Benzidine, 3,3'-dichloro-

RTECS #

DD0525000

CAS #

91-94-1
See: NMAM or OSHA Methods

Updated

December 2018

Molecular Weight

253.14

Molecular Formula

C₁₂H₁₀Cl₂N₂

Synonyms

(1,1'-Biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine, 3,3'-dichloro-
3,3'-Dichlorbenzidin (Czech)
3,3'-Dichloro-4,4'-biphenyldiamine
3,3'-Dichloro-4,4'-diamino(1,1-biphenyl)
3,3'-Dichloro-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidina (Spanish)
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine (ACGIH)
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine (OSHA)
3,3'-Dichlorobiphenyl-4,4'-diamine
4,4'-Diamino-3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl
4,4'-Diamino-3,3'-dichlorodiphenyl
C.I. 23060
Curithane C126
Dichlorobenzidine
Dichlorobenzidine base
o,o'-Dichlorobenzidine
RCRA waste number U073

Mutation Data and Reference

System Test	Route/Organism/Tissue	Dose	Reference
body fluid assay	Salmonella typhimurium/rat	40 mg/kg	SAIGBL 23,426,1981
Cytogenetic Analysis	intraperitoneal/mouse	100 mg/kg	MUREAV 319,19,1993
DNA adduct	lymphocyte/mammal (species unspecified)	25500 nmol/L	CBINA8 38,369,1982
DNA Damage	other cell types/human	20 µmol/L/24H	EMMUEG 55,407,2014
DNA Damage	lymphocyte/human	40 µmol/L/2H	TOSCF2 72,283,2003
DNA Damage	oral/mouse	300 mg/kg	MUREAV 440,1,1999
micronucleus test	oral/mouse	1 gm/kg	MUTAEX 2,267,1987
morphological transform	embryo/hamster	12500 µg/L	AETODY 1,241,1980
morphological transform	kidney/hamster	80 µg/L	BJCAAI 37,873,1978
morphological transform	embryo/rat	5 mg/L	JNCIAM 51,799,1973
morphological transform	fibroblast/mouse	0.1 mg/L/21D (-enzymatic activation step)	EMMUEG 35,300,2000
mutation in microorganisms	/Salmonella typhimurium	15 µmol/L/24H (+/-enzymatic activation step)	TXCYAC 207,411,2005
mutation in microorganisms	/Salmonella typhimurium	4.88 µg/plate/20M (+enzymatic activation step)	MUTAEX 20,217,2005
mutation in microorganisms	/Salmonella typhimurium	0.5 µg/plate (-enzymatic activation step)	MUREAV 630,112,2007
mutation in microorganisms	/Salmonella typhimurium	4.88 µg/plate/48H (+enzymatic activation step)	MUTAEX 20,217,2005
mutation in microorganisms	/Salmonella typhimurium	50 µg/plate (+enzymatic activation step)	CALEDQ 4,21,1977
mutation in microorganisms	/Salmonella typhimurium	10 nmol/plate (-enzymatic activation step)	MUTAEX 2,225,1987
other mutation test systems	intraperitoneal/mouse	100 mg/kg	MUREAV 319,19,1993
sister chromatid exchange	lung/hamster	2 mg/L/6H (+enzymatic activation step)	MUREAV 678,38,2009
Unscheduled DNA Synthesis	HeLa cell/human	100 nmol/L	CNREA8 38,2621,1978

Tumorigenic Data and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
oral/Dog	lowest published toxic dose: 17 gm/kg/7Y- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Liver: Tumors Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Bladder tumors	DUPON* HL623-74,1974
oral/hamster	lowest published toxic dose: 176 gm/kg/70W- continuous	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Liver: Tumors Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Bladder tumors	PAACA3 10,78,1969
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 5100 mg/kg/43W- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Liver: Tumors	VOONAW 5(5),524,1959
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 17 gm/kg/50W- continuous	Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Blood: Tumors Skin and Appendages: Tumors	TXAPA9 31,159,1975
oral/rat	toxic dose: 20 gm/kg/52W- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Gastrointestinal: Tumors Skin and Appendages: Tumors	VOONAW 5(5),524,1959
oral/rat	toxic dose: 21 gm/kg/50W- continuous	Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Blood: Tumors Skin and Appendages: Tumors	TXAPA9 31,159,1975
subcutaneous/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 320 mg/kg (15-21D pregnant)	Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Reproductive: Tumorigenic effects: Transplacental tumorigenesis Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors	BEXBAN 78,1402,1974
subcutaneous/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 5200 mg/kg/47W- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Liver: Tumors Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application	VOONAW 5(5),524,1959
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 3600 mg/kg/61W- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Skin and Appendages: Other: Breast	VOONAW 21(6),110,1975
subcutaneous/rat	toxic dose: 7 gm/kg/43W- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application	VOONAW 5(5),524,1959

Reviews

Organization	Standard	Reference
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)	Threshold Limit Value-Control as low as possible, skin	DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)	Threshold Limit Value-Confirmed animal carcinogen	DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	Cancer Review:Animal Sufficient Evidence	IMEMDT 4,49,1974
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	Cancer Review:Animal Sufficient Evidence	IMEMDT 29,239,1982
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	Cancer Review:Animal Sufficient Evidence	IMEMDT 99,245,2010
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	Cancer Review:Human Inadequate Evidence	IMEMDT 29,239,1982
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	Cancer Review:Group 2B	IMSUDL 7,193,1987
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		ADCSAJ 13,271,1970
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 567,109,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 567,347,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TCMUD8 23(Suppl 1),187,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 588,88,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 612,58,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TOPADD 33,63,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 654,114,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		JTPAE7 19,1,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 802,1,2016
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		RTOPDW 55,52,2009

Standards and Regulations

Organization	Standard	Reference
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD	skin-HUMAN CARCINOGEN, NO ASSIGNED time-weighted average	DTLVS* 3,77,1971
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN check ACGIH TLV;
Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRALIA	Carcinogen, JUL2008
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRIA	TRK-TMW 0.003 ppm (0.03 mg/m³);KZW 0.012 ppm (0.12 mg/m³), skin, sen, 2007
Occupational Exposure Limit-BELGIUM	Skin, MAR2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-HUNGARY	ceiling concentration 0.03 mg/m³, Carcinogen, SEP2000
Occupational Exposure Limit-JAPAN	2B carc, MAY2012
Occupational Exposure Limit-KOREA	skin, 2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-NEW ZEALAND	skin, JAN2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWEDEN	Group B Carcinogen, Sen, JUN2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWITZERLAND	MAK-week 0.003 ppm (0.03 mg/m³), carc 2, skin, JAN2011
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction)	see Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 29,1926.1107	CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry)	see Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 29,1910.1007	CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards)	see Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 29,1915.1007	CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)-cancer suspect agent		CFRGBR 29,1910.1007,1987

NIOSH Documentation and Surveillance

Organization	Standard	Reference
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO 3,3'-DICHLOROBENZIDINE-air	Carcinogen use 29 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 1910.1007	NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992

Status in Federal Agencies

Organization	Reference
ATSDR TOXICOLOGY PROFILE (NTIS** PB/99/121980)
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Inconclusive: In vitro UDS-human fibroblast
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Carcinogenicity-mouse/rat
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Cell transform.-RLV F344 rat embryo
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Cell transform.-SA7/SHE; Histidine reversion-Ames test
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine, 5509
NTP 14th Report on Carcinogens,2016:Reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogen
On EPA IRIS database
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #ID-65

Page last reviewed: November 16, 2018

Content source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health