Webinars
On this page you will find a list of publications produced as a result of projects which used workers’ compensation data for prevention purposes. This list will be updated moving forward. Please submit any input to cwcs@cdc.gov.
This regular series of free webinars is sponsored by the NIOSH Center for Workers’ Compensation to provide a platform for speakers to discuss a diverse range of topics related to using workers’ compensation data and systems to improve occupational safety and health. Webinars are generally held 12-2 Eastern Time and are open to the public. Webinars are hosted and recorded using the Adobe Connect platform and up to 500 attendees can participate live. Typical attendees include a wide range of state-based and private WC insurers, state WC bureaus, WC organizations, state health departments, academic researchers, and safety/health practitioners. Past webinars are summarized below and presentations are available upon request. Views expressed on the webinars represent solely those of the presenters, and not necessarily NIOSH. If you are interested in presenting your work during a CWCS webinar or would like a copy of a past webinar, please contact cwcs@cdc.gov.
1/29/21: Cannabis & Workers’ Compensation: Now What?
Evolving cannabis research and regulations may impact the future of work in several ways, as highlighted in the NIOSH Science blog, Cannabis and Work: Implications, Impairment, and the Need for Further Research. The Total Worker Health® Program and CWCS hosted a webinar on January 29, 2021 where thought leaders further discussed the current status and future directions of related WC cannabis topics.
Webinar Recording: Cannabis & Workers’ Compensation: Now What?
Speakers:
- Dr. John Howard, MD, PhD, Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
- Jennifer Wolf, Executive Director of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions
- Raji Chadarevian, Director of Medical Regulation and Informatics at the National Council on Compensation Insurance
- John Ruser, PhD, President and CEO of Workers Compensation Research Institute
12/10/20: Effective Interventions to Combat Opioid Misuse: Studies from the Field of Opioid Prescription Management
This joint NIOSH Total Worker Health Program and CWCS webinar on December shared findings from a recent report on the State of the Field in Opioid Prescription Management. The report is part of a larger study, titled “Workers’ Compensation and the Opioid Epidemic,” funded by the Chief Evaluation Office at DOL. The speakers discussed promising intervention studies with considerable evidence of effectiveness and provide key observations from areas with emerging evidence.
Webinar Recording: Effective Interventions to Combat Opioid Misuse: Studies from the Field of Opioid Prescription Management
Speakers:
- Kuang-chi Chang, PhD, Senior Evaluation Specialist at the Chief Evaluation Office, the U.S. Department of Labor
- Dr. Yonatan Ben-Shalom, PhD, Senior Researcher at Mathematica’s Center for Studying Disability Policy.
- Dr. William S. Shaw, PhD, Associate Professor and Chief, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine in Farmington, Connecticut
4/18/19: Correlates of Opioid Dispensing in Workers’ Compensation
This joint NIOSH Total Worker Health (TWH) and Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies (CWCS) webinar focused on new research at the intersection of work and the nation’s opioid crisis and addressed questions such as:
- In what industries were injured workers more likely to receive opioids when receiving a prescription for pain medication?
- Does location of the injured worker have an impact on the likelihood of receiving opioids?
- What role did worker’s age and gender have on opioid dispensing rates?
Dr. Casey Chosewood from the NIOSH Total Worker Health Program highlighted the comprehensive steps NIOSH is taking to assist and protect workers, employers, and first responders on the front line facing the opioid misuse and overdose crisis. NIOSH is looking at the full “lifecycle” of opioid use from precursors in the workplace that may trigger first use of opioids, to employment and working conditions that may increase opioid misuse.
Dr. Vennela Thumula provided an overview of latest research from WCRI on opioid dispensing to injured workers and discussed the findings from her study, titled Correlates of Opioid Dispensing. This study identified characteristics of injured workers and their employers that are associated with differences in opioid dispensing rates. These characteristics or correlates include worker age and gender, type of injury, industry group and employer’s payroll size, and location (county-level opioid dispensing rate, urban-rural classification, and health insurance coverage rate).
Speakers:
- Vennela Thumula, PhD, Policy Analyst at WCRI
- L. Casey Chosewood, MD, MPH, Director of the Office for Total Worker Health at NIOSH
- Steve Wurzelbacher, PhD, CPE, ARM (Moderator), Director of the Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies (CWCS) at NIOSH
The recording is available online. For a copy of the presentation, please email cwcs@cdc.gov.
7/24/18: Integrating Functional Outcomes with Clinical Measures
This joint NIOSH Total Worker Health (TWH) and Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies (CWCS) webinar explored the benefits of integrating functional outcomes with clinical process measures as a basic approach to patient care in the US.
The speakers also:
- Discussed the broad challenges to our health care system that make a transition to this new approach imperative
- Examined the connection between medical care and disability
- Reviewed research supporting a functionally based approach to health care
- Described a basic path that will make possible a shift of the US health care system toward the integration of functional and clinical process measures for patients
Speakers:
- Kathryn Mueller, MD, MPH, FACOEM, Medical Director for the Colorado Division of Workers Compensation
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- Warner Hudson, MD, FACOEM, FAAFP, Former Medical Director of Occupational and Employee Health for the UCLA Health System
- Casey Chosewood, MD, MPH, Director of the Office for Total Worker Health at NIOSH
- Steve Wurzelbacher, PhD, CPE, ARM (Moderator), Director of the Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies (CWCS) at NIOSH
For a copy of the presentation, please email cwcs@cdc.gov.
10/03/17: Advancing Research on Delivering Workplace Health and Safety to Small Businesses
In this NIOSH Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies (CWCS) webinar, speakers described the latest work of the NIOSH Small Business Assistance Program, and directions for future advancements in effectively delivering workplace safety and health assistance to small employers and their workforce.
The majority of businesses in the U.S. are small, and they experience a disproportionate burden of workplace injuries, illnesses, and fatalities. Safety and health solutions are often designed for larger workplaces, and tend to be too complicated or too expensive for small employers to adopt them. The purpose of this webinar was to share new prevention insights for small employers.
Speakers:
- Thomas Cunningham, PhD, Behavioral Scientist, NIOSH
- Garrett Burnett, MBA, Research-to-Practice Specialist, NIOSH
For a copy of the presentation, please email cwcs@cdc.gov.
9/06/17: A New Look at Ways to Minimize Work Disability and Job Loss after Illness or Injury
In this NIOSH Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies (CWCS) webinar, speakers described recent work by the Stay-at-Work/Return-to-Work (SAW/RTW) Policy Collaborative established by the US Department of Labor’s Office of Disability Employment Policy (ODEP). This program supports the development of policies, programs, and practices that encourage the continued employment of workers likely to leave the workforce due to injury, serious illness, or disability. The webinar described the key issues and strategies addressed by the SAW/RTW Policy Collaborative this year and disseminated the policy recommendations of its three Policy Working Groups: (1) Replicating and Adapting the State of Washington’s Centers of Occupational Health and Education (COHE) Model; (2) Musculoskeletal Conditions and Pain Management; and (3) Transition Back to Work. The webinar introduced a subject matter expert from each of the three groups who summarized the work of the group and highlighted key strategies and policy recommendations. This webinar also introduced the audience to the various products developed by the Collaborative that are available for download and distribution.
Speakers:
- Linda Toms Barker, Principal Research Associate, IMPAQ International
- Daniel Sung, Manager of Medical Policy, Colorado Division of Workers’ Compensation
- Dr. Melinda Campopiano, Senior Medical Advisor, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment,
which is part of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration - Alan McClain, Arkansas Rehabilitation Services
- Jennifer Sheehy, Deputy Assistant Secretary, Office of Disability Employment Policy (ODEP), US Department of Labor
For a copy of the presentation, please email cwcs@cdc.gov.
7/13/17: Improving Insurance Processes through Nudging
In this NIOSH Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies (CWCS) webinar, speakers described how advanced modeling and behavioral economics are intersecting for the state of New Mexico and their unemployment insurance program. The goal of this project was to reduce misclassification of workers by employers and improper payments by using analytics and nudging. By sharing data across agencies, new insights emerged and many of these techniques may be applied to workers’ compensation.
For a copy of the presentation, please email cwcs@cdc.gov.
Speakers:
Joy Forehand, Deputy Secretary, Department of Workforce Solutions, State of New Mexico
Sue Anne Athens, CIO, Department of Workforce Solutions, State of New Mexico
David P. Duden, Managing Director, Deloitte Consulting
6/20/17: CEOs and Safety: How Top Organizational Leaders Influence Employee Well-being
In this NIOSH Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies (CWCS) webinar, speakers summarized recent research findings related to how CEO behavior influences front-line employee physical and psychological well-being.
For a copy of the presentation, please email cwcs@cdc.gov.
Speakers:
- Dr. Sean Tucker, University of Regina
- Phillip Germain, Saskatchewan Workers’ Compensation Board
3/23/17: Better Care in Workers’ Compensation- ACOEM’s Documentation & Coding Initiative
In this NIOSH Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies (CWCS) webinar, Dr. Marianne Cloeren discussed proposed changes to improve workers’ compensation patient encounters and care. The American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM) supports modifying the rules for documentation of care in workers’ compensation in order to provide reimbursement and other incentives to deliver care that adheres to best practices, including focus on assessing and improving patient function. The recommended changes include alternative ground rules for documentation and coding evaluation and management encounters, physician case management services and consultation services as they relate to workers’ compensation care. These alternative rules may be adopted by states or payers seeking to realign incentives toward improved functional and clinical outcomes and decreased costs.
The initiative is also described in the ACOEM Guidance Statement
Speakers:
- Marianne Cloeren, MD, MPH, FACOEM
For a copy of the presentation, please email cwcs@cdc.gov.
12/20/16: Changing Perceptions about Return to Work
In this NIOSH Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies (CWCS) webinar, a panel of speakers discussed return to work strategies and the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions (IAIABC) paper, “Return to Work: A Foundational Approach to Return to Function.” The paper authored by the Disability Management and Return to Work Committee of the IAIABC discusses the link between return to function and return to work as equally important in restoring a person to health. The paper speaks directly to the various stakeholders in workers’ compensation, including the worker/union, the employer, the government/regulator, the caregiver/provider, the insurer, and the attorney. The paper shares benefits and possible strategies for each group to work toward developing, implementing, and/or supporting return to work as an integral part of return to health.
Speakers:
- Peter Federko
Saskatchewan Workers’ Compensation Board - Vickie Kennedy
Washington State Department of Labor and Industries - Kathryn Mueller
Colorado Division of Workers’ Compensation - Michael Stack
Amaxx LCC - Sarah Tayts
Eastern Alliance Insurance Group
For a copy of the presentation, please email cwcs@cdc.gov.
10/5/2016: Findings from the NIOSH Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Disorders Consortium
In this NIOSH Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies (CWCS) webinar, Bradley Evanoff, MD, MPH and Ann Marie Dale, PhD from Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine presented results from the Upper Limb Musculoskeletal Disorders Consortium study. Most studies of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among workers are limited by small sample sizes or restricted to a small subset of jobs. To overcome this, six U.S. research centers pooled data from their prospective studies of musculoskeletal outcomes, in what’s known as the Upper Limb Musculoskeletal Disorder Consortium. The consortium is a collaborative research program initiated by the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in 2000. Speakers shared what the consortium has learned about the risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome. Following 4,300 workers from more than 50 workplaces for at least three years, the consortium uses pooled data making it the largest study of carpal tunnel syndrome to date. The speakers discussed what we now know about the risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome and what they mean for the future prevention of this painful condition among workers.
Speakers:
- Bradley Evanoff, MD, MPH
Professor of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine - Ann Marie Dale, PhD, OTR/L
Associate Professor
Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine
For a copy of the presentation, please email cwcs@cdc.gov.
9/14/16: Journey towards a National Coding Standard for Patient Handling Injuries
In this NIOSH Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies (CWCS) webinar, Vicki Missar from AON and Candy Raphan from Broadspire, described the development of a standardized coding system for patient handling injuries. The webinar provides insight into the journey and development of a national standard for Patient Handling Injury coding. The standardized coding once implemented universally, may provide a mechanism to measure and benchmark injuries and fully support further prevention and research.
Speakers:
- Vicki Missar, MS, CPE, CSPHP, CHSP, SSBB
Associate Director
AON - Candy Raphan, RN, BSN, ARNP, MOAM
Regional Vice President, Client Services
Broadspire
For a copy of the presentation, please email cwcs@cdc.gov.
5/12/16: Leading Indicators Research Update from the Institute for Work and Health
In this NIOSH Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies (CWCS) webinar Dr. Ben Amick provided an update on research he has been leading at the Institute for Work and Health (http://www.iwh.on.ca/) on leading indicators of occupational health and safety performance. He discussed the history and science of the IWH-Organizational Performance (OPM) metric and its use across Canada. The OPM is a short, easy-to-use, tool. He discussed on-going research on the development of an app based on the IWH-OPM to support organizational change in small and medium businesses to improve occupational health and safety performance. As part of this research, the IWH research group conducted a survey of a representative sample of organizations in Ontario to determine what the best leading indicators may be and he presented the results of this research as well as the advantages of benchmarking. He then presented the recommendations of the IWH leading indicators research team about what to use going forward.
Speakers:
- Benjamin Amick III, B.A., B.S., PhD
Director, Professor and Chair of the Department of Health Policy and
Management at Florida International University
Senior Scientist, The Institute for Work & Health
For a copy of the presentation, please email cwcs@cdc.gov.
4/14/16: Data Visualization: Making Workers’ Comp Data Explorable for Prevention
In this webinar from the CWCS series, the CWCS’ own Matt Haviland discussed the use of visual analytics to make workers comp data more explorable and useable for developing prevention strategies. The presentation covered a basic introduction to the Center and to WC data in general. It touched on the huge variety of data visualization tools, and important features and limitation to keep in mind. There was also a demonstration of how comp data could be explored, with some additional real world examples of existing, published data, being visualized for added value.
Speakers:
- Thomas (Matt) Haviland, B.S., MSPH
Data Analytics Fellow
NIOSH, Center for Workers Compensation Studies
For a copy of the presentation, please email cwcs@cdc.gov.
1/21/16: Prevention Strategies from Saskatchewan and British Columbia WC insurers
Speakers from the Saskatchewan WC Board and British Columbia’s WorkSafeBC discussed prevention strategies used by their provincial workers’ compensation insurers. The presentation covered how the Saskatchewan WC Board uses data to focus on important issues in their system and how they use the four pillars of their strategy: partnerships & leadership, targeting, education & training, and awareness to generate results. WorkSafeBC’s portion of the webinar described how it uses partnerships, direct employer consultation, outreach, education, funding, incentive programs, and the creation and provision of multi-media OH&S educational products and services to achieve its mission of injury prevention.
Speakers:
- Phillip Germain, B.S.
VP Prevention & Employer Services
Saskatchewan Workers’ Compensation Board - Dale Walker, J.D.
Director, Industry & Labour Services
WorkSafe BC
For a copy of the presentation, please email cwcs@cdc.gov.
12/15/15: Putting Minnesota’s Work Comp Data to Work
Speakers from the Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry described how MN WC claims data are used in a variety of ways to inform administration of the system and produce information of value to stakeholders and the general public. A detailed description of cost adjustments was covered, to explain how MN attempts to accurately measure the real costs of claims across time.
Speakers:
- David Berry and Brian Zaidman
Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry
For a copy of the presentation, please email cwcs@cdc.gov.
10/29/15: Building the Foundation for Comparing States with a WC Claims Measures Survey
Speakers from the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions (IAIABC) presented information on an interstate collaboration through the IAIABC that is designed to lay the groundwork to build measures for comparing claims data across states.
Many states workers’ compensation administrative agencies collect data on WC claims that can be used for comparison with other states. But consistent definitions have frequently been a hurdle to comparability. Comparability across jurisdictions isn’t perfect, but Canadian provinces have demonstrated that working together with a patient approach can pay major dividends over time in the form of meaningful comparative data. In this webinar the speakers discussed a new survey through which the IAIABC is attempting to take a few steps toward the long-term goal of using state-collected claims data for comparison purposes.
Speakers:
- Heather Lore, B.A., MBA
Senior Manager, Membership and Communications
International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions (IAIABC) - Mike Manley, B.A.
Research Coordinator
Oregon Department of Consumer and Business Services
For a copy of the presentation, please email cwcs@cdc.gov.
6/17/15: Prevention Strategies from State WC Insurance Funds in MN and CA
Speakers from the state workers’ compensation insurance funds in Minnesota and California discussed prevention strategies. Details of each presentation are given below.
- Injury in our Schools- a Workers’ Compensation Perspective
This presentation included an in-depth look at the causes and risk factors for injury to school district staff, with a special focus on the growing concern of student-perpetrated violence toward staff. The presentation also featured other current research as well as injury prevention strategies. - California State Compensation Insurance Fund (SCIF) Prevention Strategies
This presentation included a review of the latest prevention approaches at SCIF and a planned analysis of the quantitative impact of loss prevention services on losses of insureds receiving loss control services.
Speakers:
- Katherine Schofield, PhD, CSP, ARM, CHST, CSRM
Risk Consultant
Research Principal Investigator
SFM-The Work Comp Experts - Craig Stroinski, MBA
Large Strategic Business Operations
SFM-The Work Comp Experts - Len Welsh
Consultant to the President for Workplace Safety
SCIF - Lauren Mayfield
Safety and Health Services Program Manager
SCIF
5/29/15: Disability Prevention Research: A Look to the Future
Jointly sponsored by the NIOSH Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies (CWCS) and the NIOSH Office for Total Worker Health™ (TWH), this webinar featured the latest in disability prevention research and lessons learned from secondary prevention in Colorado and Washington. Topics included: trends in medical care provision, the links between quality of care and development of long-term disability, and the far-reaching impacts research in this area may have beyond workers’ compensation systems.
Speakers:
- Kathryn Mueller, MD MPH,
Medical Director, Colorado Division of Workers’ Compensation
President, American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine - Gary Franklin, MD MPH
Medical Director, Washington Labor and Industries
Research Professor, University of Washington
For a transcript of the live captions from the session, please email vqq3@cdc.gov
2/25/15: Ohio BWC Year of Safety
In this NIOSH Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies (CWCS) webinar, speakers discussed several ongoing and new prevention initiatives sponsored by the Ohio Bureau of Workers’ Compensation. The OHBWC has a long history of providing a number of prevention programs to prevent occupational injury/illness. For example, since 1999 OHBWC has offered a Safety Intervention Grant (SIG) program where employers are provided matching funds to implement engineering controls. Recently, OHBWC and CWCS found that the program significantly reduced affected employee injuries and costs and OHBWC greatly expanded the annual budget. This past year, the SIG program provided $15 million to 535 employers and OHBWC allocated an additional $45 million for fiscal years 2015-17. OHBWC also allocated another $4 million to fund four major initiatives designed to enhance the safety, health and wellness of Ohio’s workforce.
Speakers:
- Abe Al-Tarawneh
- Mike Lampl
12/4/14: The Value of EDI Claims Data & Dashboard Analytics for States
In this NIOSH Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies (CWCS) webinar, speakers discussed the value of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions (IAIABC) Electronic data interchange (EDI) claims data collected by many states today. In addition, examples were provided to illustrate how some states are leveraging those assets through technology (analytic dashboards) to gain deeper insight into the WC system.
Speakers:
- Andre De La Fuente (Louisiana Workforce Commission)
- Nicholas Floeck (ISO)
9/17/14: Worker Compensation Denominators
A main purpose of the recent NIOSH Workers’ Compensation Surveillance Funding Opportunity (http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-14-227.html) is to encourage states to combine WC data with state employment data to determine trends in rates of claims by specific industry group, and by cause of injury to focus prevention efforts.
This NIOSH Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies (CWCS) webinar described the preferred methods of:
- Joining state WC claim data (first reports of injury) and employment data (employee counts and NAICS industry from state unemployment compensation insurance system records) at the employer level using the federal employer identification number (FEIN)
- Adjusting employee counts with hours per employee data from sources such as the Current Population Survey (CPS), American Community Survey (ACS), the Bureau of Labor Statistics Labor, Productivity, and Costs program (LPC), and the Current Employment Survey (CES) to estimate full-time equivalents (FTE)
- Calculating rates of WC claims per FTE for more specific NAICS industries and employer size classes, and for industries with more regional variation
- Conducting sensitivity analyses of rate estimates based on differences in estimates from the different data sources above and choosing key rates to focus upon
Speakers:
- Martha Jones (Vanderbilt University)
- Tim Bushnell (NIOSH)
- Steve Wurzelbacher (NIOSH)
7/23/14: Prescription Drug Abuse Prevention
Prescription drug abuse and overdoses are a major public health concern. The CDC reports that opioid overdose deaths in particular have quadrupled since 1999, with more than 16,600 deaths in 2010 alone. Many states have taken steps to control opioid use in their workers’ compensation systems by limiting opioid availability, educating health care providers on responsible opioid prescribing, and increasing awareness among injured workers. http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2014/05/14/opioid-abuse/
This webinar described prescription drug abuse prevention activities, emerging issues, and opportunities for future collaborations from the perspective of several organizations. Speakers included Noah Aleshire (National Center for Injury Prevention and Control), Gary Franklin (Washington Labor and Industries), Kathryn Mueller (American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine), and John Hanna (Ohio Bureau of Workers’ Compensation).
5/21/14: Predictive Analytics Webinar
Predictive analytics is an area of data mining that deals with predicting trends and behavior patterns. Workers’ compensation data includes detailed claims-based information (injury cause, nature) and survey-based information (employer workplace hazards and controls) that can be used to predict and prevent future injuries/ illnesses.
This webinar described some recent predictive analytic approaches being used on workers’ compensation data to develop evidence-based prevention strategies. Speakers included Griffin Schultz (Predictive Solutions), Joel Schneider (CNA Insurance) and Steve Wurzelbacher (NIOSH).
4/9/14: Worker Compensation Causation Auto-Coding Part 2
This webinar continued the topic of auto-coding presented 1/16/2014. Speakers included Alexander Measure (BLS), Herman Tolentino (CDC), Gaurav Nanda (Purdue University), and Mark Lehto (Purdue University).
Workers’ compensation claims data usually includes a useful free-text (unstructured) data field that describes the cause of the claim and can be a rich source of information. However, manual coding these data fields is resource intensive and becomes impractical when the scope of a project includes a large number of claims. This webinar continued to introduce the audience to useful auto-coding techniques that utilize computer learning algorithms to code unstructured data.
1/16/14: Worker Compensation Causation Auto-Coding
Experts from the Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety (Helen L. Corns and Helen Marucci-Wellman, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (Stephen J. Bertke and Alysha R. Meyers) and Purdue University (Mark R. Lehto) presented on the topic of auto-coding.
Workers’ compensation claims data usually includes a useful free-text (unstructured) data field that describes the cause of the claim and can be a rich source of information. However, manual coding these data fields is resource intensive and becomes impractical when the scope of a project includes a large number of claims. This webinar introduced the audience to useful auto-coding techniques that utilize computer learning algorithms to code unstructured data.
8/20/13: Worker Compensation Denominators
This webinar described sources of denominators for workers’ compensation data analysis. Several researchers provided presentations that highlighted their recent analyses and methods for identifying appropriate denominators (e.g. person hours or employee counts) for workers’ compensation trending. Speakers included Martha Jones (Vanderbilt University), Mike Lampl (Ohio Bureau of Workers’ Compensation), Tim Bushnell (NIOSH), and Steve Wurzelbacher (NIOSH). Copies of the presentation are available by request by emailing: cwcs@cdc.gov