Understand Noise Exposure
- Workplace noise is hazardous when there are repeated exposures of 85 A-weighted decibels (dBA) or higher
- Hearing loss from noise is 100% preventable
- Workplace noise and hearing loss can reduce awareness of what is going on around the worker and contribute to serious workplace injuries
The NIOSH recommended exposure limit (REL) for occupational noise exposure is 85 A-weighted decibels (dBA) over an eight-hour shift.
If workers are repeatedly exposed to noise at or above the REL, employers must provide a hearing loss prevention program.
Noise levels are likely hazardous if a person must raise their voice to speak with someone three feet away (about at arm’s length).
Hearing loss from routine noise exposure is 100% preventable and is best addressed by creating a quieter workplace.
- Decibels (dB) are a scale for measuring noise
- A-weighted noise levels or dBA is used to predict hearing risk
- Noise above 85 dBA is considered hazardous
- NIOSH recommends that average personal noise exposure over a workday be less than 85 dBA TWA
- Sound level meters (SLMs) and SLM apps can be used to assess area noise
- Dosimeters are used to determine the personal noise exposure of workers
- Drawing a noise map can help locate problem areas and equipment
To properly control and reduce noise in the workplace, you should know:
- how loud an area is
- how much noise reaches a worker’s ear
- the frequency content of the noise
- where the noise is coming from
Occupational noise measurements are usually reported in the following ways:
- Sound level: The measured noise level at a given point in time.
- Time Weighted Average (TWA) sound level: The noise level averaged over an eight-hour period.
- Noise dose: The percent of allowable noise exposure. A noise dose of 100% or more means that a worker has exceeded their daily limit.
The two basic instruments for characterizing noise are sound level meters (SLMs) and dosimeters.
You can use SLMs to:
- assess area noise
- discover how much noise is coming from specific equipment
- get a general idea of frequency content
When noise levels in an area are fairly constant, you can use SLMs to estimate a worker’s average noise exposure.
When noise levels vary quite a bit or when workers are very mobile, use personal noise dosimeters to assess a worker’s noise exposure. Dosimeters average noise levels over time and calculate a noise dose.
Time Weighted Average (TWA) is the average noise level during a shift (usually 8 hours). It considers both noise levels and how long the employee is exposed at each noise level.
Measure workplace areas with a sound level meter (SLM) and create a noise map of facility areas. If an SLM is not available, sound measurement apps can provide a measure of area noise but may not comply with regulatory requirements. You can download the NIOSH SLM app on iOS devices.
A simple example of a noise map; in day-to-day practice these can be hand drawn.
- Exchange Rate: 3 dB
- Frequency Weighting: A
- Response: Slow
Noise maps can help
- Determine the equipment or areas to focus on in mitigating noise or limiting access
- Define zones where employers should require hearing protectors.
How to draw a noise map to locate problem areas and equipment:
- Wear hearing protection while taking measurements in noisy areas.
- Take measurements during the typical operating situation (for example, when all the equipment is running).
- Move through the facility taking SLM measurements every few feet to show where the noise level changes. Measure the average noise level in each location for at least 30 seconds to capture non-continuous noise.
- Record the noise level in each area on a facility map with equipment and worker location.
After completing a noise map, identify the loudest areas on the map and the equipment in those areas. This can help determine which equipment to replace or where to implement noise controls.
If you can’t determine the noise levels safely or accurately, consult the equipment vendor or a noise control engineer.
- Calibrate the SLM before and after making measurements
- Make sure your SLM is a “Type 2” or “Type 1” SLM
- Double check that device settings are correct for your desired measurement
- Use a wind screen (usually a round foam piece that fits on the microphone of the SLM) if available
- Hold the microphone away from your body so that noise sources are not blocked. Do not stand between the noise source and the SLM
- Make sure the SLM is capable of averaging noise levels
Measure individual worker noise exposures using a personal dosimeter in areas with high noise. Dosimeters calculate a worker’s noise dose.
Enroll workers whose noise dose exceeds 100% of the NIOSH REL in a hearing loss prevention program.
NIOSH Recommended Dosimeter Settings
- Exchange Rate: 3-dB
- Frequency Weighting: A-weighting
- Response: Slow
- Threshold Level: 80 dBA
- Measurement Range: 80-140 dBA
- Calibrate the dosimeter before and after use.
- Set dosimeter to NIOSH recommended settings (see above).
- Explain the purpose and procedure to workers.
- Attach the microphone to the top of the worker’s shoulder on the side that is likely to have the highest exposure. If the device does not have a separate microphone this may not be necessary. Follow the manufacturer setup instructions for the dosimeter you have.
- Point microphone upright, away from clothes, and use a windscreen, if available.
- Keep detailed records for your program, including notes on worker tasks and validation of other sound level measurements.
Audiometry is a hearing test that measures the lowest level of sound a person can hear (called thresholds) across a range of frequencies (pitches).
An audiogram is a graph of hearing thresholds at various frequencies in each ear. Thresholds which are 25 dB HL (hearing level) or better (lower) are considered normal for adults. Noise exposure initially affects hearing most at frequencies around 3000-6000 Hz, creating a “notch” in the audiogram.
NIOSH recommends annual audiometric testing for workers exposed to noise above the REL. Testing should be performed by a professional certified by the Council for Accreditation in Occupational Hearing Conservation (CAOHC) or equivalent certification.
Baseline Testing
Conduct testing on workers when they are first enrolled in a hearing loss prevention program. This is called baseline testing. Baseline testing provides a record of workers’ hearing from the beginning and helps determine if there is any change to workers’ hearing over time.
NIOSH recommends that employers obtain baseline tests within 30 days of initial exposure for newly exposed workers. Workers should be away from hazardous noise exposure for at least 12 hours before baseline testing is done.
Annual Testing
Unlike baseline testing, annual hearing tests should be done as close to the end of a worker’s shift as possible (no preceding quiet period). This helps catch temporary changes in hearing before the changes become permanent.
Significant Threshold Shift (STS)
Results of annual hearing tests should be compared to results from the baseline hearing test to check for significant threshold shift (STS). NIOSH considers a 15 dB change in hearing threshold at any frequency to represent an STS. If an STS is noted during an annual hearing test, the worker should be retested within 30 days to confirm. Like the baseline audiogram, workers should have at least a 12-hour quiet period before a confirmation test so that the tester can tell whether the shift was temporary or permanent.
Workers who develop an STS – whether temporary or permanent – should be notified. Steps should be taken to prevent further change in hearing. These steps could include refitting with hearing protection, additional training on noise exposure, or re-assignment to a quieter area.
This audiogram shows normal hearing thresholds in the right ear. The left ear shows normal low frequency thresholds and a mild-to-moderate hearing loss in the higher frequencies with a notch consistent with noise exposure.
You can find more detailed information on audiometric monitoring in the NIOSH Practical Guide for Preventing Occupational Hearing Loss.
Frequency refers to how low or high the “pitch” of the sound is. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz).
You should tell workers they are having their noise exposure monitored and provide them with an explanation of the results. When workers know their daily noise exposure and the workplace noise level, they can help make a hearing loss prevention program effective.
Involve workers in the noise monitoring process. They can provide important information about the work environment, machinery operation, and specific job tasks. Encourage workers to tell you when changes in equipment or production occur. Noise levels should be re-measured whenever a change is made that could affect exposure levels.
Tips for communicating about noise exposure
- Explain results in plain language
- Emphasize actions that will be taken based on the noise measurements
- Share noise maps
- Post signs indicating noise hazard areas