The Model Aquatic Health Code (MAHC): An All-inclusive Model Public Swimming Pool and Spa Code

Publications, Data, & Statistics

Reports, recommendations, and other studies can be important resources for monitoring the impact of pool codes on health and safety, water quality, and operations. Below are a list of publications that focus on issues relevant to swimming pool operation, organized by topic area. For publications on swimming associated-outbreaks and injuries see the Healthy Swimming website.

Publication Highlight

Hlavsa MC, Gerth TR, Collier SA, Dunbar ER, Rao G, Epperson G, Bramlett B, Ludwig DF, Gomez D, Stansbury MM, Miller F, Warren J, Nichol J, Bowman H, Huynh B, Loewe KM, Vincent B, Tarrier AL, Shay T, Wright R, Brown AC, Kunz JM, Fullerton KE, Cope JR, Beach MJ. Immediate closures and violations identified during routine inspections of public aquatic facilities — Network for Aquatic Facility Inspection Surveillance, five states, 2013. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2016;65(No. SS-5):1–26.

Publications

Read about the Network for Aquatic Facility Inspection Surveillance (NAFIS).

Hlavsa MC, Gerth TR, Collier SA, Dunbar ER, Rao G, Epperson G, Bramlett B, Ludwig DF, Gomez D, Stansbury MM, Miller F, Warren J, Nichol J, Bowman H, Huynh B, Loewe KM, Vincent B, Tarrier AL, Shay T, Wright R, Brown AC, Kunz JM, Fullerton KE, Cope JR, Beach MJ. Immediate closures and violations identified during routine inspections of public aquatic facilities — Network for Aquatic Facility Inspection Surveillance, five states, 2013. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2016;65(No. SS-5):1–26.

Listed below are reports related to swimming pool operation and disinfection.

CDC. Microbes in pool filter backwash as evidence of the need for improved swimmer hygiene — metro-Atlanta, Georgia, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62(19):385-88.
CDC. Violations identified from routine swimming pool inspections — selected states and counties, United States, 2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59(19):582-7.
Shields JM, Gleim ER, Beach MJ. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia intestinalis in swimming pools, Atlanta, Georgia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(6):948-50.
CDC. Notice to readers: Revised recommendations for responding to fecal accidents in disinfected swimming venues. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57(06):151-2.
CDC. Surveillance data from public spa inspections — United States, May-September 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53(25):553-5.
CDC. Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities (hydrotherapy pools and tanks).Cdc-pdf[PDF – 48 pages] MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52(RR-10):1-44 (see page 20 of this MMWR Recommendations and Reports article).
CDC. Surveillance data from swimming pool inspections — selected states and counties, United States, May-September 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52(22):513-6.
CDC. Notice to readers: Responding to fecal accidents in disinfected swimming venues. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001;50(20):416-7.
CDC. Prevalence of parasites in fecal material from chlorinated swimming pools — United States, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001;50(20):410-2.
Carpenter C, Fayer R, Trout J, Beach MJ. Chlorine disinfection of recreational water for Cryptosporidium parvum. Emerg. Infect Dis. 1999;5(4):579-84.

Listed below are reports related to microbial testing and disinfection.

CDC. Microbes in pool filter backwash as evidence of the need for improved swimmer hygiene — metro-Atlanta, Georgia, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62(19):385-88.
CDC. Notice to readers: Revised recommendations for responding to fecal accidents in disinfected swimming venues. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57(06):151-2.
Shields JM, Gleim ER, Beach MJ. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia intestinalis in swimming pools, Atlanta, Georgia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(6):948-50.
CDC. Notice to readers: Responding to fecal accidents in disinfected swimming venues. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001;50(20):416-7.
CDC. Prevalence of parasites in fecal material from chlorinated swimming pools — United States, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001;50(20):410-2.
Carpenter C, Fayer R, Trout J, Beach MJ. Chlorine disinfection of recreational water for Cryptosporidium parvum. Emerg. Infect Dis. 1999;5(4):579-84.

Page last reviewed: August 17, 2016

Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

For more information, please contact us at MAHC@cdc.gov.

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