---

High

18.5

---

13.7

---

17.1

---

19.1

---

26.8

---

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, CI = confidence interval, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Not applicable.

Data from 2009 BRFSS from 33 states (Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin) and the District of Columbia.


TABLE 18. Percentage of adults who had cholesterol checked during the preceding 5 years, in 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and in the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by race/ethnicity and sex --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. racial/ethnic populations

BRFSS

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

MMSA/County/State

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

Men

Richmond, Virginia

74.6

(67.8--80.5)

---*

---

---

---

---

---

79.9

(73.9--84.8)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

73.9

(67.2--79.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

73.9

(66.5--80.1)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

74.9

(68.1--80.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

78.6

(75.7--81.2)

Boston, Massachusetts

68.6

(60.4--75.8)

---

---

---

---

---

---

82.3

(80.3--84.1)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

81.0

(74.0--86.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

76.0

(73.1--78.7)

Fulton County, Georgia

70.3

(64.0--75.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

76.9

(72.8--80.5)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

69.1

(62.0--75.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

77.2

(72.8--81.2)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

75.8

(69.1--81.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

71.5

(67.9--74.9)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

67.0

(57.9--75.0)

60.5

(52.5--68.0)

---

---

---

---

74.8

(71.2--78.1)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

65.6

(56.7--73.5)

63.1

(50.7--74.0)

---

---

---

---

74.8

(71.2--78.1)

South Los Angeles, California

67.9

(57.0--77.2)

41.0

(29.9--53.1)

---

---

---

---

71.5

(67.9--74.9)

East Harlem, New York

80.7

(69.3--88.6)

60.5

(51.6--68.7)

---

---

---

---

80.7

(78.2--82.9)

Southwest Bronx, New York

80.1

(71.5--86.6)

60.9

(51.1--69.8)

---

---

---

---

80.7

(78.2--82.9)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

80.4

(67.6--89.0)

76.4

(65.6--84.7)

---

---

---

---

74.8

(71.2--78.1)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

59.5

(53.5--65.3)

---

---

---

---

75.2

(67.7--81.4)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

63.3

(57.2--68.9)

---

---

---

---

73.3

(66.8--78.9)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

70.4

(64.5--75.7)

---

---

---

---

70.0

(67.1--72.6)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

57.1

(50.9--63.0)

---

---

---

---

81.6

(77.4--85.2)

Seattle and King County, Washington

71.5

(54.8--83.9)

45.3

(36.2--54.7)

71.5

(65.1--77.2)

---

---

74.8

(72.4--77.1)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

73.2

(58.7--84.0)

60.5

(54.3--66.5)

71.8

(49.6--86.8)

---

---

71.5

(67.9--74.9)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

77.8

(72.0--82.7)

---

---

71.5

(67.9--74.9)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

72.1

(66.6--77.1)

---

---

74.2

(71.7--76.5)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

77.8

(72.7--82.2)

---

---

80.7

(78.2--82.9)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

73.4

(66.3--79.4)

---

---

71.5

(67.9--74.9)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

80.7

(70.3--88.1)

75.2

(72.4--77.8)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

64.2

(58.2--69.8)

72.0

(69.4--74.5)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

61.3

(52.3--69.6)

76.5

(74.1--78.7)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

65.8

(58.9--72.1)

72.0

(69.4--74.5)

Median

73.6

---

60.5

---

72.8

---

65.0

---

74.4

---

Low

65.6

---

41.0

---

71.5

---

61.3

---

67.5

---

High

81.0

---

76.4

---

77.8

---

80.7

---

83.8

---

Women

Richmond, Virginia

80.4

(76.6--83.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

80.6

(76.3--84.3)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

83.4

(79.8--86.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

80.4

(75.4--84.6)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

78.1

(73.7--81.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

82.1

(80.1--83.9)

Boston, Massachusetts

66.7

(60.4--72.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

86.0

(84.4--87.4)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

82.3

(78.4--85.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

81.9

(79.8--83.9)

Fulton County, Georgia

72.1

(67.5--76.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

80.9

(78.3--83.2)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

77.3

(73.2--80.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

80.1

(76.9--82.9)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

82.2

(78.3--85.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

80.4

(77.9--82.6)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

83.1

(78.5--86.9)

70.7

(64.9--75.9)

---

---

---

---

77.8

(75.1--80.3)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

80.5

(75.5--84.6)

73.8

(65.7--80.5)

---

---

---

---

77.8

(75.1--80.3)

South Los Angeles, California

79.7

(72.3--85.6)

57.0

(46.2--67.2)

---

---

---

---

80.4

(77.9--82.6)

East Harlem, New York

79.7

(74.4--84.2)

69.7

(64.0--74.9)

---

---

---

---

83.0

(81.1--84.7)

Southwest Bronx, New York

80.9

(74.5--86.0)

67.4

(60.0--74.0)

---

---

---

---

83.0

(81.1--84.7)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

87.2

(80.1--92.0)

72.1

(64.4--78.7)

---

---

---

---

77.8

(75.1--80.3)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

63.2

(58.7--67.4)

---

---

---

---

81.1

(75.4--85.8)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

67.3

(62.8--71.5)

---

---

---

---

77.2

(72.3--81.5)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

72.8

(68.1--77.0)

---

---

---

---

73.9

(71.8--76.0)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

65.1

(60.6--69.4)

---

---

---

---

85.2

(81.9--87.9)

Seattle and King County, Washington

70.2

(58.3--79.9)

52.0

(40.9--62.9)

76.1

(70.1--81.2)

---

---

77.8

(75.7--79.8)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

89.7

(78.6--95.4)

65.3

(60.6--69.7)

82.4

(72.2--89.5)

---

---

80.4

(77.9--82.6)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

82.6

(77.5--86.7)

---

---

80.4

(77.9--82.6)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

76.8

(72.6--80.5)

---

---

79.7

(77.6--81.6)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

78.8

(74.7--82.3)

---

---

83.0

(81.1--84.7)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

74.8

(69.5--79.4)

---

---

80.4

(77.9--82.6)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

79.5

(70.5--86.3)

81.2

(79.2--83.1)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

72.5

(68.0--76.5)

76.9

(75.2--78.5)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

78.5

(72.1--83.7)

82.6

(80.9--84.2)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

72.4

(67.5--76.8)

76.9

(75.2--78.5)

Median

80.5

---

67.4

---

77.8

---

75.5

---

79.2

---

Low

66.7

---

52.0

---

74.8

---

72.4

---

67.6

---

High

89.7

---

73.8

---

82.6

---

79.5

---

86.6

---

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, CI = confidence interval, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Not applicable.

Data from 2009 BRFSS from the 50 states and the District of Columbia.


TABLE 19. Percentage of adults with hypertension who are taking medication for high blood pressure, in 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and in the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by race/ethnicity --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. racial/ethnic populations

BRFSS

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

MMSA/County/State

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

Richmond, Virginia

81.8

(77.6--85.4)

---*

---

---

---

---

---

82.7

(77.6--86.8)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

81.8

(77.4--85.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

78.3

(72.0--83.5)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

85.0

(80.6--88.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

82.3

(79.8--84.6)

Boston, Massachusetts

86.3

(79.5--91.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

76.4

(73.7--78.9)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

86.8

(82.4--90.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

80.9

(77.9--83.6)

Fulton County, Georgia

74.2

(68.4--79.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

78.9

(74.9--82.5)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

79.6

(74.4--84.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

78.7

(74.2--82.6)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

80.7

(76.1--84.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

67.7

(63.4--71.7)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

71.6

(64.2--77.9)

51.4

(40.9--61.8)

---

---

---

---

78.3

(74.3--81.7)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

79.0

(72.4--84.3)

73.7

(60.2--83.8)

---

---

---

---

78.3

(74.3--81.7)

South Los Angeles, California

82.2

(74.2--88.1)

59.2

(44.3--72.5)

---

---

---

---

67.7

(63.4--71.7)

East Harlem, New York

80.8

(74.1--86.1)

74.7

(66.5--81.4)

---

---

---

---

78.3

(75.3--81.0)

Southwest Bronx, New York

74.9

(67.3--81.2)

71.7

(62.5--79.5)

---

---

---

---

78.3

(75.3--81.0)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

83.8

(74.4--90.2)

68.3

(54.6--79.4)

---

---

---

---

78.3

(74.3--81.7)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

68.6

(62.3--74.3)

---

---

---

---

77.9

(70.0--84.2)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

77.3

(71.4--82.3)

---

---

---

---

79.3

(73.7--84.0)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

72.5

(66.8--77.6)

---

---

---

---

73.3

(70.4--75.9)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

68.7

(62.6--74.3)

---

---

---

---

82.8

(78.8--86.2)

Seattle and King County, Washington

81.2

(65.7--90.7)

61.3

(43.3--76.7)

72.9

(64.1--80.2)

---

---

71.2

(68.5--73.8)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

80.7

(65.1--90.4)

65.4

(57.9--72.3)

78.1

(52.6--92.0)

---

---

67.7

(63.4--71.7)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

88.3

(83.3--92.0)

---

---

67.7

(63.4--71.7)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

78.5

(73.5--82.8)

---

---

78.6

(76.2--80.9)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

76.3

(70.2--81.5)

---

---

78.3

(75.3--81.0)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

70.7

(62.3--77.9)

---

---

67.7

(63.4--71.7)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

77.4

(67.3--85.0)

81.6

(79.4--83.6)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

77.2

(71.9--81.7)

79.3

(77.2--81.3)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

73.7

(65.0--80.9)

79.2

(77.0--81.3)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

76.0

(69.8--81.2)

79.3

(77.2--81.3)

Median

81.0

---

68.7

---

77.2

---

76.6

---

79.2

---

Low

71.6

---

51.4

---

70.7

---

73.7

---

66.9

---

High

86.8

---

77.3

---

88.3

---

77.4

---

86.7

---

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, CI = confidence interval, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Not applicable.

Data from 2009 BRFSS from the 50 states and the District of Columbia.


TABLE 20. Percentage of adults with diabetes who had a glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) test during the preceding 12 months, in 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and in the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by race/ethnicity --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. racial/ethnic populations

BRFSS

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

State

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

Richmond, Virginia

65.9

(58.7--72.4)

---*

---

---

---

---

---

78.6

(75.8--81.0)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

78.6

(71.8--84.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

79.5

(77.1--81.8)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

85.3

(79.8--89.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

79.1

(76.8--81.1)

Boston, Massachusetts

57.1

(46.7--66.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

84.0

(81.2--86.4)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

79.2

(72.5--84.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

76.0

(74.0--77.9)

Fulton County, Georgia

78.8

(71.3--84.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

78.5

(75.9--80.8)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

66.2

(58.2--73.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

78.0

(74.8--81.0)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

72.3

(65.2--78.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

87.3

(84.2--89.8)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

76.0

(68.3--82.4)

64.1

(48.7--77.1)

---

---

---

---

80.9

(76.5--84.7)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

83.7

(75.3--89.6)

62.6

(48.3--75.0)

---

---

---

---

80.9

(76.5--84.7)

South Los Angeles, California

62.2

(51.2--72.1)

64.1

(44.9--79.6)

---

---

---

---

87.3

(84.2--89.8)

East Harlem, New York

65.0

(53.2--75.2)

55.5

(44.2--66.3)

---

---

---

---

77.0

(71.2--81.9)

Southwest Bronx, New York

68.7

(57.3--78.2)

55.4

(42.7--67.3)

---

---

---

---

77.0

(71.2--81.9)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

70.8

(57.3--81.4)

53.7

(36.5--70.0)

---

---

---

---

80.9

(76.5--84.7)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

68.0

(59.8--75.2)

---

---

---

---

87.3

(84.2--89.8)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

72.7

(64.3--79.7)

---

---

---

---

75.3

(71.4--78.8)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

78.6

(71.7--84.1)

---

---

---

---

76.7

(74.0--79.3)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

67.9

(59.2--75.4)

---

---

---

---

84.0

(81.2--86.4)

Seattle and King County, Washington

---

---

81.8

(66.9--90.9)

---

---

84.4

(83.2--85.6)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

---

63.7

(53.2--73.1)

---

---

---

87.3

(84.2--89.8)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

70.4

(62.0--77.7)

---

---

87.3

(84.2--89.8)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

82.1

(75.0--87.6)

---

---

76.4

(73.0--79.6)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

63.3

(54.2--71.6)

---

---

77.0

(71.2--81.9)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

61.3

(48.4--72.9)

---

---

87.3

(84.2--89.8)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

87.2

(75.8--93.7)

76.3

(74.4--78.2)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

81.6

(75.1--86.6)

75.7

(72.3--78.8)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

72.0

(60.6--81.1)

75.4

(72.3--78.3)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

77.4

(69.4--83.8)

75.7

(72.3--78.8)

Median

71.6

---

64.1

---

70.4

---

79.5

---

79.7§

---

Low

57.1

---

53.7

---

61.3

---

72.0

---

71.2§

---

High

85.3

---

78.6

---

82.1

---

87.2

---

91.4§

---

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, CI = confidence interval, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Not applicable.

Sample size <30; data not reported.

§ Data from 2009 BRFSS from 45 states (all states except Arkansas, Idaho, Missouri, Oklahoma, and South Dakota) and the District of Columbia.


TABLE 21. Percentage of adults with diabetes who had their feet checked by a health professional during the preceding 12 months, in 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and in the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by race/ethnicity --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. racial/ethnic populations

BRFSS

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

State

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

Richmond, Virginia

78.0

(70.8--83.8)

---*

---

---

---

---

---

73.1

(70.2--75.7)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

79.8

(72.6--85.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

77.3

(74.9--79.6)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

82.1

(76.0--86.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

69.4

(66.9--71.9)

Boston, Massachusetts

72.3

(61.6--81.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

81.2

(77.9--84.2)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

85.9

(80.1--90.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

72.9

(70.7--75.0)

Fulton County, Georgia

84.9

(76.9--90.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

72.4

(69.7--74.9)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

78.4

(70.0--85.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

72.9

(69.3--76.2)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

77.5

(70.1--83.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

64.4

(60.5--68.1)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

87.4

(80.7--92.1)

58.3

(42.0--73.0)

---

---

---

---

72.3

(67.3--76.7)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

81.9

(72.6--88.5)

67.5

(52.9--79.3)

---

---

---

---

72.3

(67.3--76.7)

South Los Angeles, California

80.1

(68.1--88.4)

65.3

(45.0--81.3)

---

---

---

---

64.4

(60.5--68.1)

East Harlem, New York

84.3

(72.8--91.5)

62.9

(51.0--73.4)

---

---

---

---

77.7

(72.0--82.6)

Southwest Bronx, New York

86.7

(76.5--92.9)

73.8

(58.5--84.9)

---

---

---

---

77.7

(72.0--82.6)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

84.8

(72.5--92.2)

70.1

(50.6--84.2)

---

---

---

---

72.3

(67.3--76.7)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

72.3

(63.9--79.4)

---

---

---

---

64.4

(60.5--68.1)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

73.3

(65.4--80.0)

---

---

---

---

66.6

(62.1--70.7)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

74.2

(66.8--80.5)

---

---

---

---

74.1

(71.4--76.7)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

68.7

(59.7--76.5)

---

---

---

---

81.2

(77.9--84.2)

Seattle and King County, Washington

---

---

75.3

(59.1--86.5)

---

---

74.5

(73.0--75.9)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

---

67.1

(56.4--76.3)

---

---

---

64.4

(60.5--68.1)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

72.9

(63.4--80.6)

---

---

64.4

(60.5--68.1)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

81.5

(73.9--87.3)

---

---

74.8

(71.6--77.8)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

60.7

(51.3--69.4)

---

---

77.7

(72.0--82.6)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

61.4

(48.0--73.3)

---

---

64.4

(60.5--68.1)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

83.3

(70.8--91.1)

76.4

(74.3--78.3)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

75.3

(67.4--81.9)

66.8

(63.0--70.4)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

83.6

(72.6--90.8)

70.4

(67.1--73.5)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

77.3

(68.5--84.2)

66.8

(63.0--70.4)

Median

82.0

---

68.7

---

72.9

---

80.3

---

73.4§

---

Low

72.3

---

58.3

---

60.7

---

75.3

---

63.2§

---

High

87.4

---

74.2

---

81.5

---

83.6

---

86.3§

---

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, CI = confidence interval, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Not applicable.

Sample size <30; data not reported.

§ Data from 2009 BRFSS from 45 states (all states except Arkansas, Idaho, Missouri, Oklahoma, and South Dakota) and the District of Columbia.


TABLE 22. Percentage of adults with diabetes who had a dilated eye exam during the preceding 12 months, in 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and in the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by race/ethnicity --- United States

REACH U.S. community

REACH U.S. racial/ethnic populations

BRFSS

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

State

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

Richmond, Virginia

67.9

(60.7--74.4)

---*

---

---

---

---

---

71.4

(68.5--74.1)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

74.0

(66.4--80.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

73.1

(70.8--75.3)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

65.4

(57.1--72.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

66.6

(64.0--69.1)

Boston, Massachusetts

87.2

(77.5--93.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

77.3

(73.7--80.6)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

75.3

(68.2--81.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

67.6

(65.3--69.9)

Fulton County, Georgia

72.9

(64.5--80.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

69.6

(66.8--72.2)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

79.8

(71.8--86.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

68.7

(65.0--72.2)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

71.2

(63.3--78.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

70.0

(66.1--73.6)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

77.5

(68.6--84.5)

50.8

(35.7--65.8)

---

---

---

---

64.8

(59.5--69.8)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

76.5

(64.9--85.2)

66.5

(51.4--78.8)

---

---

---

---

64.8

(59.5--69.8)

South Los Angeles, California

73.3

(59.6--83.7)

61.6

(42.1--78.1)

---

---

---

---

70.0

(66.1--73.6)

East Harlem, New York

82.9

(72.1--90.1)

74.2

(63.1--82.9)

---

---

---

---

74.2

(67.6--79.8)

Southwest Bronx, New York

79.2

(66.4--88.0)

71.5

(58.2--81.9)

---

---

---

---

74.2

(67.6--79.8)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

69.0

(53.5--81.2)

67.3

(49.7--81.1)

---

---

---

---

64.8

(59.5--69.8)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

61.9

(52.8--70.2)

---

---

---

---

70.0

(66.1--73.6)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

72.3

(62.7--80.3)

---

---

---

---

71.4

(67.1--75.3)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

72.6

(64.3--79.7)

---

---

---

---

69.0

(66.2--71.7)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

85.6

(77.9--90.9)

---

---

---

---

77.3

(73.7--80.6)

Seattle and King County, Washington

---

---

78.3

(61.3--89.1)

---

---

71.3

(69.7--72.8)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

---

71.3

(61.0--79.8)

---

---

---

70.0

(66.1--73.6)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

78.9

(68.7--86.4)

---

---

70.0

(66.1--73.6)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

83.5

(76.6--88.7)

---

---

72.4

(69.1--75.5)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

77.5

(68.8--84.4)

---

---

74.2

(67.6--79.8)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

63.4

(50.2--74.9)

---

---

70.0

(66.1--73.6)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

76.3

(64.0--85.4)

69.6

(67.5--71.6)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

71.0

(63.2--77.7)

62.3

(58.4--66.0)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

80.4

(69.4--88.2)

69.9

(66.6--73.0)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

69.4

(60.9--76.7)

62.3

(58.4--66.0)

Median

74.7

---

71.3

---

78.3

---

73.7

---

69.2§

---

Low

65.4

---

50.8

---

63.4

---

69.4

---

58.4§

---

High

87.2

---

85.6

---

83.5

---

80.4

---

81.8§

---

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, CI = confidence interval, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Not applicable.

Sample size <30; data not reported.

§ Data from 2009 BRFSS from 45 states (all states except Arkansas, Idaho, Missiouri, Oklahoma, and South Dakota) and the District of Columbia.


TABLE 23. Percentage of women aged ≥40 who reported having received a mammogram during the previous 2 years, in 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and in the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by race/ethnicity --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. racial/ethnic populations

BRFSS

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

State

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

Richmond, Virginia

76.5

(72.4--80.1)

---*

---

---

---

---

---

85.3

(83.3--87.2)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

79.5

(75.8--82.8)

---

---

---

---

---

---

83.5

(82.2--84.8)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

81.5

(77.5--85.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

82.5

(80.5--84.3)

Boston, Massachusetts

87.6

(82.4--91.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

89.6

(88.6--90.5)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

86.7

(83.1--89.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

82.6

(80.8--84.2)

Fulton County, Georgia

78.8

(74.8--82.4)

---

---

---

---

---

---

84.7

(83.6--85.6)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

82.2

(78.1--85.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

82.3

(81.0--83.6)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

81.1

(77.7--84.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

86.7

(85.4--87.8)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

80.3

(75.8--84.1)

77.1

(69.4--83.4)

---

---

---

---

83.2

(81.4--84.8)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

83.2

(78.6--87.0)

75.1

(66.8--81.9)

---

---

---

---

83.2

(81.4--84.8)

South Los Angeles, California

78.1

(71.3--83.7)

80.9

(70.2--88.3)

---

---

---

---

86.7

(85.4--87.8)

East Harlem, New York

84.1

(78.4--88.5)

82.9

(77.1--87.4)

---

---

---

---

86.1

(84.7--87.4)

Southwest Bronx, New York

79.0

(73.1--83.8)

88.8

(83.6--92.5)

---

---

---

---

86.1

(84.7--87.4)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

83.2

(75.8--88.7)

77.4

(67.7--84.8)

---

---

---

---

83.2

(81.4--84.8)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

83.6

(79.3--87.1)

---

---

---

---

86.7

(85.4--87.8)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

82.0

(78.5--85.1)

---

---

---

---

85.0

(82.5--87.2)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

71.9

(67.4--75.9)

---

---

---

---

79.5

(77.5--81.3)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

93.5

(90.4--95.6)

---

---

---

---

89.6

(88.6--90.5)

Seattle and King County, Washington

70.7

(57.9--80.9)

66.3

(51.4--78.5)

79.4

(73.3--84.3)

---

---

82.8

(81.8--83.7)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

78.3

(64.8--87.6)

77.9

(72.3--82.6)

78.5

(63.2--88.5)

---

---

86.7

(85.4--87.8)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

80.2

(74.8--84.7)

---

---

86.7

(85.4--87.8)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

84.9

(81.0--88.1)

---

---

83.4

(82.3--84.4)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

75.0

(69.6--79.7)

---

---

86.1

(84.7--87.4)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

80.3

(75.1--84.7)

---

---

86.7

(85.4--87.8)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

69.4

(59.6--77.7)

85.2

(84.1--86.2)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

72.3

(68.2--76.1)

76.9

(75.3--78.5)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

76.2

(67.5--83.2)

84.9

(83.6--86.1)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

73.0

(68.0--77.5)

76.9

(75.3--78.5)

Median

80.7

---

79.4

---

79.8

---

72.7

---

83.2

---

Low

70.7

---

66.3

---

75.0

---

69.4

---

75.6

---

High

87.6

---

93.5

---

84.9

---

76.2

---

89.6

---

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, CI = confidence interval, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Not applicable.

Data from 2008 BRFSS from the 50 states and the District of Columbia.


TABLE 24. Percentage of women who reported having a Papanicolaou (Pap) smear test during the previous 3 years, in 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and in the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by race/ethnicity --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. racial/ethnic populations

BRFSS

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

State

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

Richmond, Virginia

85.0

(81.2--88.1)

---*

---

---

---

---

---

83.2

(79.5--86.3)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

86.0

(82.5--89.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

82.0

(80.3--83.6)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

87.0

(82.7--90.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

80.8

(78.3--83.1)

Boston, Massachusetts

81.2

(75.6--85.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

87.6

(86.3--88.8)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

85.6

(81.5--88.8)

---

---

---

---

---

---

86.1

(84.1--87.8)

Fulton County, Georgia

89.4

(86.0--92.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

86.9

(85.7--87.9)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

87.0

(83.3--90.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

82.7

(81.0--84.2)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

82.1

(77.8--85.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

84.1

(82.5--85.6)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

84.7

(79.7--88.7)

82.4

(76.5--87.1)

---

---

---

---

83.8

(81.6--85.7)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

84.9

(80.1--88.6)

76.6

(68.5--83.1)

---

---

---

---

83.8

(81.6--85.7)

South Los Angeles, California

83.4

(75.7--89.0)

85.2

(76.1--91.3)

---

---

---

---

84.1

(82.5--85.6)

East Harlem, New York

85.0

(79.5--89.2)

81.0

(75.2--85.7)

---

---

---

---

83.3

(81.4--85.1)

Southwest Bronx, New York

84.5

(78.2--89.2)

85.4

(77.7--90.7)

---

---

---

---

83.3

(81.4--85.1)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

90.6

(83.6--94.8)

77.6

(68.7--84.5)

---

---

---

---

83.8

(81.6--85.7)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

88.1

(84.4--91.1)

---

---

---

---

84.1

(82.5--85.6)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

78.2

(73.6--82.1)

---

---

---

---

82.3

(78.1--85.9)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

79.7

(74.7--84.0)

---

---

---

---

80.7

(77.6--83.5)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

91.4

(87.9--94.0)

---

---

---

---

87.6

(86.3--88.8)

Seattle and King County, Washington

86.5

(75.2--93.1)

83.8

(72.4--91.1)

74.2

(67.7--79.8)

---

---

82.7

(81.4--83.8)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

75.6

(58.8--87.1)

84.6

(80.3--88.1)

75.5

(62.4--85.2)

---

---

84.1

(82.5--85.6)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

74.5

(68.6--79.6)

---

---

84.1

(82.5--85.6)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

80.8

(76.5--84.5)

---

---

82.4

(81.2--83.6)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

60.3

(55.2--65.2)

---

---

83.3

(81.4--85.1)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

69.7

(63.8--75.0)

---

---

84.1

(82.5--85.6)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

84.9

(75.3--91.2)

86.9

(85.5--88.2)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

79.4

(74.4--83.7)

81.4

(79.6--83.0)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

88.5

(82.1--92.7)

80.1

(78.4--81.6)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

82.1

(76.7--86.4)

81.4

(79.6--83.0)

Median

85.0

---

83.1

---

74.4

---

83.5

---

82.9

---

Low

75.6

---

76.6

---

60.3

---

79.4

---

74.0

---

High

90.6

---

91.4

---

80.8

---

88.5

---

88.9

---

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, CI = confidence interval, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Not applicable.

Data from 2008 BRFSS from the 50 states and the District of Columbia.


TABLE 25. Percentage of adults aged ≥65 years who had received an influenza vaccination during the preceding 12 months, in 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and in the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by race/ethnicity --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. racial/ethnic populations

BRFSS

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

MMSA/County/State

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

Richmond, Virginia

50.9

(45.1--56.7)

---*

---

---

---

---

---

76.1

(72.4--79.4)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

59.8

(53.6--65.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

68.7

(63.8--73.3)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

62.4

(56.4--68.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

70.7

(68.8--72.6)

Boston, Massachusetts

65.6

(55.8--74.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

76.2

(74.8--77.7)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

57.2

(51.3--62.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

68.9

(67.2--70.5)

Fulton County, Georgia

54.4

(47.6--61.0)

---

---

---

---

---

---

66.1

(63.4--68.8)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

61.6

(55.6--67.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

72.5

(69.6--75.3)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

56.8

(52.3--61.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

66.8

(63.5--70.0)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

52.5

(45.2--59.6)

59.5

(44.8--72.8)

---

---

---

---

61.9

(58.9--64.8)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

49.8

(42.6--57.1)

63.3

(47.7--76.5)

---

---

---

---

61.9

(58.9--64.8)

South Los Angeles, California

59.5

(53.7--65.1)

58.7

(44.9--71.3)

---

---

---

---

66.8

(63.5--70.0)

East Harlem, New York

63.2

(53.9--71.5)

67.6

(58.1--75.9)

---

---

---

---

65.1

(62.8--67.3)

Southwest Bronx, New York

57.4

(49.1--65.4)

60.4

(49.4--70.4)

---

---

---

---

65.1

(62.8--67.3)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

43.9

(33.2--55.2)

54.0

(33.7--73.0)

---

---

---

---

61.9

(58.9--64.8)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

67.5

(58.7--75.1)

---

---

---

---

72.1

(65.5--77.8)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

75.0

(67.8--81.0)

---

---

---

---

76.4

(73.1--79.5)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

66.1

(60.1--71.7)

---

---

---

---

69.0

(67.3--70.6)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

71.6

(63.0--78.9)

---

---

---

---

72.9

(69.9--75.7)

Seattle and King County, Washington

---

---

76.0

(68.3--82.2)

---

---

72.1

(70.2--73.9)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

---

59.0

(48.5--68.8)

---

---

---

66.8

(63.5--70.0)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

80.1

(75.7--83.9)

---

---

66.8

(63.5--70.0)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

77.6

(71.1--82.9)

---

---

76.8

(74.8--78.6)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

83.4

(77.9--87.7)

---

---

65.1

(62.8--67.3)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

79.5

(66.5--88.3)

---

---

66.8

(63.5--70.0)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

55.9

(42.0--68.9)

72.3

(71.0--73.5)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

70.6

(65.2--75.6)

72.7

(71.3--74.1)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

75.8

(60.0--86.7)

69.4

(68.0--70.8)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

72.5

(66.2--78.0)

72.7

(71.3--74.1)

Median

57.3

---

63.3

---

79.5

---

71.6

---

70.1§

---

Low

43.9

---

54.0

---

76.0

---

55.9

---

62.1§

---

High

65.6

---

75.0

---

83.4

---

75.8

---

76.8§

---

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, CI = confidence interval, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Not applicable.

Sample size <30; data not reported.

§ Data from 2009 BRFSS from the 50 states and the District of Columbia.


TABLE 26. Percentage of adults aged ≥65 years who had ever received a pneumococcal vaccination, in 28 Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. communities, 2009, and in the comparison populations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2007--2009, by race/ethnicity --- United States

Community

REACH U.S. racial/ethnic populations

BRFSS

Black

Hispanic

A/PI

AI

MMSA/County/State

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

Richmond, Virginia

59.2

(52.9--65.1)

---*

---

---

---

---

---

71.4

(67.2--75.2)

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

59.2

(52.9--65.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

60.0

(54.8--65.1)

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia

73.5

(67.6--78.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

68.5

(66.5--70.4)

Boston, Massachusetts

49.4

(38.9--59.8)

---

---

---

---

---

---

69.9

(68.3--71.4)

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

65.0

(58.8--70.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

68.0

(66.3--69.6)

Fulton County, Georgia

64.2

(57.2--70.6)

---

---

---

---

---

---

64.2

(61.4--66.9)

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio

69.7

(63.9--74.9)

---

---

---

---

---

---

72.5

(69.4--75.4)

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California

68.3

(63.7--72.5)

---

---

---

---

---

---

57.4

(53.8--60.9)

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois

51.8

(44.2--59.3)

44.6

(29.8--60.4)

---

---

---

---

56.0

(52.9--59.1)

Southeast Chicago, Illinois

53.9

(46.3--61.3)

77.1

(62.0--87.4)

---

---

---

---

56.0

(52.9--59.1)

South Los Angeles, California

61.8

(55.7--67.6)

48.2

(34.2--62.4)

---

---

---

---

57.4

(53.8--60.9)

East Harlem, New York

53.2

(43.7--62.5)

59.9

(49.3--69.5)

---

---

---

---

55.3

(53.0--57.6)

Southwest Bronx, New York

68.2

(59.6--75.7)

59.1

(47.2--70.0)

---

---

---

---

55.3

(53.0--57.6)

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois

42.7

(32.4--53.6)

45.4

(26.2--66.0)

---

---

---

---

56.0

(52.9--59.1)

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California

---

---

58.3

(49.2--66.8)

---

---

---

---

65.3

(58.2--71.8)

Pima County, Arizona

---

---

70.7

(62.9--77.5)

---

---

---

---

75.1

(71.6--78.4)

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico

---

---

67.2

(61.3--72.6)

---

---

---

---

66.8

(65.1--68.5)

Lawrence, Massachusetts

---

---

58.5

(49.5--67.1)

---

---

---

---

67.6

(64.4--70.6)

Seattle and King County, Washington

---

---

59.7

(49.3--69.3)

---

---

69.5

(67.6--71.4)

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California

---

53.1

(41.7--64.1)

---

---

---

57.4

(53.8--60.9)

Special Service for Group, California

---

---

---

---

61.5

(56.5--66.3)

---

---

57.4

(53.8--60.9)

Waianae, Hawaii

---

---

---

---

74.6

(67.8--80.3)

---

---

66.0

(63.7--68.2)

New York City, New York

---

---

---

---

52.4

(45.5--59.3)

---

---

55.3

(53.0--57.6)

Orange County A/PI Community Alliance, California

---

---

---

---

52.1

(38.3--65.6)

---

---

57.4

(53.8--60.9)

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina

---

---

---

---

---

---

74.4

(60.1--84.8)

69.3

(67.9--70.7)

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

80.7

(75.7--84.9)

71.7

(70.2--73.1)

Intertribal Council of Michigan

---

---

---

---

---

---

81.5

(65.8--91.0)

66.9

(65.4--68.3)

Oklahoma

---

---

---

---

---

---

76.6

(70.3--82.0)

71.7

(70.2--73.1)

Median

60.5

---

58.5

---

59.7

---

78.7

---

68.5§

---

Low

42.7

---

44.6

---

52.1

---

74.4

---

59.9§

---

High

73.5

---

77.1

---

74.6

---

81.5

---

73.9§

---

Abbreviations: AI = American Indian, A/PI= Asian/Pacific Islander, CI = confidence interval, and MMSA = metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area.

* Not applicable.

Sample size <30; data not reported.

§ Data from 2009 BRFSS from the 50 states and the District of Columbia.


Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health Across the U.S. (REACH U.S.) Risk Factor Survey

Participating Communities and Organizations

CDC, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Adult and Community Health: David Bang, PhD, Joyce Buckner-Brown, PhD, Shannon Cosgrove, MHA, Rick Dulin, BS, Wayne Giles, MD, Zachery Harris, BS, Youlian Liao, MD, Leandris Liburd, PhD, Thijuanie Lockhart, BBA, Aisha Penson, MEd, Mark Rivera, PhD, Paul Siegel, MD, Sakeena Smith, MPH, Alexandria Stewart, April Taylor, MPH, Pattie Tucker, DrPH, Shannon White, MPH, Graydon Yatabe, MPH.

National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago: Ashley Amaya, MS, Martin Barron, PhD, Keeshawna Brooks, MA, Michael Bush, Kari Carris, PhD, Angela DeBello, MA, Katie Dekker, MA, Ned English, MS, Julie Gasparac, Carmelita Grady, PhD, Sheri Hamilton, Kate Hobson, MA, Adish Jain, MS, Michele Koppelman, MA, MBA, Peter Kwok, MS, Heather Leaver-Spear, Jeffrey Leintz, Moazzam Lokhandwala, Lauren McNamara, Corey Miller, Hiroaki Minato, MA, Robert Montgomery, MA, Whitney Murphy, MS, Edward Sipulski, Colm O'Muircheartaigh, PhD, Debra Oliver, Diane Preciado, Hee-Choon Shin, PhD, Kelly Van Hao, Kirk Wolter, PhD, Kanru Xia, MA, field and telephone interviewing staff.

Richmond, Virginia: Vernon J. Harris East End Community Health Center: Lawrence Cary, Tracy Causey, MSPH, Ashlee Miller, Candace Nelms, Karen Wilson, MSW, Denise Wise, James Woody, BS; East End Partnership with Families-EEPF, Healthy Hearts Plus ll, Inc.

West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: To Our Children's Future with Health, Inc: Charmaine Sudler Milligan, Erica J. Purkett, MSW, Robin Foster-Drain, MD, Marsha Zibalese-Crawford, DSW; Haddington Community Health Project Collaborative.

Kanawha and McDowell Counties, West Virginia: West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources: Charlene Hickman, Regina Mitchell, Amber Stohr.

Boston, Massachusetts: Center for Community Health, Education, and Research, Inc., Haitian-American Public Health Initiatives, Haitian Multiservice Service, Massachusetts Community Health Services, Cambridge Health Alliance, Boston Medical Center, Caribbean U-Turn, Greater Boston Nazarene Compassionate Center.

Charleston and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina: Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston Diabetes Coalition, Georgetown Diabetes CORE Group, Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Carolinas and Georgia Chapter of American Society of Hypertension, Diabetes Initiative of South Carolina, East Cooper Community Outreach, Franklin C. Fetter Family Health Center, Greater St. Peters Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ, Inc. (Palmetto Diocese), MUSC College of Nursing, SC DHEC Diabetes Prevention and Control Program (DPCP) and Epidemiology, SC DHEC Region 7, St. James-Santee Family Health Center, Tri-County Black Nurses Association, Trident United Way, Trident Urban League, Healthy Lifestyles Network, Palmetto Project.

Fulton County, Georgia: Southeastern US Collaborative Center of Excellence for the Elimination of Disparities, Morehouse School of Medicine Prevention Research Center: Daniel S. Blumenthal, MD, MPH, Venice Haynes, LeRoy Reese, PhD, John Wingfield, PhD; Fulton County Department of Health and Wellness: Deborah Cherry, Patrice Harris, MD, Larry Johnson, MPH, Vivian Moore, BS, Colet Odenigbo, MPA.

YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio: YMCA of the Greater Cleveland, Ohio /Clevelanders in Motion Branch: Barbara Clint, Tara Taylor, Alan Armstrong.

Community Health Council of Los Angeles, California: Lark Galloway-Gilliam, MPA; Gwendolyn Flynn; Jonathan Nomachi, MPP; Mia Boykin; University of Southern California: David S. Sloane, PhD; LaVonna Blair Lewis, PhD; African Americans Building a Legacy of Health Consortium.

City Neighborhoods of Chicago, Illinois: Chicago Department of Public Health, Lawndale Christian Health Center, Sinai Community Institute, Family Focus, Dr. Jorge Family Health Center.

Southeast Chicago, Illinois: Southeast Chicago Development Commission, Healthy Southeast Chicago: Dinah Ramirez, Chicago Department of Public Health: Herminia Vanna; South Shore Hospital: Earline Thomas; Advocate Health System: Joel Barron; Midwest Latino Health Research Training and Policy Center, University of Illinois at Chicago: Eve Pinsker.

South Los Angeles, California: Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center/South Los Angeles Health Projects: Steve Baranov, Jennifer Chiprich, PhD, Diane Gaspard, MA, Lizz Romo, Terry Silberman, DrPH, Akisha White, MPH, Immunize LA Families Coalition: Oliver Brooks, MD.

East Harlem, New York: Center of Excellence in the Elimination of Disparities -- Communities IMPACT Diabetes Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine: Carol R. Horowitz MD, Michelle Ramos MPH, Lawrence Kleinman, MD, Ellen Simon, DSW, Barbara Brenner, DrPH, Guedy Arniella, LCSW, Maida Galvez, MD, Hector Nazario, Pearl Barkley, Union Settlement Association, Bethel Gospel Assembly, Community Education Council for District 4, Lighthouse International, Little Sisters of the Assumption Family Health Service, Neighborhood Open Space Coalition, NYC Strategic Alliance for Health, Thomas Jefferson Houses Tenants Association, Yorkville Common Pantry, The East Harlem Diabetes Center of Excellence, The East Harlem Partnership for Diabetes Prevention; Communities IMPACT Diabetes Center Taskforce.

Southwest Bronx, New York: National Center to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Disparity, the Institute for Family Health, Bronx Health REACH Coalition, New York Academy of Medicine: Neil Calman, MD, Maxine Golub, MPH, Charmaine Ruddock, MS.

Humboldt Park and West Town, Chicago, Illinois: University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC)'s Midwest Latino Health Research, Training and Policy Center at Jane Addams College of Social Work (JACSW and UIC Healthy Cities Collaborative of the Neighborhood Initiative and Chicago Department of Public Health: Aida L. Giachello, Cynthia Barnes-Boyd, Joseph Harrington, Co-Principal Investigator, Sheila R. Castillo, Rosemary George, Jose Arrom, Amparo Castillo, Angela Ellison, Mayra Estrella, Ericka Garduno, Hong Hu, Natalie Meza, Sabrina Nelson, Eve Pinsker, Charles Williams, Yong Zhou.

YMCA of the Santa Clara Valley, California: Chronic Disease and Injury Prevention, Santa Clara County Public Health Department: Lillian Castillo RD, CLE; Community Health Saint Louise Regional Hospital: Sr. Rachela Silvestri; Generations Community Wellness: Dan McClure; Bay Area Women's Sports Initiative: Marlene Bjornsrud; Project Cornerstone: Anne Ehresman; Digital Clubhouse Network: Warren Hegg; Mexican American Community Services Agency: Art Barron; Hatchuel Tabernik & Associates; South County Collaborative of Santa Clara County.

Pima County, Arizona: Arizona Board of Regents, University of Arizona, Pima County Cervical Cancer Prevention Partnership, Pima County Health Department, UA Zuckerman College of Public Health Center of Excellence in Women's Health, El Rio Community Health Center, Marana Community Health Center, Southeast Arizona Area Health Education Center, Sunnyside Unified School District, Sunnyside and Elvira Advocates for Health, Saint Elizabeth Health Center, Planned Parenthood.

Grant and Hidalgo Counties, New Mexico: Hidalgo Medical Services, Grant County Community Health Council, Hidalgo Health Consortium, New Mexico Department of Health, the University of New Mexico, the New Mexico State University Cooperative Extension Offices, the Volunteer Center of Grant County, LULAC Grant County Chapter, The Wellness Coalition, Gila Regional Medical Center, SWORD (Southwest Outreach for Diabetes), FAN-C (Fitness and Nutrition in the Community group), Knights of Columbus, various community members.

Lawrence, Massachusetts: Greater Lawrence Family Health Center, Inc, Latino CEED Lawrence Partners/ Lawrence Council on Aging, Home Care Inc., YWCA of Greater Lawrence, City of Lawrence Department of Planning and Development, UMASS Worcester and Massachusetts Department of Public Health. Steering Committee Members: G. Dean Cleghorn, EdD; Suzanne Cashman, ScD, Martha Cruz, Patricia Daly, MSN, Milagro Grullon, MM, Vilma Lora, Jean Lussier, Theresa Petrie, Donna Rivera, MSW, Trinidad Tellez, MD, Martha Velez.

Seattle and King County, Washington: Seattle King County Department of Public Health: Roxana Chen, Cheza Garvin, Janet Kapp, Blishda Lacet; Center for MultiCultural Health: Eudora Carter, Shelley Cooper-Ashford, Devon Love, Edna Nunn; International Community Health Services: Sefie Cabiao, Michael McKee, Julie Siliga, Tammy Tai, Angela Wan, Minh Nguyen Wichman, Abbie Zahler, Sea Mar Community Health Centers: Antoinette Angulo, Valerie Baldisserotto, Mayra Carrillo, Edgar Lopez, Jackie Vasquez; Washington State University Extension: Juana Royster; University of Washington: Allen Cheadle; and University of Washington/Public Health-Seattle and King County: Noel Chrisman.

Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California: The Regents of the University of California, Los Angeles: Antronette K. Yancey, MD, Roshan Bastani, PhD, Joyce Jones Guinyard, Annette Maxwell, PhD, and members of the C.H.A.T. Coalition.

Special Service for Group, California: Ailee Moon, PhD, Danielle E. Rose, PhD, David J. Yim, MSW, Michelle Y. Wong, MPH, and the REACH US HAPAS member agencies: Cambodian Association of America, St. Mary Medical Center/Families in Good Health, Samoan National Nurses Association.

Waianae, Hawaii: Waianae District Comprehensive Health and Hospital Board (Waianae Coast Comprehensive Health Center), Waianae High School, Hawaiian Electric Company, Hawaii Department of Agriculture, University of Hawaii School of Social Work, Hawaii Farm Bureau Federation.

New York City, New York: B Free National Center of Excellence in the Elimination of Hepatitis B Disparities (B Free CEED), New York University School of Medicine: Simona C. Kwon, DrPH, Chia-hui Peng, MPH, Henry Pollack, MD, Mariano J. Rey, MD, Chau Trinh-Shevrin, DrPH, and coalition partners Asian American Hepatitis B Program/B Free New York City, Charles B. Wang Community Health Center: Perry Pong, MD, Korean Community Services of Metropolitan New York, Inc.: Kay Chun, MD, NYU Center for the Study of Asian American Health.

Orange County Asian and Pacific Islander Community Alliance, California: Promoting Access to Health for Pacific Islander and Southeast Asian Women (PATH for Women) Center of Excellence to Eliminate Disparities and the partner/coalition agencies: Families in Good Health/St. Mary Medical Center, Guam Communications Network, Pacific Islander Health Partnership, Samoan National Nurses Association, Tongan Community Service Center/Special Service for Groups, Union of Pan-Asian Communities, California State University, Fullerton - Asian American Studies Program and Health Science Department, University of California Los Angeles - Asian American Studies Center and School of Public Health.

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina: Cherokee Choices: Jeff Bachar, Robin Callahan, Tinker Jenks, Tara McCoy, Lori Reed, Phyll Reed, Yvette Rivera-Colmant.

Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma: Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma REACH Coalition.

Intertribal Council of Michigan, Michigan: The Inter-Tribal Council of Michigan's REACH US tribes, the Bay Mills Indian Community, the Hannahville Indian Community, and one additional tribe that wishes to be unnamed.

Oklahoma: Oklahoma State Department of Health: Absentee Shawnee Tribe, Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes, Cherokee Nation, Chickasaw Nation, Choctaw Nation, Indian Health Care Resource Center of Tulsa, Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma, Wichita and Affiliated Tribes, Muscogee (Creek) Nation, Otoe-Missouria Tribe, Association of American Indian Physicians, Central Oklahoma American Indian Health Council Inc., Northeastern Tribal Health System, Central Oklahoma Integrated Network Systems Inc., Native Youth Preventing Diabetes Corporation.



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