Pyridine
RTECS #
UR8400000
CAS #
Updated
December 2018
Molecular Weight
79.11
Molecular Formula
C5H5N
Synonyms
Azabenzene
Azine
NCI-C55301
Piridina (Italian)
Pirydyna (Polish)
Pyridin (German)
Pyridine (ACGIH:OSHA)
RCRA waste number U196
Azine
NCI-C55301
Piridina (Italian)
Pirydyna (Polish)
Pyridin (German)
Pyridine (ACGIH:OSHA)
RCRA waste number U196
Skin and Eye Irritation and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| skin /rabbit | 500 mg/24H | mild | 85JCAE -,839,1986 |
Mutation Data and Reference
| System Test | Route/Organism/Tissue | Dose | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| mutation in microorganisms | /Salmonella typhimurium | 6 mmol/L/2H (-enzymatic activation step) | CNREA8 39,4152,1979 |
| mutation in microorganisms | /Salmonella typhimurium | 6 mmol/L/48H | HPV361 -,-,2003 |
| sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction | /Saccharomyes cerevisiae | 10900 ppm | MUREAV 163,23,1986 |
| Unscheduled DNA Synthesis | oral/mouse | 700 mg/kg | JJATDK 20,389,2000 |
Tumorigenic Data and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 25480 mg/kg/2Y- continuous | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Liver: Tumors | NTPTR* NTP-TR-470,2000 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 25480 mg/kg/104W- continuous | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Liver: Tumors | NTIS** PB2000-106687 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 11025 mg/kg/105W- continuous | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Liver: Tumors | NTIS** PB2000-106687 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 24024 mg/kg/2Y- continuous | Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Bladder tumors | NTPTR* NTP-TR-470,2000 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 17472 mg/kg/104W- continuous | Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Kidney tumors | NTIS** PB2000-106687 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 7350 mg/kg/105W- continuous | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Blood: Leukemia | NTIS** PB2000-106687 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 26208 mg/kg/104W- continuous | Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria Reproductive: Tumorigenic effects: Testicular tumors | NTIS** PB2000-106687 |
Acute Toxicity Data and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| In Vitro/Human, leukemia cells | Inhibitor Concentration (25 percent kill): 4166.7 mg/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc. | TIVIEQ 26,1150,2012 |
| In Vitro/Human, leukemia cells | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 2370 mg/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays | TIVIEQ 26,1150,2012 |
| In Vitro/Human, lymphocyte | Inhibitor Concentration (30 percent kill): >200 mg/L/45H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc. | TIVIEQ 29,901,2015 |
| In Vitro/Human, lymphocyte | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): >200 mg/L/45H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays | TIVIEQ 29,901,2015 |
| In Vitro/Human, monocyte | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 5000 mg/L/2H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays | TIVIEQ 27,1233,2013 |
| In Vitro/Rabbit, ocular | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 5 pph/5M | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TIVIEQ 27,1855,2013 |
| inhalation/mammal (species unspecified) | lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 10 gm/m3 | GTPZAB 32(10),25,1988 | |
| inhalation/rat | lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 9010 ppm/1H | HPV361 -,-,2003 | |
| inhalation/rat | Lowest published lethal concentration: 4900 ppm/4H | Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | HPV361 -,-,2003 |
| intraperitoneal/guinea pig | lowest published lethal dose: 870 mg/kg | Behavioral: General anesthetic Behavioral: Tremor Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes | JPHYA7 17,272,1894 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 950 mg/kg | PBPHAW 1,542,1965 | |
| intraperitoneal/rabbit | lowest published lethal dose: 15 mg/kg | Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) Behavioral: General anesthetic | JIDIAQ 42,473,1928 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 866 mg/kg | NTIS** PB195-158 | |
| intravenous/Dog | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 880 mg/kg | Cardiac: Change in rate Vascular: BP lowering not characterized in autonomic section Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression | TXCYAC 4,165,1975 |
| intravenous/mouse | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 420 mg/kg | Behavioral: Sleep Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea | PLRCAT 5,341,1973 |
| intravenous/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 360 mg/kg | Behavioral: Sleep Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea | PLRCAT 5,341,1973 |
| oral/guinea pig | lowest published lethal dose: 4 gm/kg | Behavioral: General anesthetic Behavioral: Tremor Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes | JPHYA7 17,272,1894 |
| oral/mammal (species unspecified) | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1500 mg/kg | GTPZAB 32(10),25,1988 | |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 500 mg/kg | Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral: Coma | JJATDK 20,389,2000 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published lethal dose: 1000 mg/kg | Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), diffuse Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases | JJATDK 20,389,2000 |
| oral/mouse | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1500 mg/kg | Behavioral: Sleep Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea | PLRCAT 5,341,1973 |
| parenteral/frog | lowest published lethal dose: 870 mg/kg | 85IXA4 -,695,1948 | |
| skin/guinea pig | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1 gm/kg | 85JCAE -,839,1986 | |
| skin/rabbit | lowest published lethal dose: 2000 mg/kg | Skin: After topical application: Primary irritation | HPV361 -,-,2003 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1250 mg/kg | Behavioral: Sleep Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea | PLRCAT 5,341,1973 |
| subcutaneous/rabbit | lowest published lethal dose: 800 mg/kg | 85IXA4 -,695,1948 | |
| subcutaneous/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 866 mg/kg | CTOXAO 4,185,1971 |
Other Multiple Dose Data and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 1 mg/m3/24H/60D- continuous | Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: True cholinesterase Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins | GISAAA 31(11),3,1966 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 5 ppm/4D- continuous | Olfaction: Other olfaction effects | HPV361 -,,2003 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 500 mg/kg/5D- intermittent | Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Cardiac: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport | CRTOEC 21,583,2008 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 494 mg/kg/5D- intermittent | Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes | TOLED5 85,173,1996 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 1329 ng/kg/3D- intermittent | Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Cytochrome oxidases (indlucing oxidative phosphrylation) | TOLED5 144,55,2003 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 420 mg/kg/13W- continuous | Liver: Changes in liver weight | NTPTR* NTP-TR-470,2000 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 2275 mg/kg/13W- continuous | Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | HPV361 -,,2003 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 11200 mg/kg/8W- continuous | Liver: Fatty liver degeneration Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | HPV361 -,,2003 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 812.5 mg/kg/13W- continuous | Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | HPV361 -,,2003 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 4000 mg/kg/8W- continuous | Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), diffuse Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | HPV361 -,,2003 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 5768 mg/kg/103W- continuous | Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | HPV361 -,,2003 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 12257 mg/kg/103W- continuous | Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), zonal Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | HPV361 -,,2003 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 890 mg/kg/89D- continuous | Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | HPV361 -,,2003 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 2225 mg/kg/89D- continuous | Liver: Changes in liver weight Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | HPV361 -,,2003 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 25 mg/kg/14W- intermittent | Blood: Change in clotting factors Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | GISAAA 23(7),30,1958 |
Reviews
| Organization | Standard | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) | Threshold Limit Value-time-weighted average 1 ppm | DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013 |
| American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) | Threshold Limit Value-Confirmed animal carcinogen | DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013 |
| International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | Cancer Review:Animal Limited Evidence | IMEMDT 77,564,2000 |
| International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | Cancer Review:Human Inadequate Evidence | IMEMDT 77,564,2000 |
| International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | Cancer Review:Group 3 | IMEMDT 77,564,2000 |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | PAREAQ 4,1,1952 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | EMMUEG 39,69,2002 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 543,201,2003 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 584,1,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 654,114,2008 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 566,49,2004 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 653,99,2008 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | FCTOD7 55,596,2013 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 795,7,2016 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | FCTOD7 94,93,2016 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | RTOPDW 55,43,2009 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | RTOPDW 56,54,2010 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | RTOPDW 59,364,2011 |
Standards and Regulations
| Organization | Standard | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD-air | time-weighted average 5 ppm (15 mg/m3) | DTLVS* 3,220,1971 |
| Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN check ACGIH TLV; | ||
| Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV | ||
| Occupational Exposure Limit-ARAB Republic of Egypt | time-weighted average 5 ppm (15 mg/m3), JAN1993 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRALIA | time-weighted average 5 ppm (16 mg/m3), JUL2008 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRIA | MAK-TMW 5 ppm (15 mg/m3);KZW 20 ppm (60 mg/m3), skin, 2007 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-BELGIUM | time-weighted average 5 ppm (16 mg/m3), MAR2002 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-DENMARK | time-weighted average 5 ppm (15 mg/m3), MAY2011 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-FRANCE | VME 5 ppm (15 mg/m3), VLE 10 ppm (30 mg/m3), FEB2006 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-HUNGARY | time-weighted average 15 mg/m3, short term exposure limit 60 mg/m3, Skin, SEP2000 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-ICELAND | time-weighted average 5 ppm (15 mg/m3), NOV2011 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-KOREA | time-weighted average 5 ppm (15 mg/m3), 2006 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-MEXICO | time-weighted average 5 ppm (15 mg/m3);short term exposure limit 10 ppm (30 mg/m3), 2004 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-NEW ZEALAND | time-weighted average 5 ppm (16 mg/m3), JAN2002 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-NORWAY | time-weighted average 5 ppm (15 mg/m3), JAN1999 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-PERU | time-weighted average 5 ppm (16 mg/m3), JUL2005 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-POLAND | MAC(time-weighted average) 5 mg/m3, MAC(short term exposure limit) 30 mg/me, JAN1999 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-RUSSIA | short term exposure limit 5 mg/m3, JUN2003 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-SWEDEN | time-weighted average 2 ppm (7 mg/m3);short term exposure limit 3 ppm (10 mg/m3), JUN2005 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-SWITZERLAND | MAK-week 5 ppm (15 mg/m3), KZG-week 10 ppm (30 mg/m3), JAN2011 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-THE NETHERLANDS | MAC-TGG 0.9 mg/m3, 2003 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-THE PHILIPPINES | time-weighted average 5 mg/m3, JAN1993 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-TURKEY | time-weighted average 5 ppm (15 mg/m3), JAN1993 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-UNITED KINGDOM | time-weighted average 5 ppm (16 mg/m3);short term exposure limit 10 ppm (33 mg/m3), OCT2007 | |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction) | 8H time-weighted average 5 ppm (15 mg/m3) | CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994 |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors) | 8H time-weighted average 5 ppm (15 mg/m3) | CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994 |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry) | 8H time-weighted average 5 ppm (15 mg/m3) | CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994 |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards) | 8H time-weighted average 5 ppm (15 mg/m3) | CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993 |
NIOSH Documentation and Surveillance
| Organization | Standard | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO PYRIDINE-air | 10H time-weighted average 5 ppm | NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992 |
| National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 | Hazard Code 65080; Number of Industries 32; Total Number of Facilities 1558; Number of Occupations 42; Total Number of Employees Exposed 42908; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 10568 | |
| National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974 | Hazard Code 65080; Number of Industries 22; Total Number of Facilities 1103; Number of Occupations 18; Total Number of Employees Exposed 29286 |
Status in Federal Agencies
| Organization | Reference |
|---|---|
| ATSDR TOXICOLOGY PROFILE (NTIS** PB/93/110831/AS) | |
| EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive/dose response: In vitro SCE-nonhuman | |
| EPA TSCA 8(a) PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT INFORMATION, FINAL RULE | FEREAC 47,26992,82 |
| EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY | |
| EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies | |
| EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001 | |
| NCI Carcinogenesis Studies (water);clear evidence:mouse | |
| NCI Carcinogenesis Studies (water);equivocal evidence:rat | |
| NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Pyridine, 1613 | |
| NIOSH Analytical Method, 1996: Pyridine, 1613 | |
| NTP Carcinogenesis studies (drinking water);some evidence:rat NTPTR* NTP-TR-470,2000 | |
| On EPA IRIS database |
Page last reviewed: November 16, 2018
Content
source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health