Volume 10 — September 19, 2013
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Gestational Age, Infant Birth Weight, and Subsequent Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Mothers: Nurses’ Health Study II
Figure 1 shows a total of 68,376 good responders that completed the 2001 supplemental questionnaire (75% of those women who were originally mailed this questionnaire). Of these women, a total of 15,374 women did not have a single live birth and were removed from the study population. This left a total of 53,002 women who had a single live birth. Of this group of women, we removed the 238 women had a diagnosis of diabetes at or under 30 years of age, as well as 31 women who were diagnosed with diabetes within the one year following their first pregnancy. The remaining 52,733 women who were not diagnosed with diabetes at or under age 30 years or who were not diagnosed with diabetes within the year were included. Among these 52,733 women, we excluded 1,005 women with missing covariate information. This final exclusion resulted in a final sample size of 51,728 participants analyzed in this study.
Figure 1. Characteristics of the study population, 2001 Nurses’ Health Study II supplemental questionnaire.
| Total Number of Diabetes Cases in 5-Year Intervals | Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
|---|---|
| 5 years, n = 52 | |
| Very preterm, n = 2 | 0.93 (0.22–3.93) |
| Moderate preterm, n = 9 | 1.96 (0.93–4.13) |
| Term, n = 38 | 1 [Reference] |
| Postterm, n = 3 | 1.00 (0.30–3.29) |
| 10 years, n = 175 | |
| Very preterm, n = 5 | 0.89 (0.36–2.18) |
| Moderate preterm, n = 26 | 1.82 (1.19–2.80) |
| Term, n = 128 | 1 [Reference] |
| Postterm, n = 16 | 1.19 (0.71–2.01) |
| 15 years, n = 314 | |
| Very preterm, n = 14 | 1.70 (0.99–2.92) |
| Moderate preterm, n = 27 | 1.13 (0.76–1.69) |
| Term, n = 241 | 1 [Reference] |
| Post term, n = 32 | 1.07 (0.74–1.55) |
| 20 years, n = 416 | |
| Very preterm, n = 8 | 0.70 (0.34–1.41) |
| Moderate preterm, n = 31 | 0.98 90.68–1.42) |
| Term, n = 323 | 1 [Reference] |
| Postterm, n = 54 | 1.23 (0.92–1.64) |
| 25 years, n = 456 | |
| Very preterm, n = 17 | 1.57 (0.96–2.56) |
| Moderate preterm, n = 29 | 1.00 (0.69–1.47) |
| Term, n = 352 | 1 [Reference] |
| Postterm, n = 58 | 1.14 (0.86–1.51) |
| 30 years, n = 375 | |
| Very preterm, n = 14 | 1.67 (0.97–2.84) |
| Moderate preterm, n = 20 | 0.90 (0.57–1.41) |
| Term, n = 292 | 1 [Reference] |
| Postterm, n = 49 | 1.19 (0.88-1.61) |
| 35 years, n = 204 | |
| Very preterm, n = 8 | 1.79 (0.88–3.65) |
| Moderate preterm, n = 14 | 1.32 (0.76–2.29) |
| Term, n = 158 | 1 [Reference] |
| Postterm, n = 24 | 1.16 (0.75-–.79) |
Figure 2. Association between gestational age and
incidence of type 2 diabetes by 5-year intervals following first pregnancy
adjusted for age at first birth, age at baseline Nurses’ Health Study II,
race/ethnicity, pre-pregnancy body mass index, family history of diabetes,
menstrual irregularity, smoking during pregnancy, gestational diabetes, and
hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval;
NA, not applicable.
| Total Number of Diabetes Cases in 5-Year Intervals | Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
|---|---|
| 5 years, n = 38 | NA |
| Term low birth weight, n = 1 | 2.75 (0.37–20.51) |
| Term normal birth weight, n = 33 | 1 [Reference] |
| Macrosomia, n = 4 | 2.82 (0.97–8.18) |
| 10 years, n = 128 | NA |
| Term low birth weight, n = 2 | 1.19 (0.29–4.86) |
| Term normal birth weight, n = 115 | 1 [Reference] |
| Macrosomia, n = 11 | 1.99 (1.06–3.75) |
| 15 years, n = 241 | NA |
| Term low birth weight, n = 7 | 2.36 (1.11–5.03) |
| Term normal birth weight, n = 220 | 1 [Reference] |
| Macrosomia, n = 14 | 1.79 (1.03–3.10) |
| 20 years, n = 323 | NA |
| Term low birth weight, n = 7 | 1.64 (0.78–3.49) |
| Term normal birth weight, n = 301 | 1 [Reference] |
| Macrosomia, n = 15 | 1.79 (1.06–3.03) |
| 25 years, n = 352 | NA |
| Term low birth weight, n = 4 | 0.72 (0.27–1.94) |
| Term normal birth weight, n = 337 | 1 [Reference] |
| Macrosomia, n = 11 | 1.69 (0.93–3.09) |
| 30 years, n = 292 | NA |
| Term low birth weight, n = 7 | 1.28 (0.60–2.71) |
| Term normal birth weight, n = 282 | 1 [Reference] |
| Macrosomia, n = 3 | 0.71 (0.23–2.22) |
| 35 years, n = 158 | NA |
| Term low birth weight, n = 2 | 0.67 (0.17–2.71) |
| Term normal birth weight, n = 153 | 1 [Reference] |
| Macrosomia, n = 3 | 1.25 (0.40–3.95) |
Figure 3. Association between birth weight and type 2 diabetes among
term births by 5-year intervals following first pregnancy adjusted for age
at first birth, age at baseline Nurses’ Health Study II, race/ethnicity,
pre-pregnancy body mass index, family history of diabetes, menstrual
irregularity, smoking during pregnancy, gestational diabetes, and
hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.. Abbreviations: CI, confidence
interval; NA, not applicable.
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