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Guidance for
Protecting Building Environments
from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks


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KEY REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY


Key References

ACGIH [2001]. Industrial ventilation: a manual of recommended practice. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.

ANSI/ASHRAE [1992]. ASHRAE Standard 52.1: gravimetric and dust-spot procedures for testing air-cleaning devices used in general ventilation for removing particulate matter. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., p. 32.

ANSI/ASHRAE [1999]. ASHRAE Standard 52.2: method of testing general ventilation air-cleaning devices for removal efficiency by particle size. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., p. 41.

ASHRAE [2000]. ASHRAE handbook: HVAC systems and equipment. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

ASHRAE [2001]. ASHRAE handbook: fundamentals. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

ASHRAE [2002]. Risk management guidance for health and safety under extraordinary incidents. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., pp. 1–8.

Blewett WK [2002]. Fail-safe application and design of air conditioners for NBC collective protection systems. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Edgewood Chemical Biological Center.

Brown RC [1993]. Air filtration: an integrated approach to the theory and application of fibrous filters. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press.

CBIAC [1999]. Determination of optimum sorbent material for collection and air desorption of chemical warfare agents. Ft. Belvoir, VA: Chemical Warfare/Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, Department of Defense, p. 20.

CBIAC [2001]. Air purification technologies. Ft. Belvoir, VA: Chemical Warfare/Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, Department of Defense, p. 21.

Cooper CD, Alley FC [1994]. Air pollution control—a design approach. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, Inc.

Davies CN [1973]. Air Filtration. New York, NY: Academic Press.

Ensor DS, Hanley JT, Sparks LE [1991]. Particle-size-dependent efficiency of air cleaners. Washington D.C.: IAQ 1991, Healthy Buildings/IAQ, pp. 334–336.

EPA [1998]. Zeolite—a versatile air pollutant adsorber. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, p. 10.

EPA [1999]. Choosing an adsorption system for VOC: carbon, zeolite, or polymers? Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, p. 24.

Gwangpyo K, Burge HA, Muilenberg M, Rudnick S, First M [1998]. Survival of Mycobacteria on HEPA filter material. J Amer Biol Safety Assoc 3(2):65–78.

Hinds WC [1982]. Aerosol technology: properties, behavior, and measurement of airborne particles. New York, NY: Wiley.

Kowalski WJ, Bahnfleth WP [2002]. Airborne-microbe filtration in indoor environments. HPAC Engineering 74(1):57-69.

Kowalski WJ [2002]. Immune Building Systems Technology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Licht W [1988]. Air pollution control engineering. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc.

Morrison RW [2001]. NBC filter performance. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Edgewood Chemical Biological Center Technical Report.

NAFA [1997]. Installation, operation, and maintenance of air filtration systems. Washington, DC: National Air Filtration Association.

NAFA [2001a]. Guide to air filtration. Washington, DC: National Air Filtration Association.

NIOSH [2002]. Guidance for protecting building environments from airborne chemical, biological, or radiological attacks. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2002–139, p. 28.

Reponen TA, Wang Z, Willeke K, Grinshspun SA [1999]. Survival of Mycobacteria on N95 personal respirators. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 20:237–41.

Spengler JD, Samet JM, McCarthy JF [2000]. Indoor air quality handbook. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Suzuki M [1990]. Adsorption engineering. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Company.

U. S. Army [1990]. Potential military chemical/biological agents and compounds. U.S. Army Field Manual 3–9. Washington, DC: Department of the Army, Headquarters.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers [2001]. Draft report: protecting buildings and their occupants from airborne hazards. Washington D.C.: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineering and Construction Division, p. 22.

Yang RT [1987]. Gas separation by adsorption processes. Boston, MA: Butterworth Publishers.

Bibliography

AIA [2001]. Building security through design. Washington, DC: American Institute of Architects, p.4.

Alves BR, Clark AJ [1986]. An examination of the products formed on reaction of hydrogen cyanide and cyanogen with copper, chromium (6+) and copper-chromium (6+) impregnated activated carbons. Carbon 24: 287–294.

ANSI/ASHRAE [2001]. ASHRAE Standard 62: ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers Inc., p. 27.

Avery RH [1978]. Energy effective air filtration. Plant Engineering.

Barrett LW, Rousseau AD [1998]. Aerosol loading performance of electret filter media. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 59:532–539.

BOMA [2002]. Emergency preparedness. Washington, DC: Building Owners and Managers Association International, p.170.

Brink JA, Burgrabe WF, Greenwell LE [1968]. Mist eliminators for sulfuric acid plants. Chem Eng Prog 64(11):82–86.

Brown PN [1989]. Effect of aging and moisture on the retention of hydrogen cyanide by impregnated charcoals. Carbon 27:821–833.

Brown RC, Wake D, Gray R, Blackford DB, Bostock GJ [1988]. Effect of industrial aerosols on the performance of electrically charged filter material. Ann Occup Hyg 32(3):271–294.

Burroughs HE [2002]. Taking action against the new threat. Refrigeration Service Eng Soc J (RSES) 74(1):32–36.

CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) [2001]. Update: investigation of anthrax associated with intentional exposure and interim public health guidelines. MMWR 50(41):889–897.

Cooper DW [1980]. Mechanisms for electrostatic enhancement of fabric filter performance. Filtration and Separation 17(6):520–523.

Davies CN [1970]. The clogging of fibrous aerosol filters. Aerosol Sci 1:35–39.

Dennis WL [1973]. Effect of humidity on the efficiency of particulate air filters. Filtration and Separation 10(2):149–150.

Dixon TC, Meselson M, Guillemin, J, Hanna PC [1999]. Anthrax. N Engl J Med 341(11):815–826.

Doughty DT [1991]. Development of a chromium-free impregnated carbon for adsorption of toxic agents. Pittsburgh, PA: Calgon Carbon Corporation.

Fisher R, Hormats S [1954]. Charcoal. In: History of research and development of the chemical warfare service in World War II. Army Chemical Center 7.

Friedlander SK [1977]. Smoke, dust and haze fundamentals of aerosol behavior. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.

GSA [2001]. Security in the workplace—informational material. U.S. General Services Administration.

Gupta A, Novick VJ, Biswas P, Monson PR [1993]. Effect of humidity and particle hygroscopicity on the mass loading capacity of high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters. Aerosol Sci Technol 19(1):94–107.

Henderson DA [1998]. Bioterrorism as a public health threat. Emerging Infectious Diseases 4(3):1–7.

Henderson DA [1999]. The looming threat of bioterrorism. Science 283:1279–1282.

Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, Ascher MS [1999]. Anthrax as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 281(18):1735–1745.

Karwacki CJ, Jones P [2000]. Technical report: toxic industrial chemicals: assessment of NBC filter performance. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Edgewood Chemical Biological Center.

Karwacki CJ, Tevault DE, Mahle JJ, Buchanan JH, Buettner LC [1999]. Adsorption equilibria of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GB) on activated carbon at ultralow relative pressures. Langmuir 15.

Lee KW, Liu BYH [1980]. On the minimum efficiency and the most penetrating particle size for fibrous filters. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 30:377–381.

Lee KW, Liu BYH [1981]. Experimental study of aerosol filtration by fibrous filters. Aerosol Sci Technol 1(1):35–46.

Lee KW, Liu BYH [1982]. Theoretical study of aerosol filtration by fibrous filters. Aerosol Sci Technol 1(2):147–162.

Liu BYH, Pui DYH, Rubow KL [1983]. Characteristics of air sampling filter media. In: Marple VA, Liu BYH, eds. Aerosols in the mining and industrial work environments. Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Science 3:989–1038.

Miller JD [2002]. Defensive filtration. ASHRAE Journal 44(12):18–23.

NAFA [2001b]. NAFA position statement on bio-terrorism. Washington D.C.: National Air Filtration Association.

NFPA [1991]. Fire protection handbook. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association.

Noyes WA [1946]. Military problems with aerosols and nonpersistent gases, summary technical report of division 10. Washington, D.C.: National Defense Research Committee.

NRC [1988]. Protection of Federal office buildings against terrorism. Washington, D.C.: Committee on the Protection of Federal Facilities Against Terrorism, Building Research Board, National Research Council: p. 60.

Vincent JH [1995]. Aerosol science for industrial hygienists. Oxford, U.K.: Pergamon.

Willeke K, Baron P, eds. [1993]. Aerosol measurement: principles, techniques, and applications. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

 

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