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Evaluation of pulmonary effects of 3-D printer emissions from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene using an air-liquid interface model of primary normal human-derived bronchial epithelial cells

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Updated September 26, 2022

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September 2022
NIOSH Dataset RD-1044-2022-0

Introduction

This study investigated the inhalation toxicity of the emissions from 3-D printing with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament using an air-liquid interface (ALI) in vitro model. Primary normal human-derived bronchial epithelial cells (NHBEs) were exposed to ABS filament emissions in an ALI for 4 h. The mean and mode diameters of ABS emitted particles in the medium were 175 ± 24 nm and 153 ± 15 nm, respectively. The average particle deposition per surface area of the epithelium was 2.29 × 107 ± 1.47 × 107 particle/cm2, equivalent to an estimated average particle mass of 0.144 ± 0.042 µg/cm2.

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Data Collection Methods

  1. Cell culture model
    Primary NHBEs from PromoCell (cat. C-12640, PromoCell GmbH, Germany).
  1. Air-liquid interface cell exposure
    1. Exposure system
      The same exposure system utilized previously to expose Sprague-Dawley rats to emissions generated during real-time printing via a whole-body inhalation exposure system was applied.
    2. Cell exposure treatment
      Four different sets of treatments were employed as follows:
      • ABS-exposed cells,
      • exposure chamber samples,
      • incubator samples,
      • a positive control.
  1. Evaluation of epithelial barrier integrity
  1. Cytotoxicity
    1. Measurement of cell viability
    2. LDH release assay
  1. Measurement of cytokine
    The concentrations of IL-17A, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, IL-31, MIP-3α, IL-17A/F, IL-17B, IL-17D, IL-3, IL-9, GM-CSF, IL-23p40, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IL-1α, IL-5, IL-7, TNF-β, VEGF, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, eotaxin, eotaxin-3, IL-8(HA), IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and TARC (pg/ml) were measured.

Publications Based on Dataset

Farcas MT, McKinney W, Coyle J, Orandle M, Mandler WK, Stefaniak AB, Bowers L, Battelli L, Richardson D, Hammer MA, Friend SA, Service S, Kashon M, Qi C, Hammond DR, Thomas TA, Matheson J, Qian Y. Evaluation of Pulmonary Effects of 3-D Printer Emissions From Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Using an Air-Liquid Interface Model of Primary Normal Human-Derived Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Int J Toxicol. 2022 Aug;41(4):312-328. doi: 10.1177/10915818221093605. Epub 2022 May 18.

PMID: 35586871

Acknowledgements

This investigation was supported by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). When a publication makes use of this dataset, acknowledgement of the development of the dataset should be attributed to the NIOSH Health Effects Laboratory Division.

We would also like to acknowledge the work of Mariana T. Farcas1, Walter McKinney1, James Coyle1, Marlene Orandle1, William Mandler1, Aleksandr Stefaniak2, Lauren Bowers2, Lor Battelli1, Diana Richardson1, Mary Ann Hammer1, Sherri Friend1, Samantha Service1, Michael L. Kashon1, Chaolong Qi3, Duane Hammond3, Treye Thomas4, Joanna Matheson4, and Yong Qian1. 1Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

2Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
3Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
4Office of Hazard Identification and Reduction, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission

Contact

NIOSH/Health Effects Laboratory Division
Pathology and Physiology Research Branch
(304) 285-5831

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