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Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs and HIV/AIDS)

Publications and Materials

Below are selected publications and materials related to sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS. Please note the year of publication may be later than the year(s) the data represent.

2010 Publications and Materials

Chlamydia Profiles, 2008
Each of the Regional Profiles, one for each of the ten HHS regions, contains a map of the region and a bar graph showing trends in chlamydia positivity rates among women 15 to 24 years of age attending family planning clinics. Information on the proportion of all chlamydia tests performed that were nucleic acid amplification tests is included.

Syphilis Profiles, 2008 (2/24/10)
The profiles provide an overview of syphilis morbidity in each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. The profiles consist of figures and tables of data on syphilis from the U.S. states and territories through 2008.

2009 Publications and Materials

CDC STD Surveillance Report (12/28/09)
The report tracks reported cases of chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis in the United States. The report finds that adolescent girls continue to bear a major burden of common sexually transmitted diseases and a disproportionate impact on racial minorities persists.

Deaths Among Persons with AIDS through December 2006 (11/12/09)
Through 2007, an estimated total of 1,051,875 persons in the United States and dependent areas were diagnosed with AIDS. At the end of 2006, an estimated 446,098 persons in the United States and dependent areas were living with AIDS. Among females, HIV was the 4th and 7th leading cause of death in blacks/African Americans and Hispanics/Latinos, respectively.

Cases of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas, by Race/Ethnicity, 2003-2007 (8/10/09)
In this report, CDC presents estimated numbers of cases of HIV infection, including cases of HIV infection that progressed to AIDS. Of females with AIDS, 64 percent were among black/African American women, and nearly equal percentages were among Hispanic/Latino women (18 percent) or white women (17 percent).

Oral Sex and HIV Risk (7/7/09)
Like all sexual activity, oral sex carries some risk of HIV transmission when one partner is known to be infected with HIV, when either partner’s HIV status is not known, and/or when one partner is not monogamous or injects drugs. Even though the risk of transmitting HIV through oral sex is much lower than that of anal or vaginal sex, numerous studies have demonstrated that oral sex can result in the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.

Late HIV Testing- 34 States, 1996-2005 (7/7/09)
To characterize late HIV testing, CDC examined data from 1996-2005 from 34 states with confidential name-based HIV and AIDS reporting (the most recent data available) to determine the percentage of persons who received an AIDS diagnosis within 3 years after receiving their initial HIV diagnosis. At 3 years after their initial HIV diagnosis, 46.9 percent of men had an AIDS diagnosis compared with 41.5 percent of women. A similar pattern was observed by the HIV transmission category.

HIV Testing among High School Students- United States, 2007 (7/7/09)
Results indicated that nationwide, 12.9 percent of all high school students had ever been tested for HIV. The prevalence of HIV testing increased with increasing grade and decreased with increasing age at first sexual intercourse. Prevalence of HIV testing was higher among female students (14.8 percent) than male students (11.1percent).

Chlamydia and Women Podcast (5/15/09)
This women's health podcast focuses on chlamydia, its severe health consequences for women if left untreated, and the importance of annual chlamydia screening.

Chlamydia Screening among Sexually Active Young Female Enrollees of Health Plans- United States, 2000-2007 (5/15/09)
CDC analyzed data reported by commercial and Medicaid health plans to the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) during 2000-2007. The percentage of enrolled sexually active females who were screened for chlamydia was estimated for each of 41 states that had at least five health plans reporting HEDIS chlamydia screening data and for four U.S. geographic regions. Nationally, the annual screening rate increased from 25.3% in 2000 to 43.6% in 2006, and then decreased slightly to 41.6% in 2007. The regional rate of chlamydia screening in 2007 was highest in the Northeast (45.5%) and lowest in the South (37.3%). Increased screening by health-care providers is necessary to reduce the burden of chlamydial infection in the United States.

Easy Read Women & Girls HIV/AIDS Awareness (3/30/09)
In 2006, nearly 15,000 or more than a quarter of new HIV cases in the United States were among women and girls ages 13 years and older. Women of color are especially impacted by the disease. If you have never had an HIV test, or if your last HIV test was some time ago, please get yourself tested again. To find an HIV testing location near you, go to www.hivtest.org, or text your zip code to KNOW IT.

STD Health Disparities (2/27/09)
STD health disparities are differences in disease rates that occur by gender, race or ethnicity, education or income, disability, geographic location, or sexual orientation. This page provides a quick glance of these disparities for 2002-2007.

Chlamydia Prevalence Monitoring Project, 2007 (2/27/09)
This report presents statistics and trends for genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the United States through 2007. In 2007, 1,108,374 chlamydial infections were reported to CDC from 50 states and the District of Columbia. Among women, the highest age-specific rates of reported chlamydia in 2007 were among 15- to 19-year-olds and 20- to 24-year-olds.

Cases of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2007 (2/27/09)
This report presents estimated numbers of cases of diagnosed HIV infection, including cases that progressed to AIDS, from the 39 areas (34 states and 5 U.S. dependent areas) that have had confidential name-based HIV infection reporting for a sufficient length of time. From 2004 through 2007, the estimated number of newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS cases increased approximately 18% among males and 8% among females.

Assessing the Burden of HPV-Associated Cancers in the United States (1/27/09)
Cancer registry data is used to estimate how many HPV-associated cancers occurred in the United States before the release of the HPV vaccine and to examine current patterns in the distribution of these cancers. Six articles are in this journal supplement.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Safety (1/27/09)
This page provides links to information on HPV vaccine safety, HPV vaccine, and disease information.

2008 Publications and Materials

Subpopulation Estimates from the HIV Incidence Surveillance System- United States, 2006 (11/20/08)
CDC conducted a detailed analysis of data from its new HIV surveillance system. The HIV incidence rate for black females was 14.7 times the rate for white females, and the rate for Hispanic females was 3.8 times the rate for white females.

HIV Prevalence Estimates- United States, 2006 (11/20/08)
Fact Sheet
The HIV prevalence rate for black women was nearly 18 times the rate for white women, and the rate for Hispanic women was more than four times the rate for white women. The HIV prevalence rate for black women was greater than the rate for all other groups, except for black men.

The HPV Vaccine and Its Safety (8/7/08)
Based on ongoing assessments of vaccine safety information, FDA and CDC continue to find that Gardasil is a safe and effective vaccine. FDA and CDC continue to monitor the safety of this vaccine, with the public’s health and safety the top priority.

Making Sense of Your HPV and Pap Test Results (8/7/08)
This brochure explains the meaning of Pap and HPV test results and answers common patient questions about HPV, such as how to talk to your partner about HPV. It includes ‘questions to ask your doctor’ to help prepare women for next steps and a glossary of terms.

HIV/AIDS and Women Surveillance Slide Sets (6/23/08)
Slides focusing on HIV/AIDS in women (estimated number and proportion of AIDS cases, AIDS rates and cases, those living with HIV infection and AIDS, by transmission category, by race and ethnicity, age at diagnosis, diagnosis rates, etc).

U.S. Syphilis Up (5/11/08)
The U.S. syphilis rate increased for the seventh consecutive year in 2007, largely reflecting continued increases among men who have sex with men. The rate among females also increased between 2006 and 2007, from 1.0 to 1.1 cases per 100,000 population.

Web Series: HIV/AIDS Crisis among African Americans (4/30/08)
CDC and the Public Health Training Network offers the six-part web series, A Call to Action for Leaders: The Crisis of HIV/AIDS Among African Americans, available online beginning June 30, 2008. This series is designed to 1) increase awareness of HIV/AIDS in African American communities; 2) highlight innovative, sustainable, and collaborative actions taken by leaders in places where African Americans live, work, play, learn, and worship; and 3) provide links to available resources. David Satcher, former Director of CDC and the 16th Surgeon General of the United States, will serve as senior host of the web series. Each part of the series is a prerecorded.

Easy Read STD Brochures (3/26/08)
Brochures are available on bacterial vaginosis, Chlamydia, genital herpes, genital HPV, gonorrhea, pelvic inflammatory disease, STDs and pregnancy, and trichomoniasis.

One in Four Teenage Girls Has a Sexually Transmitted Disease (3/26/08)
A CDC study estimates that one in four (26 percent) young women between the ages of 14 and 19 in the United States (3.2 million teenage girls) is infected with at least one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (human papillomavirus (HPV), chlamydia, herpes simplex virus, and trichomoniasis).

NCHHSTP State Profiles (3/26/08)
The 2007 NCHHSTP State Profiles include statistical and other information on HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB for all 50 states and Washington, DC. They also include descriptions of public health prevention and control programs. Select state profiles from the map or the list provided.

STD Surveillance, 2006
These slides cover chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, other STDs, women and infants, adolescents and young adults, racial and ethnic minorities, men who have sex with men, and persons entering corrections facilities.

2007 Publications and Materials

Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance Report, 2006 (12/20/07)
Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2006 presents statistics and trends for STDs in the United States through 2006.

World AIDS Day (11/19/07)
Help raise awareness about HIV/AIDS on World AIDS Day, December 1, 2007.

HIV/AIDS among Hispanics- United States, 2001-2005 (11/19/07)
Hispanics have the second highest rate among all racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Among Hispanic females with HIV/AIDS diagnoses, 76% were exposed through high-risk heterosexual contact. For Hispanic females, the highest rate of HIV diagnosis occurred among those aged 40-49 years.

Mother-to-Child (Perinatal) HIV Transmission and Prevention (Updated) (11/19/07)
Perinatal HIV transmission is the most common route of HIV infection in children and is now the source of almost all AIDS cases in children in the United States. Most of the children with AIDS are members of minority races/ethnicities.

Common Questions about HPV and Cervical Cancer: For Women Who Have HPV (8/31/07)
This sheet answers 15 questions about HPV and cervical cancer, including how to prevent infection, testing, talking to a partner about HPV, and the HPV vaccine.

STD Treatment Guidelines- Personal Digital Assistant Version, 2006 (8/31/07)
This point-of-care tool includes the complete 2006 STD Treatment Guidelines. The recommendations for each category have been moved to the top of the screen for efficiency, and the table of contents has been prioritized according to the needs of clinicians.

QuickStats: Prevalence of HPV Infection among Sexually Active Females Aged 14-59 Years, by Age Group: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey- United States, 2003-2004 (8/31/07)

HIV/AIDS and Women Podcast (7/27/07)
CDC Director Dr. Julie Gerberding provides information on the HIV/AIDS epidemic among U.S. women, HIV testing, and how U.S. women can take action to protect their health.

One Test. Two Lives (7/27/07)
The One Test. Two Lives. campaign focuses on ensuring that all women are tested for HIV early in their pregnancy. One Test. Two Lives. provides quick access to a variety of resources for providers, and materials for their patients, to help encourage universal voluntary prenatal testing for HIV.

Human Papillomavirus: HPV Information for Clinicians (6/12/07)
CDC recently updated the HPV brochure for clinicians and posted four sets of counseling messages to assist providers in their HPV-related discussions with patients.

HIV/AIDS among Women (4/17/07)
Early in the epidemic, HIV infection and AIDS were diagnosed for relatively few women and female adolescents (although we know now that many women were infected with HIV through injection drug use but that their infections were not diagnosed). Today, women account for more than one quarter of all new HIV/AIDS diagnoses. Women of color are especially affected by HIV infection and AIDS.

Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (4/17/07)
These recommendations represent the first statement by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices on the use of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on June 8, 2006. This report summarizes the epidemiology of HPV and associated diseases, describes the licensed HPV vaccine, and provides recommendations for its use for vaccination among females aged 9-26 years in the United States.

HIV/AIDS Surveillance in Women Slide Set (4/17/07)
This set includes 14 slides on estimated number and proportion of cases, rates for female adolescents and adults, injection drug use or heterosexual contact, living with HIV infection and AIDS, diagnosis rates, and more.

Continuing Education- Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (4/17/07)
This activity has been approved for 1.75 contact hours (continuing nursing education); a maximum of 1.75 hours in category 1 credit (continuing medical education credit for non-physicians); a maximum of 1.75 hours in category 1 credit (continuing medical education); and 0.15 continuing education units.

Updated Recommended Treatment Regimens for Gonococcal Infections and Associated Conditions- United States, April 2007 (4/17/07)
This page provides updated treatment regimens for uncomplicated gonococcal infections of the cervix, urethra, and rectum; pelvic inflammatory disease; and more.

Easy Read National Women & Girls HIV/AIDS Awareness Day, March 10 (3/5/07)
(Non-CDC site)
March 10, 2007 marks the second annual National Women and Girls HIV/AIDS Awareness Day. This day is set to raise awareness on the increasing impact of HIV/AIDS transmission on women and girls.

Syphilis Surveillance Report, 2005 (3/5/07)
This report consists of national and state profiles containing and describing figures and tables that provide an overview of syphilis morbidity in the United States. These profiles present adult and congenital syphilis trends and other statistics in the United States through 2005 and are based on case reports from the 65 sexually transmitted disease project areas.

Chlamydia Prevalence Monitoring Project Annual Report (3/5/07)
In 2005, 976,445 chlamydial infections were reported to CDC from 50 states and the District of Columbia. The reported number of cases of chlamydial infection was nearly three times greater than the reported cases of gonorrhea. From 1986 through 2005, the reported rate of chlamydial infection in women increased from 50.7 cases to 496.5 cases per 100,000 population. The report consists of four parts. The National Profile contains text and figures that provide an overview of chlamydia surveillance in sexually active women and men in the United States. The Regional Profiles contain chlamydia trend data in women in all ten Health and Human Services regions. The State Profiles provide statistical information about chlamydia in women in all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. The City Profiles provide statistical information about chlamydia in women for selected cities, including Washington, D.C.

HIV/AIDS Diagnoses among Blacks- Florida, 1999-2004 (3/5/07)
PDF
This report describes trends in diagnoses of HIV/AIDS cases that occurred among blacks during 1999-2004 and were reported to the Florida Department of Health. These data indicate that, during 1999-2004, the annual rate of HIV/AIDS diagnosis among blacks decreased more than the rates among other racial/ethnic groups. To examine possible explanations for this decline, HIV/AIDS diagnosis rate trends were compared with trends in gonorrhea diagnosis and publicly funded HIV testing in Florida. The results indicated that gonorrhea diagnosis rates also decreased among blacks in Florida during 1999-2004, whereas the number of HIV tests increased. These findings suggest that HIV/AIDS diagnoses in blacks might be associated with a reduction in high-risk sexual behavior and that the decline was not the result of less testing. During 1999-2004, the rate decreased among black, Hispanic, and white females and among black males. The annual percentage decrease in the rate was greater among black women than white women and Hispanic women.

HIV/AIDS among African Americans (3/5/07)
PDF
In the United States, the HIV/AIDS epidemic is a health crisis for African Americans. At all stages of HIV/AIDS- from infection with HIV to death with AIDS- African Americans are disproportionately affected compared with members of other races and ethnicities.

Indian Health Surveillance Report: Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2004 (2/1/07)
This report presents statistics and trends for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN) in the United States. This inaugural report represents a unique collaboration and partnership between CDC and the Indian Health Service (HIS). Most of the AI/AN-specific data provided in this report are the result of a new surveillance methodology, whereby existing nationally notifiable STD data reported to CDC were analyzed using standard IHS populations and methods. In 2004, reported rates of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and primary and secondary syphilis among AI/AN were 2 to 6 times higher than comparable rates for whites.

Rapid HIV Tests Currently Available in the United States (2/1/07)
Rapid HIV tests are simple to use and require little or no specialized equipment. They make it possible to provide test results at the time the test is done. Six rapid HIV tests approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration are commercially available for use in the United States.

A Glance at the HIV/AIDS Epidemic (2/1/07)
At the end of 2003, an estimated 1,039,000 to 1,185,000 persons in the United States were living with HIV/AIDS. In 2005, 38,096 cases of HIV/AIDS in adults, adolescents, and children were diagnosed in the 33 states with long-term, confidential name-based HIV reporting. CDC has estimated that approximately 40,000 persons in the United States become infected with HIV each year.

Methamphetamine Use and Risk for HIV/AIDS (2/1/07)
PDF
Methamphetamine is very addictive, it can be injected, and it can increase sexual arousal while reducing inhibitions. Because of these attributes, public health officials are concerned that users may be putting themselves at increased risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV infection, a valid concern, considering that methamphetamine use has been linked with increased numbers of HIV infections in some populations.

Best-Evidence HIV Interventions (2/1/07)
CDC has identified 18 behavioral interventions as having best-evidence of efficacy in reducing HIV risk. Best-evidence HIV behavioral interventions include interventions that have been rigorously evaluated and have shown significant effects in eliminating or reducing sex- or drug-related risk behaviors, reducing the rate of new HIV/STD infections, or increasing HIV-protective behaviors.

Missed Opportunities for Earlier Diagnosis of HIV Infection- South Carolina, 1997-2005 (1/8/07)
PDF
This report examines HIV and AIDS case reporting in South Carolina before the 2006 recommendations were published. During 2001-2005, a total of 4,315 persons with HIV infection in South Carolina were reported, of whom 1,784 (41.3%) were late testers, including 710 (16.5%) who had AIDS diagnosed within 30 days of their initial HIV diagnoses. Women were less likely than men to be late testers.

STD Surveillance, 2005 (1/8/07)
Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2005 presents statistics and trends for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the United States through 2005. This annual publication is intended as a reference document for policy makers, program managers, health planners, researchers, and others who are concerned with the public health implications of these diseases. The surveillance information in this report is based on the following sources of data: (1) case reports from state and local STD programs; (2) the Regional Infertility Prevention Projects, the National Job Training Program (formerly the Job Corps), the Corrections STD Prevalence Monitoring Project, and the Men Who Have Sex With Men Prevalence Monitoring Project; (3) the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project; and (4) national surveys implemented by federal and private organizations.

HIV Counseling and Testing at CDC-Supported Sites, United States, 1999-2004 (1/8/07)
From 1999 through 2004, the number of HIV tests reported for females exceeded those reported for males by approximately 6%. For each of these years, the reported number of test results that were HIV-positive for males was more than double that for females. In 2004, the proportion of HIV tests reported for females (vs. males) increased through the age group 13–18 years and then steadily declined. In 2004, for persons 19 years and older, males accounted for approximately 71% of test results that were HIV-positive.

Legal Status of Expedited Partner Therapy (1/8/07)
CDC collaborated with Georgetown and Johns Hopkins Universities to assess the legal framework concerning expedited partner therapy across all 50 states and other jurisdictions. The primary research objective was to conceptualize, frame, and identify legal provisions that implicate a clinician’s ability to provide a prescription for a patient’s sex partner, without prior evaluation of that partner, for purposes of treating an STD.

HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report: Cases of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2005 (1/8/07)
From 2001 through 2005, the estimated number of HIV/AIDS cases increased approximately 2% among males and decreased 17% among females. In 2005, males accounted for 74% of all HIV/AIDS cases among adults and adolescents. From 2001 through 2005, the estimated number of AIDS cases increased 17% among females and 16% among males. Males accounted for 73% of all AIDS cases diagnosed in 2005 among adults and adolescents in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Rates of AIDS cases in 2005 were 27.2 per 100,000 among males and 9.4 per 100,000 among females.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs and HIV/AIDS)

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2010 Publications and Materials

2009 Publications and Materials

2008 Publications and Materials

2007 Publications and Materials

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