Titanium oxide
RTECS #
XR2275000
CAS #
Updated
March 2019
Molecular Weight
79.90
Molecular Formula
O2Ti
Synonyms
1700 White
A-Fil Cream
Atlas white titanium dioxide
Austiox R-CR 3
Bayertitan
Baytitan
Brookite
C.I. 77891
C.I. Pigment White 6
Calcotone White T
Cosmetic White C47-5175
Cosmetic White C47-9623
C-Weiss 7 (German)
E 171
Flamenco
Hombitan
Horse Head A-410
Horse Head A-420
Horse Head R-710
KH 360
Kronos
Kronos titanium dioxide
Levanox White RKB
NCI-C04240
Pigment White 6
Rayox
Runa RH20
Rutiox CR
Tichlor
Tiofine
Tiona T.D.
Tioxide
Tipaque
Ti-Pure
Titafrance
Titan White
Titandioxid (Swedish)
Titanium dioxide
Titanium dioxide (ACGIH:OSHA)
Titanium peroxide
Titanox
Titanox 2010
Trioxide(S)
Tronox
Unitane
Unitane O-110
Unitane O-220
Unitane OR-150
Unitane OR-340
Unitane OR-342
Unitane OR-350
Unitane OR-540
Unitane OR-640
Zopaque
A-Fil Cream
Atlas white titanium dioxide
Austiox R-CR 3
Bayertitan
Baytitan
Brookite
C.I. 77891
C.I. Pigment White 6
Calcotone White T
Cosmetic White C47-5175
Cosmetic White C47-9623
C-Weiss 7 (German)
E 171
Flamenco
Hombitan
Horse Head A-410
Horse Head A-420
Horse Head R-710
KH 360
Kronos
Kronos titanium dioxide
Levanox White RKB
NCI-C04240
Pigment White 6
Rayox
Runa RH20
Rutiox CR
Tichlor
Tiofine
Tiona T.D.
Tioxide
Tipaque
Ti-Pure
Titafrance
Titan White
Titandioxid (Swedish)
Titanium dioxide
Titanium dioxide (ACGIH:OSHA)
Titanium peroxide
Titanox
Titanox 2010
Trioxide(S)
Tronox
Unitane
Unitane O-110
Unitane O-220
Unitane OR-150
Unitane OR-340
Unitane OR-342
Unitane OR-350
Unitane OR-540
Unitane OR-640
Zopaque
Skin and Eye Irritation and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| skin /human | 300 µg/3D- intermittent | mild | 85DKA8 -,127,1977 |
Mutation Data and Reference
| System Test | Route/Organism/Tissue | Dose | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cytogenetic Analysis | oral/mouse | 280 mg/kg/7D- intermittent | MUREAV 726,8,2011 |
| DNA Damage | lung/human | 15 µg/well/72H | TIVIEQ 28,866,2014 |
| DNA Damage | oral/mouse | 280 mg/kg/7D- intermittent | MUREAV 726,8,2011 |
| DNA Damage | lung/human | 100 µg/plate | EMS37* -,444,2006 |
| DNA Damage | lung/human | 20 µg/disk/4H | TOLED5 188,112,2009 |
| DNA inhibition | lung/hamster | 500 mg/L | TIVIEQ 1,71,1987 |
| micronucleus test | intraperitoneal/mouse | 3 gm/kg/3D-continuous | EMMUEG 21,160,1993 |
| micronucleus test | ovary/hamster | 5 µmol/L | MUREAV 414,15,1998 |
| micronucleus test | oral/mouse | 280 mg/kg/7D- intermittent | MUREAV 726,8,2011 |
| micronucleus test | lymphocyte/human | 5 µmol/L/72H | JAPTO* 28,658,2008 |
| sister chromatid exchange | lymphocyte/human | 2 µmol/L/72H | JAPTO* 28,658,2008 |
| sister chromatid exchange | ovary/hamster | 1 µmol/L | MUREAV 414,15,1998 |
Tumorigenic Data and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 250 mg/m3/6H/2Y- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors | TXAPA9 79,179,1985 |
| inhalation/rat | toxic concentration: 10 mg/m3/18H/2Y- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors | INHTE5 7,533,1995 |
| intramuscular/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 360 mg/kg/2Y- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria Blood: Lymphoma including Hodgkin's disease Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application | NCIUS* PH43-64-886 |
| intramuscular/rat | toxic dose: 260 mg/kg/84W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Blood: Lymphoma including Hodgkin's disease Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application | NCIUS* PH43-64-886 |
Acute Toxicity Data and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 62 mg/mL/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | NETOX* 48,77,2015 |
| In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 125 mg/mL/48H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity (prelabeled cells): release of radioactive isotopes ([51Cr], [3H]-thymidine, [3H]-proline, [35S]- or [75Se]-methionine, 5-[125I]-2-deoxy-uridine) or fluorescent dyes (bis-carboxyethyl-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) or calcein-AM) | NETOX* 48,77,2015 |
| In Vitro/jaa | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 15 mg/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Apoptosis in vitro In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays | TOLED5 254,8,2016 |
| In Vitro/jaa | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1.5 mg/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Apoptosis in vitro | TOLED5 254,8,2016 |
| In Vitro/jah | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 250 mg/mL/48H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity (prelabeled cells): release of radioactive isotopes ([51Cr], [3H]-thymidine, [3H]-proline, [35S]- or [75Se]-methionine, 5-[125I]-2-deoxy-uridine) or fluorescent dyes (bis-carboxyethyl-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) or calcein-AM) | NETOX* 48,77,2015 |
| In Vitro/jah | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 125 mg/mL/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | NETOX* 48,77,2015 |
| In Vitro/Mouse, macrophage | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): >1000 mg/L/17H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) | TIVIEQ 1,77,1987 |
| In Vitro/Rat, endocrine tumor | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 200 µmol/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) | TOLED5 199,269,2010 |
| In Vitro/Rat, endocrine tumor | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 200 µmol/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays | TOLED5 199,269,2010 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 1 mg/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation | TOXID9 44,213,2005 |
| intratracheal/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 100 mg/kg | Tumorigenic: Increased incidence of tumors in susceptible strains | TOLED5 142,71,2003 |
| intratracheal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 1.25 mg/kg | Vascular: Regional or general arteriolar constriction Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes | TOXID9 44,294,2005 |
| intratracheal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 1.6 mg/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes | TOXID9 66,118,2002 |
| intratracheal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 5 mg/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation | TOXID9 66,353,2002 |
| intratracheal/rat | Lethal dose: >100 µg/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes | INHEAO 35,61,1997 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 60 gm/kg | Gastrointestinal: Hypermotility, diarrhea Gastrointestinal: Other changes | EPASR* #86940001000,1994 |
Other Multiple Dose Data and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| inhalation/hamster | lowest published toxic concentration: 250 mg/m3/6H/13W- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi | TOXID9 54,13,2000 |
| inhalation/hamster | lowest published toxic concentration: 250 mg/m3/13W- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Sputum Blood: Changes in cell count (unspecified) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Dehydrogenases | TOSCF2 70,86,2002 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 10 mg/m3/6H/13W- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation | TOXID9 78,382,2004 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 10 mg/m3/6H/13W- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi | INHTE5 12(Suppl 3),275,2000 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 10 mg/m3/13W- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation | TOXID9 60,195,2001 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 50 mg/m3/13W- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Sputum Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Dehydrogenases | TOSCF2 70,86,2002 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 250 mg/m3/13W- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Sputum Blood: Changes in cell count (unspecified) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Dehydrogenases | TOSCF2 70,86,2002 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 50 mg/m3/13W- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Sputum Blood: Changes in cell count (unspecified) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Dehydrogenases | TOSCF2 70,86,2002 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 250 mg/m3/13W- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Blood: Changes in cell count (unspecified) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Dehydrogenases | TOSCF2 70,86,2002 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 10 mg/m3/6H/13W- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Fibrosis (interstitial) Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation | TOXID9 78,382,2004 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 250 mg/m3/6H/4W- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Chronic pulmonary edema or congestion Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes | TXAPA9 145,10,1997 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 50 mg/m3/6H/13W- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi | TOXID9 54,13,2000 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 10 mg/m3/13W- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation | TOXID9 60,195,2001 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 274 mg/m3/5D- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Changes in lung weight Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation | TOLED5 186,152,2009 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 250 mg/kg/10W- intermittent | Gastrointestinal: Ulceration or bleeding from large intestine Tumorigenic: Facilitates action of known carcinogens Gastrointestinal: Other changes | FCTOD7 93,20,2016 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 10 mg/kg/2D- intermittent | Gastrointestinal: Other changes | FCTOD7 111,153,2018 |
Reviews
| Organization | Standard | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) | Threshold Limit Value-time-weighted average 10 mg/m3 | DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013 |
| American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) | Threshold Limit Value-Not classifiable as a human carcinogen | DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013 |
| International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | Cancer Review:Animal Limited Evidence | IMEMDT 47,307,1989 |
| International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | Cancer Review:Animal Sufficient Evidence | IMEMDT 93,275,2010 |
| International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | Cancer Review:Human Inadequate Evidence | IMEMDT 47,307,1989 |
| International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | Cancer Review:Human Inadequate Evidence | IMEMDT 93,275,2010 |
| International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | Cancer Review:Group 3 | IMEMDT 47,307,1989 |
| International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | Cancer Review:Group 2B | IMEMDT 93,275,2010 |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TOLED5 133,17,2002 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TOLED5 140-141,223,2003 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | ENTOX* -,194,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 584,1,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TOLED5 171,99,2007 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | HBTME* ,861,2007 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | HBTME* ,177,2007 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 681,241,2009 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUTAEX 21,225,2006 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TXAPA9 243,239,2010 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUTAEX 26,185,2011 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 727,72,2011 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 723,91,2011 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 721,27,2011 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUTAEX 30,67,2015 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 763,181,2015 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 802,1,2016 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | FCTOD7 91,42,2016 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUTAEX 32,203,2017 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 770,204,2016 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUTAEX 31,347,2016 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | FCTOD7 109,1,2017 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TOLED5 265,106,2017 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | RTOPDW 55,200,2009 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | VETODR ,215,2018 |
Standards and Regulations
| Organization | Standard | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD | NUISANCE PARTICULATES | DTLWS* 3,29,1973 |
| Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN check ACGIH TLV; | ||
| Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV | ||
| Occupational Exposure Limit-ARAB Republic of Egypt | time-weighted average 15 mg/m3, JAN1993 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRIA | MAK-TMW 5 mg/m3;KZW 10 mg/m3, resp, 2007 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-BELGIUM | time-weighted average 10 mg/m3, MAR2002 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-DENMARK | time-weighted average 6 mg(Ti)/m3, MAY2011 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-FRANCE | VME 10 mg/m3, FEB2006 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-ICELAND | time-weighted average 6 mg(Ti)/m3, NOV2011 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-JAPAN | Occupational Exposure Limit 1 mg/m3 (resp. dust), 4 mg/m3 (total dust), MAY2012 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-KOREA | time-weighted average 10 mg/m3, 2006 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-MEXICO | time-weighted average 10 mg(Ti)/m3;short term exposure limit 20 mg(Ti)/m3, 2004 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-NEW ZEALAND | time-weighted average 10 mg/m3 (inspirable dust), JAN2002 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-NORWAY | time-weighted average 5 mg/m3, JAN1999 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-PERU | time-weighted average 10 mg/m3, JUL2005 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-POLAND | MAC(time-weighted average) 10 mg(Ti)/m3, MAC(short term exposure limit) 30 mg(Ti)/m3, JAN1999 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-RUSSIA | time-weighted average 10 mg/m3, JUN2003 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-SWEDEN | time-weighted average 5 mg/m3 (total dust), JUN2005 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-SWITZERLAND | MAK-week 3 mg/m3, resp, JAN2011 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-THE NETHERLANDS | MAC-TGG 10 mg/m3, 2003 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-TURKEY | time-weighted average 15 mg/m3, JAN1993 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-UNITED KINGDOM | time-weighted average 10 mg/m3 (inhal. dust), OCT2007 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-UNITED KINGDOM | time-weighted average 4 mg/m3 (resp. dust), OCT2007 | |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction) | 8H time-weighted average 15 mg/m3, total dust | CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994 |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors) | 8H time-weighted average 15 mg/m3 | CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994 |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry) | 8H time-weighted average 15 mg/m3, total dust | CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994 |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry) | 8H time-weighted average 5 mg/m3, respirable fraction | CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994 |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards) | 8H time-weighted average 15 mg/m3, total dust | CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993 |
NIOSH Documentation and Surveillance
| Organization | Standard | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO TITANIUM DIOXIDE-air | Carcinogen lowest feasible concentration | NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992 |
| National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 | Hazard Code M0913; Number of Industries 425; Total Number of Facilities 167223; Number of Occupations 246; Total Number of Employees Exposed 2749569; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 540849 | |
| National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974 | Hazard Code M0913; Number of Industries 112; Total Number of Facilities 8751; Number of Occupations 78; Total Number of Employees Exposed 117618 |
Status in Federal Agencies
| Organization | Reference |
|---|---|
| EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: Carcinogenicity-mouse/rat; Cell transform.-SA7/SHE | |
| EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY | |
| EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies | |
| EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001 | |
| NCI Carcinogenesis Bioassay (feed);no evidence:mouse,rat | NCITR* NCI-TR-97,1979 |
| NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Elements by ICP, 7300 |
Page last reviewed: November 16, 2018
Content
source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health