Get the Facts About TBI

Doctor holding tablet PC with Brain image showing.

A TBI affects how the brain works

A traumatic brain injury, or TBI, is an injury that affects how the brain works. It may be caused by a:

  • Bump, blow, or jolt to the head, or
  • Penetrating injury (such as from a gunshot) to the head

There are three main types of TBI:

TBI is a major cause of death and disability1

There were over 69,000 TBI-related deaths in the United States in 2021.3 That’s about 190 TBI-related deaths every day.

TBIs affect the lives of people of all ages. Anyone can experience a TBI, but data suggest that some groups are at greater risk of dying from a TBI or experiencing long-term health problems after the injury.4 Examples of groups who are more likely to be affected by TBI, include:

  • Racial and ethnic minorities5
  • Service members and Veterans6
  • People who experience homelessness7
  • People who are in correctional and detention facilities8
  • Survivors of intimate partner violence9
  • People living in rural areas10

Learn more about health disparities and TBI.

People most commonly get TBIs from a fall, firearm-related injury, motor vehicle crash, or an assault

Research shows that:

For more detailed information on the leading ways people get TBIs and the groups of people most likely to get a TBI, check out CDC’s TBI data reports.

A TBI may lead to short- or long-term health problems

Depending on the severity of the injury, those who get a TBI may face health problems that last a few days or the rest of their lives. For example, a person with a mild TBI or concussion may experience short-term symptoms and feel better within a couple of weeks or months. And a person with a moderate or severe TBI may have long-term or life-long effects from the injury.

A person with a possible TBI should be seen by a healthcare provider. Your healthcare provider may have treatment to help speed your recovery.

  • Most people with a mild TBI or concussion can recover safely at home following a medical check-up
  • People with a moderate or severe TBI may need ongoing care to help with their recovery

A TBI during childhood may affect brain development

TBI affects children differently than adults. An injury of any severity to the developing brain may:

  • Disrupt a child’s development
  • Limit their ability to participate in school and other activities, like sports

As a result of a TBI, children may experience changes in their health, thinking, and behavior that affect learning, self-regulation, and social participation, all of which are important to becoming a productive adult.13

CDC’s Report to Congress on the management of traumatic brain injury in children details the potential effects of a TBI on children and their families.13

TBIs may be missed in older adults

Older adults are more likely to be hospitalized and die from a TBI compared to all other age groups.11 Still, TBIs may be missed or misdiagnosed in older adults because symptoms of TBI overlap with other medical conditions that are common among older adults, such as dementia.

Healthcare providers should check for signs and symptoms of TBI if an older adult has:

  • Fallen or has a fall-related injury, such as a hip fracture
  • Been in a car crash

This is especially important among older adults who are taking blood thinners,14 such as:

  • Anticoagulants like warfarin (Coumadin), rivaroxaban (Xarelto), and apixaban (Eliquis)
  • Antiplatelet medications like clopidogrel (Plavix), ticagrelor (Brilinta), and acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin)

These medicines may increase the risk for bleeding in the brain following a TBI.14 Bleeding in the brain after a TBI may put a person at risk for more severe injury or death.

References

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Report to Congress on traumatic brain injury in the United States: Epidemiology and rehabilitation. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2015.
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Report to Congress on mild traumatic brain injury in the United States: Steps to prevent a serious public health problem. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2003.
  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics: Mortality data on CDC WONDER. Available at: https://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd.html.
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Health disparities and TBI. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/health-disparities-tbi.html.
  5. Daugherty J, Waltzman D, Sarmiento K, Xu L. Traumatic brain injury–related deaths by race/ethnicity, sex, intent, and mechanism of injury — United States, 2000–2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep2019;68(46):1050-1056.
  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, Department of Defense, and Veterans Administration. Report to Congress on traumatic brain injury in the United States: Understanding the public health problem among current and former military personnelAtlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2013.
  7. Stubbs J, Thornton A, Sevick J, et al. Traumatic brain injury in homeless and marginally housed individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(1):e19-e32.
  8. Durand E, Chevignard M, Ruet A, Dereix A, Jourdan C, Pradat-Diehl P. History of traumatic brain injury in prison populations: A systematic review. Ann Phys Rehabil. 2017;60(2):95-101
  9. St Ivany A, Schminkey D. Intimate Partner Violence and Traumatic Brain Injury: State of the Science and Next Steps. Fam Community Health. 2016;39(2):129-37.
  10. Chapital A. Traumatic brain injury: outcomes of a rural versus urban population over a 5-year period. Hawaii Med J. 2007 Dec;66(12):318-21.
  11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
  12. Miller GF, Kegler SR, Stone DM. Traumatic brain injury–related deaths from firearm suicide: United States, 2008–2017. 2020(0):e1-e3.
  13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Report to Congress on the management of traumatic brain injury in children. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2018.
  14. Maegele M, Schöchl H, Menovsky T, Maréchal H, Marklund N, Buki A, Stanworth S. Coagulopathy and haemorrhagic progression in traumatic brain injury: advances in mechanisms, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Neurol. 2017 Aug;16(8):630-647.