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NIOSH Continues Research to Improve Safety for Ambulance Service Workers and EMS Responders

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August 2011
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 2011-190
Photo of the inside of an ambulance simulator. 3 crash-test dummies have been positioned sitting upright in the ambulance crew seats. Another dummy lies on a gurney in front of them. The dummy in the foreground has a rip on its elbow from wear and tear. All the dummies and objects are in place and it is clear the crash simulation has not yet happened.

Developmental testing conducted with instrumented crash test dummies. Photo courtesy of NIOSH.

A Story of Impact:

Transportation incidents are the leading cause of work-related deaths in the United States; between 2003 and 2009, an average of almost 1,300 U.S. workers died from roadway crashes each year. The risk is even greater for emergency medical services (EMS) personnel. In 2002 field investigators estimated that the fatality rate for EMS workers was more than 2 times the national average for all workers.2

As part of the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA), researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) set out to reduce ambulance crash–related injuries and deaths among EMS workers. Research addressed the layout and structural integrity of ambulance compartments, design of hardware, and occupant restraints.

NIOSH research revealed a number of important factors involved in ambulance worker injuries and deaths. For example, field investigators observed that EMS workers often ride on the squad bench without wearing a restraint. This allows them to lean forward, stand up, or change positions as needed to reach the patient or equipment, but places them at higher risk of striking bulkheads, cabinets, shelves, or other occupants during a crash. NIOSH crash tests also revealed the possibility of head injury if a worker’s head strikes the cabinets immediately above or behind them, and noted that vehicle structural failures can be a contributing factor in adverse outcomes of EMS crashes.

Relevant Information

  • About 218,000 emergency medical technicians and paramedics were employed in 2009, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.4
  • Between 500,000–800,000 workers are estimated to volunteer as emergency medical technicians or paramedics in addition to the 218,000 employed personnel. These figures do not include the many additional firefighters who are also trained in emergency medical services.5

Impact

In 2007 NIOSH partnered with the Ambulance Manufacturers Division of the National Truck Equipment Association (AMD-NTEA) and the General Services Administration (GSA) to revise the GSA ambulance purchase specification and the companion AMD-NTEA test standards. This included increasing the head clearance for EMS workers above the seating positions, eliminating a significant source of head injury. NIOSH also worked with AMD-NTEA to establish a new crash test methodology Technical Committee. The committee used NIOSH research to develop a cost-effective test procedure to evaluate how components (seats, cot, equipment mounts) in a patient compartment would withstand a 30 mph frontal impact. This test procedure was published by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) in May of 2010 as a recommended practice, and is already being used within the industry to improve ambulance seating and restraints. The team has developed a companion document covering vehicle response in side impact events, which SAE is expected to publish in late Summer 2011. The long-term goal is to bring ambulance patient compartments up to the same level of safety found in passenger vehicles.

NIOSH researchers continue to work with AMD-NTEA, GSA, manufacturers, and federal agencies on other recommendations to improve occupational safety for EMS workers. Ongoing efforts include creating and validating individual standards for seating and worker restraints, litter and patient restraints, and equipment mounting. These research-to-practice measures and collaborative efforts will improve the safety of EMS crew members in their mission to save the lives of others.

View/Download Entire Document: NIOSH Continues Research to Improve Safety for Ambulance Service Workers and EMS Responders pdf icon[PDF – 2,320 KB]

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Authors of Partnering with Industry to Build Safe EMS Work Environments—James Green and Paul Moore; Division of Safety Research; NIOSH—won the 2011 Bullard-Sherwood award in the Intervention Category, and authors of the Ambulance Crash Survivability Improvement Project—Paul Moore, James Green, Richard Current, Thomas Bobick, and Nancy Romano; Division of Safety Research; NIOSH—received the 2009 Bullard-Sherwood Award in the Intervention category. This impact sheet updates DHHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 2010-164 and the associated project on EMS worker safety.

References

1 BLS [2009]. Census of fatal occupational injury charts, 1992-2009. All charts, census of fatal occupational injuries 2009. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities. [http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshcfoi1.htmexternal icon].

2 Maguire B, Hunting K, Smith G, Levick N. [2002]. Occupational fatalities in emergency medical services: a hidden crisis. Ann Emerg Med 40: 625-632.

3 CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) [2003]. Ambulance Crash-Related Injuries Among Emergency Medical Services Workers – United States, 1991-2002, reported by Proudfoot S, Romano N, Bobick T, Moore P. MMWR 52(08); 154-156.

4 BLS [2009]. May 2009 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, United States. Washington, DC: U.s. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics [http://www.bls.gov/oes/2009/may/oes_nat.htm#29-0000external icon].

5 LaTourrette T, Peterson D, Bartis J, Jackson B, Houser A [2003]. Protecting emergency responders volume II: community views of safety and health risks and personal protection needs. Arlington, VA: RAND [http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1646.htmlexternal icon].

SAFER • HEALTHIER • PEOPLE™

Page last reviewed: June 6, 2014
Content source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health