Benzene
RTECS #
CY1400000
CAS #
Updated
March 2019
Molecular Weight
78.12
Molecular Formula
C6H6
Synonyms
(6)Annulene
Benzeen (Dutch)
Benzen (Polish)
Benzene (ACGIH:OSHA)
Benzin (Obs.)
Benzine (Obs.)
Benzol (OSHA)
Benzole
Benzolene
Benzolo (Italian)
Bicarburet of hydrogen
Carbon oil
Coal naphtha
Cyclohexatriene
Fenzen (Czech)
Mineral naphtha
NCI-C55276
Phene
Phenyl hydride
Pyrobenzol
Pyrobenzole
RCRA waste number U019
Benzeen (Dutch)
Benzen (Polish)
Benzene (ACGIH:OSHA)
Benzin (Obs.)
Benzine (Obs.)
Benzol (OSHA)
Benzole
Benzolene
Benzolo (Italian)
Bicarburet of hydrogen
Carbon oil
Coal naphtha
Cyclohexatriene
Fenzen (Czech)
Mineral naphtha
NCI-C55276
Phene
Phenyl hydride
Pyrobenzol
Pyrobenzole
RCRA waste number U019
Skin and Eye Irritation and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| eye /rabbit | 88 mg | moderate | AMIHAB 14,387,1956 |
| eye /rabbit | 2 mg/24H | severe | 85JCAE -,25,1986 |
| skin /rabbit | 15 mg/24H open irritation test | mild | AIHAAP 23,95,1962 |
| skin /rabbit | 20 mg/24H | moderate | 85JCAE -,25,1986 |
| skin /rat | 60 µL/8H open irritation test | mild | TOLED5 159,261,2005 |
Mutation Data and Reference
| System Test | Route/Organism/Tissue | Dose | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cytogenetic Analysis | inhalation/human | 125 ppm/1Y | AEHLAU 22,373,1971 |
| Cytogenetic Analysis | leukocyte/human | 1 mmol/L/72H | MUREAV 47,75,1978 |
| Cytogenetic Analysis | lymphocyte/human | 1 mg/L | BZARAZ 26(12),38,1973 |
| Cytogenetic Analysis | unreported route/human | 10 ppm/4W | ENVRAL 19,33,1979 |
| Cytogenetic Analysis | inhalation/rat | 300 mg/m3/16W- intermittent | GISAAA 42(1),32,1977 |
| Cytogenetic Analysis | subcutaneous/rat | 2400 mg/kg/12D- intermittent | GISAAA 37(10),36,1972 |
| Cytogenetic Analysis | intraperitoneal/rat | 234 mg/kg | MUREAV 242,111,1990 |
| Cytogenetic Analysis | oral/rat | 39060 µg/kg | MUREAV 298,81,1992 |
| Cytogenetic Analysis | oral/mouse | 20 mg/kg | BEXBAN 96,1741,1984 |
| Cytogenetic Analysis | intraperitoneal/mouse | 264 mg/kg/3D-continuous | ENMUDM 2,43,1980 |
| Cytogenetic Analysis | inhalation/mouse | 3000 ppm | EVSRBT 25,257,1982 |
| Cytogenetic Analysis | lung/hamster | 550 mg/L | PMRSDJ 5,427,1985 |
| Cytogenetic Analysis | ovary/hamster | 600 mg/L | PMRSDJ 5,443,1985 |
| Cytogenetic Analysis | subcutaneous/rabbit | 8400 mg/kg | PSDTAP 15,275,1974 |
| Cytogenetic Analysis | subcutaneous/rat | 7.5 mL/kg/12W- intermittent | TCMUD8 20,329,2000 |
| Cytogenetic Analysis | skin/mouse | 8.5 gm/kg | EMMUEG 37,185,2001 |
| Cytogenetic Analysis | inhalation/human | 0.1 ppm | MUTAEX 17,157,2002 |
| Cytogenetic Analysis | intraperitoneal/mouse | 24 mg/kg | TPKVAL 15,30,1979 |
| Cytogenetic Analysis | ovary/hamster | 10 µmol/L/4H | MUREAV 661,57,2009 |
| DNA adduct | intraperitoneal/rat | 0.5 mg/kg/1D | MUREAV 566,99,2004 |
| DNA adduct | intraperitoneal/mouse | 0.5 mg/kg/1D | MUREAV 566,99,2004 |
| DNA adduct | intraperitoneal/mouse | 5000 mg/kg/5D- intermittent | MUREAV 566,99,2004 |
| DNA adduct | intraperitoneal/mouse | 2640 mg/kg/3D-continuous | CRNGDP 17,151,1996 |
| DNA Damage | intraperitoneal/mouse | 2000 mg/kg | MUREAV 493,39,2001 |
| DNA Damage | oral/mouse | 2000 mg/kg | MUREAV 493,39,2001 |
| DNA Damage | subcutaneous/rabbit | 2344 mg/kg | ARTODN 63,209,1989 |
| DNA Damage | lymphocyte/mouse | 3840 µmol/L | MUREAV 203,155,1988 |
| DNA Damage | ovary/hamster | 17 mmol/L | PMRSDJ 5,367,1985 |
| DNA Damage | inhalation/mouse | 100 ppm/2W | TOXID9 66,72,2002 |
| DNA Damage | other cell types/Drosophila melanogaster | 100 mmol/L/24H | TXAPA9 253,14,2011 |
| DNA Damage | oral/rat | 6000 mg/kg/3D- intermittent | MUREAV 786-788,137,2015 |
| DNA Damage | other cell types/human | 0.5 gm/L/24H | MUREAV 779,86,2015 |
| DNA Damage | lung/human | 0.1 ppm/2H | TOLED5 237,38,2015 |
| DNA Damage | inhalation/human | 40 ng/L/14Y- intermittent | TOLED5 192,22,2010 |
| DNA Damage | inhalation/human | 24.2 ng/L/10Y- intermittent | TOLED5 192,22,2010 |
| DNA Damage | inhalation/human | 27.7 ng/L/25Y- intermittent | TOLED5 192,22,2010 |
| DNA Damage | ovary/hamster | 1 µmol/L/3H | MUREAV 661,57,2009 |
| DNA inhibition | subcutaneous/rabbit | 2 gm/kg | ACHAAH 38,104,1967 |
| DNA inhibition | oral/mouse | 20 gm/kg | ARGEAR 51,605,1981 |
| DNA inhibition | intraperitoneal/mouse | 880 mg/kg | RCOCB8 60,27,1988 |
| DNA inhibition | inhalation/mouse | 3000 ppm/4H-continuous | RCOCB8 60,27,1988 |
| DNA inhibition | bone marrow/mouse | 3 mmol/L | RCOCB8 60,27,1988 |
| DNA inhibition | inhalation/rat | 400 ppm | BLUTA9 21,250,1970 |
| DNA inhibition | leukocyte/human | 2200 µmol/L | INHEAO 12,23,1974 |
| DNA inhibition | HeLa cell/human | 2200 µmol/L | INHEAO 12,23,1974 |
| DNA repair | inhalation/human | 24.4 ppb/8H | MUREAV 626,79,2007 |
| Dominant Lethal Test | oral/mouse | 1 mg/kg | ARTODN 39,173,1978 |
| Dominant Lethal Test | intraperitoneal/mouse | 5 mg/kg | TPKVAL 15,30,1979 |
| gene conversion and mitotic recombination | /Saccharomyes cerevisiae | 275 mg/L | PMRSDJ 5,271,1985 |
| micronucleus test | embryo/mouse | 12500 nmol/L | EMMUEG 19(Suppl 20),21,1992 |
| micronucleus test | subcutaneous/mouse | 440 mg/kg | CBINA8 39,129,1982 |
| micronucleus test | oral/mouse | 40 mg/kg | MUREAV 147,294,1985 |
| micronucleus test | intraperitoneal/mouse | 264 mg/kg/24H | MUTAEX 2,111,1987 |
| micronucleus test | inhalation/mouse | 10 ppm/6H | ENMUDM 8,29,1986 |
| micronucleus test | inhalation/rat | 1 ppm/6H | ENMUDM 8,29,1986 |
| micronucleus test | inhalation/mouse | 15000 ppm/5W | MUTAEX 16,163,2001 |
| micronucleus test | inhalation/mouse | 100 ppm/6H/10D | MUREAV 549,195,2004 |
| micronucleus test | inhalation/mouse | 50 ppm/6H/15D- intermittent | CBINA8 173,166,2008 |
| micronucleus test | intraperitoneal/mouse | 400 mg/kg | MUREAV 676,74,2009 |
| micronucleus test | intraperitoneal/mouse | 3600 mg/kg/9D- intermittent | MUREAV 676,74,2009 |
| micronucleus test | ovary/hamster | 10 µmol/L/4H | MUREAV 661,57,2009 |
| micronucleus test | oral/rat | 1500 mg/kg/3D- intermittent | MUREAV 786-788,137,2015 |
| micronucleus test | fibroblast/hamster | 30 µmol/L/48H | MUREAV 770,37,2014 |
| micronucleus test | unreported route/mouse | 10 mg/kg | JAPTO* 25,514,2005 |
| micronucleus test | inhalation/human | 21 ng/L/9Y- intermittent | MUREAV 583,1,2005 |
| micronucleus test | inhalation/mouse | 10 ppm/5D/2W- intermittent | TOXID9 66,72,2002 |
| micronucleus test | inhalation/mouse | 10 ppm/2W | TOXID9 66,72,2002 |
| micronucleus test | inhalation/mouse | 100 ppm/6H/2W- intermittent | TOXID9 72(Supp 1),228,2003 |
| micronucleus test | inhalation/mouse | 100 ppm/2W- intermittent | TOSCF2 72,201,2003 |
| micronucleus test | intraperitoneal/rat | 0.03 mL/kg | TCMUD8 21,181,2001 |
| micronucleus test | intratracheal/rat | 0.03 mL/kg | TCMUD8 21,181,2001 |
| micronucleus test | multiple/non-mammalian species | 10 mg/L/36H | MUREAV 534,93,2003 |
| micronucleus test | multiple/non-mammalian species | 10 mg/L/90M | MUREAV 534,93,2003 |
| morphological transform | fibroblast/mouse | 0.01 mg/L/21D (-enzymatic activation step) | EMMUEG 35,300,2000 |
| morphological transform | embryo/hamster | 100 µg/L | CRNGDP 4,291,1983 |
| morphological transform | embryo/mouse | 1 gm/L | PMRSDJ 5,659,1985 |
| morphological transform | fibroblast/mouse | 150 gm/L | CRNGDP 3,1235,1982 |
| mutation in mammalian somatic cells | lymphocyte/human | 1 gm/L | PMRSDJ 5,497,1985 |
| mutation in mammalian somatic cells | embryo/hamster | 10 µmol/L | MUREAV 373,113,1997 |
| mutation in mammalian somatic cells | lymphocyte/mouse | 12500 µg/L | PMRSDJ 5,525,1985 |
| mutation in mammalian somatic cells | inhalation/mouse | 40 ppb/6W-continuous | MUREAV 268,49,1992 |
| mutation in mammalian somatic cells | oral/mouse | 2 gm/kg/5D-continuous | EMMUEG 28,342,1996 |
| mutation in microorganisms | /Saccharomyes cerevisiae | 549 mg/L (+enzymatic activation step) | PMRSDJ 5,271,1985 |
| mutation in microorganisms | /Salmonella typhimurium | 10 ppm (-enzymatic activation step) | EVHPAZ 82,81,1989 |
| mutation in microorganisms | lymphocyte/mouse | 62500 µg/L (+enzymatic activation step) | PMRSDJ 5,587,1985 |
| mutation in microorganisms | embryo/mouse | 2500 mg/L (+enzymatic activation step) | PMRSDJ 5,639,1985 |
| other mutation test systems | liver/rat | 1 mmol/L | CBINA8 42,353,1982 |
| other mutation test systems | bone marrow/rat | 1 mmol/L | CBINA8 42,353,1982 |
| other mutation test systems | subcutaneous/rat | 1 gm/L | NJMSAG 28,204,1966 |
| other mutation test systems | subcutaneous/rat | 2200 mg/kg | CBINA8 42,353,1982 |
| other mutation test systems | inhalation/grasshopper | 14 pph/16H | MUREAV 113,467,1983 |
| other mutation test systems | intraperitoneal/non-mammalian species | 75 gm/kg | ACHAAH 26,281,1961 |
| other mutation test systems | lymphocyte/human | 5 µmol/L | CNREA8 45,2471,1985 |
| other mutation test systems | lymphocyte/mouse | 10 mmol/L | TOLED5 29,161,1985 |
| other mutation test systems | oral/mouse | 2 gm/kg | MUREAV 343,157,1995 |
| other mutation test systems | other cell types/mouse | 5 mmol/L | CBTOE2 2,231,1986 |
| other mutation test systems | bone marrow/rabbit | 1 mmol/L | CBINA8 42,353,1982 |
| other mutation test systems | bone marrow/cat | 1 mmol/L | CBINA8 42,353,1982 |
| sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction | liver/hamster | 62500 µg/L | PMRSDJ 5,397,1985 |
| sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction | embryo/hamster | 30 µmol/L | MUREAV 373,113,1997 |
| sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction | /Aspergillus nidulans | 35000 ppm | MUREAV 147,288,1985 |
| sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction | oral/Drosophila melanogaster | 7500 ppm | CONAEL 1,35,1985 |
| sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction | multiple/Drosophila melanogaster | 27000 ppm | EMMUEG 25,211,1995 |
| sister chromatid exchange | lymphocyte/human | 200 µmol/L | CNREA8 43,1330,1983 |
| sister chromatid exchange | inhalation/rat | 3 ppm/6H | ENMUDM 8,29,1986 |
| sister chromatid exchange | leukocyte/rat | 1 mmol/L | MUREAV 300,241,1993 |
| sister chromatid exchange | ovary/hamster | 750 mg/L | SCIEAS 236,933,1987 |
| sister chromatid exchange | inhalation/mouse | 10 ppm/6H | ENMUDM 8,29,1986 |
| sister chromatid exchange | intraperitoneal/mouse | 5 gm/kg | ENMUDM 5,450,1983 |
| specific locus test | oral/Drosophila melanogaster | 11250 µmol/L | PMRSDJ 5,325,1985 |
| specific locus test | embryo/Drosophila melanogaster | 0.175 mg/L/1H | MUREAV 763,18,2014 |
| Unscheduled DNA Synthesis | liver/rat | 1 mmol/L | PMRSDJ 5,371,1985 |
Reproductive Effects Data and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| inhalation/rat | 670 mg/m3/24H (15D prior to copulation/1-22D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Female fertility index (e.g., # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated) | HYSAAV 33(1-3),327,1968 |
| inhalation/rat | 56600 µg/m3/24H (1-22D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic | HYSAAV 33(7-9),112,1968 |
| inhalation/rat | 50 ppm/24H (7-14D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Extra embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) | JHEMA2 24,363,1980 |
| inhalation/rat | 150 ppm/24H (7-14D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system | JHEMA2 24,363,1980 |
| inhalation/mouse | 500 ppm/7H (6-15D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system | AIHAAP 40,993,1979 |
| inhalation/mouse | 500 mg/m3/12H (6-15D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system | ATSUDG 8,425,1985 |
| inhalation/mouse | 5 ppm (6-15D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Cytological changes (including somatic cell genetic material) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Blood and lymphatic systems (including spleen and marrow) | TXCYAC 42,171,1986 |
| inhalation/mouse | 20 ppm/6H (6-15D pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Blood and lymphatic systems (including spleen and marrow) | FAATDF 10,224,1988 |
| inhalation/rabbit | 1 gm/m3/24H (7-20D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Abortion Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death | ATSUDG 8,425,1985 |
| inhalation/rabbit | 1 gm/m3/24H (7-20D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Other developmental abnormalities | ATSUDG 8,425,1985 |
| inhalation/rabbit | 500 ppm/7H (6-18D pregnant) | Reproductive: Other effects on female | NTIS** OTS0545179 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | 1600 mg/kg (10-11D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) | TERM1* -,327,2006 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | 800 mg/kg (8-14D pregnant) | Reproductive: Other effects to embryo or fetus Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Blood and lymphatic systems (including spleen and marrow) | TOXID9 -,312,2008 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | 800 mg/kg (8-14D pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Blood and lymphatic systems (including spleen and marrow) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects | TOXID9 -,312,2008 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | 1600 mg/kg (10-11D pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Hepatobiliary system | TXAPA9 228,326,2008 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | 800 mg/kg (8-14D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects | TOXID9 -,351,2009 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | 1800 mg/kg (7-15D pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Hepatobiliary system | MUREAV 676,74,2009 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | 3600 mg/kg (7-15D pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Blood and lymphatic systems (including spleen and marrow) | MUREAV 676,74,2009 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | 800 mg/kg (8-14D pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Hepatobiliary system | TXAPA9 244,273,2010 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | 5 mg/kg (1D male) | Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Pre- implantation mortality (e.g., reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death | TPKVAL 15,30,1979 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | 219 mg/kg (14D pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Blood and lymphatic systems (including spleen and marrow) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Hepatobiliary system | EMMUEG 18,1,1991 |
| intravenous/mouse | 13200 µg/kg (13-16D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Cytological changes (including somatic cell genetic material) | ICHUDW 4(6),24,1982 |
| oral/mouse | 9 gm/kg (6-15D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) | TJADAB 19,41A,1979 |
| oral/mouse | 12 gm/kg (6-15D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) | TJADAB 19,41A,1979 |
| oral/mouse | 6500 mg/kg (8-12D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) | TCMUD8 6,361,1986 |
| oral/mouse | 16880 mg/kg (6-15D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death | NTIS** OTS0554056 |
| parenteral/mouse | 4 gm/kg (12D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4) | NEZAAQ 25,438,1970 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 0.1 mg/kg (15D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other neonatal measures or effects Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects | TXCYAC 223,227,2006 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | 1100 mg/kg (12D pregnant) | Reproductive: Other effects to embryo or fetus | TOXID9 1,125,1981 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | 7030 mg/kg (12-13D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Extra embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system | SEIJBO 15,47,1975 |
Tumorigenic Data and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| inhalation/human | lowest published toxic concentration: 10 ppm/8H/10Y- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Blood: Leukemia | TRBMAV 37,153,1978 |
| inhalation/human | toxic concentration: 150 ppm/15M/8Y- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Blood: Leukemia | BLOOAW 52,285,1978 |
| inhalation/human | toxic concentration: 8 ppb/4W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Blood: Leukemia | NEJMAG 316,1044,1987 |
| inhalation/human | toxic concentration: 10 mg/m3/11Y- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Blood: Leukemia | BJIMAG 44,124,1987 |
| inhalation/man | lowest published toxic concentration: 200 mg/m3/78W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Blood: Leukemia Blood: Thrombocytopenia | EJCAAH 7,83,1971 |
| inhalation/man | toxic concentration: 600 mg/m3/4Y- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Blood: Leukemia | NEJMAG 271,872,1964 |
| inhalation/man | toxic concentration: 150 ppm/11Y- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Blood: Lymphoma including Hodgkin's disease | BLUTA9 28,293,1974 |
| inhalation/mouse | toxic concentration: 1200 ppm/6H/10W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Ear: Tumors Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors | PAACA3 25,75,1984 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 300 ppm/6H/16W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Blood: Lymphoma including Hodgkin's disease | TXAPA9 75,358,1984 |
| inhalation/mouse | toxic concentration: 300 ppm/6H/16W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Blood: Leukemia | IHRMEQ (3),156,1984 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 1200 ppm/6H/10W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Ear: Tumors | PAACA3 25,75,1984 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 1200 mg/kg/8W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors | TXAPA9 82,19,1986 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 18250 mg/kg/2Y- continuous | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Endocrine: Tumors Blood: Lymphoma including Hodgkin's disease | NTPTR* NTP-TR-289,1986 |
| oral/mouse | toxic dose: 2400 mg/kg/8W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors | TXAPA9 82,19,1986 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 12875 mg/kg/103W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Liver: Tumors Blood: Lymphoma including Hodgkin's disease | NTIS** PB86-216967/AS |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 51500 mg/kg/103W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Endocrine: Tumors | NTIS** PB86-216967/AS |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 51500 mg/kg/103W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Endocrine: Tumors | NTIS** PB86-216967/AS |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 103000 mg/kg/103W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Skin and Appendages: Tumors | NTIS** PB86-216967/AS |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 12875 mg/kg/103W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Gastrointestinal: Tumors Endocrine: Tumors | NTIS** PB86-216967/AS |
| oral/rat | toxic dose: 52 gm/kg/1Y- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Ear: Tumors Blood: Leukemia | AJIMD8 4,589,1983 |
| oral/rat | toxic dose: 10 gm/kg/52W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Endocrine: Tumors Blood: Leukemia | MELAAD 70,352,1979 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 52 gm/kg/52W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Endocrine: Tumors Blood: Leukemia | MELAAD 70,352,1979 |
| parenteral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 670 mg/kg/19W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Blood: Leukemia Blood: Lymphoma including Hodgkin's disease | KLWOAZ 12,109,1933 |
| skin/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 1200 gm/kg/49W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria Skin and Appendages: Tumors | BJCAAI 16,275,1962 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 600 mg/kg/17W- intermittent | Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Blood: Leukemia Blood: Lymphoma including Hodgkin's disease | KRANAW 9,403,1932 |
Acute Toxicity Data and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| In Vitro/Human, bone marrow | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 100 µmol/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Apoptosis in vitro | TOLED5 214,145,2012 |
| In Vitro/Human, leukemia cells | Inhibitor Concentration (20 percent kill): 3.44 mmol/L/3H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays | TXCYAC 271,122,2010 |
| In Vitro/Human, leukemia cells | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 8.75 mmol/L/3H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays | TXCYAC 271,122,2010 |
| In Vitro/Human, leukemia cells | Inhibitor Concentration (20 percent kill): 4.70 mmol/L/3H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TXCYAC 271,122,2010 |
| In Vitro/Human, leukemia cells | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 12.73 mmol/L/3H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TXCYAC 271,122,2010 |
| In Vitro/Human, lung tumor | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 10 gm/L/2H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays | TXCYAC 289,28,2011 |
| In Vitro/Human, lung tumor | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 100 µg/m3/24H | Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation | TXCYAC 289,28,2011 |
| In Vitro/Human, lung tumor | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 10 gm/L/1H | Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Phosphokinase | TXCYAC 289,28,2011 |
| In Vitro/Human, lung tumor | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 0.1 ppm/2H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays | TOLED5 237,38,2015 |
| In Vitro/jvx | Inhibitor Concentration (20 percent kill): 3.40 mmol/L/3H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TXCYAC 271,122,2010 |
| In Vitro/jvx | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 9.43 mmol/L/3H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TXCYAC 271,122,2010 |
| inhalation/cat | Lowest published lethal concentration: 170000 mg/m3 | HBTXAC 1,324,1955 | |
| inhalation/Dog | Lowest published lethal concentration: 146000 mg/m3 | HBTXAC 1,324,1955 | |
| inhalation/human | lowest published toxic concentration: 50 mg/m3/2H | Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests Behavioral: Muscle weakness | VCVGH* -,120,1990 |
| inhalation/human | lowest published toxic concentration: 75 mg/m3/2H | Blood: Changes in other cell count (unspecified) Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count | VCVGH* -,120,1990 |
| inhalation/human | Lowest published lethal concentration: 2 pph/2M | VCVGH* -,121,1990 | |
| inhalation/human | Lowest published lethal concentration: 5 mg/m3/5H | VCVGH* -,121,1990 | |
| inhalation/human | Lowest published lethal concentration: 2 pph/5M | TABIA2 3,231,1933 | |
| inhalation/human | lowest published toxic concentration: 100 ppm | Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting Skin: After systemic exposure: Dermatitis, other | INMEAF 17,199,1948 |
| inhalation/human | Lowest published lethal concentration: 65 mg/m3/5Y | Blood: Other changes | ARGEAR 44,145,1974 |
| inhalation/mammal (species unspecified) | Lowest published lethal concentration: 20000 ppm/5M | AEPPAE 138,65,1928 | |
| inhalation/man | lowest published toxic concentration: 150 ppm/1Y- intermittent | Blood: Other changes Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Body temperature increase | BLUTA9 28,293,1974 |
| inhalation/mouse | lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 9980 ppm | Behavioral: General anesthetic Behavioral: Muscle weakness Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea | JIHTAB 25,366,1943 |
| inhalation/mouse | lethal concentration (10 percent kill): 15 mL/kg/2H | VCVGH* -,119,1990 | |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 2000 ppm/30M | Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) | TXAPA9 193,9,2003 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 3013 ppm/30M | Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning | TXAPA9 193,9,2003 |
| inhalation/rabbit | Lowest published lethal concentration: 45000 ppm/30M | JIHTAB 26,69,1944 | |
| inhalation/rabbit | Lowest published lethal concentration: 35000 ppm/22M | Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Behavioral: Tremor Eye: Other eye effects | VCVGH* -,119,1990 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 4000 ppm | Behavioral: General anesthetic | VCVGH* -,119,1990 |
| inhalation/rat | Lowest published lethal concentration: 10000 ppm | VCVGH* -,119,1990 | |
| inhalation/rat | lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 10000 ppm/7H | 28ZRAQ -,113,1960 | |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 1 ppm/6H | Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition | FCTOD7 40,1799,2002 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 16.7 gm/m3/2H | Gastrointestinal: Changes in structure or function of exocrine pancreas | VCVGH* -,120,1990 |
| intramuscular/rabbit | lowest published lethal dose: 0.1 mL/kg | Brain and Coverings: Recordings from specific areas of CNS Blood: Other hemolysis with or without anemia | VCVGH* -,119,1990 |
| intraperitoneal/guinea pig | lowest published lethal dose: 527 mg/kg | HBTXAC 1,42,1955 | |
| intraperitoneal/mammal (species unspecified) | lowest published lethal dose: 1500 mg/kg | Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral: Irritability | AJHYA2 7,276,1927 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 340 mg/kg | ANYAA9 243,104,1975 | |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1100 µg/kg | APYPAY 12,173,1961 | |
| intravenous/rabbit | lowest published lethal dose: 88 mg/kg | Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Spastic paralysis with/without sensory change Eye: Hemorrhage Gastrointestinal: Gastritis | JTEHD6 (Suppl 2),45,1977 |
| oral/Dog | lowest published lethal dose: 2 gm/kg | HBAMAK 4,1313,1935 | |
| oral/human | lowest published lethal dose: 0.7 mL/kg | VCVGH* -,122,1990 | |
| oral/mammal (species unspecified) | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 5700 mg/kg | GISAAA 39(4),86,1974 | |
| oral/man | lowest published lethal dose: 50 mg/kg | YAKUD5 22,883,1980 | |
| oral/mouse | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 4700 mg/kg | HYSAAV 32(3),349,1967 | |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 880 mg/kg/12H | Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above | MUREAV 208,61,1988 |
| oral/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 6400 mg/kg | Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Recording from peripheral motor nerve Blood: Changes in other cell count (unspecified) Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count | TPKVAL 15,136,1979 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 1280 mg/kg | Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral: Tremor Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea | TPKVAL 15,136,1979 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 320 mg/kg | Vascular: BP lowering not characterized in autonomic section Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression | TPKVAL 15,136,1979 |
| oral/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 930 mg/kg | Behavioral: Tremor Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold | TXAPA9 7,767,1965 |
| oral/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1 mL/kg | VCVGH* -,119,1990 | |
| oral/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1800 mg/kg | VCVGH* -,119,1990 | |
| skin/guinea pig | lethal dose (50 percent kill): >9400 µL/kg | TXAPA9 7,559,1965 | |
| skin/mouse | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 48 mg/kg | NPIRI* 1,5,1974 | |
| skin/rabbit | lethal dose (50 percent kill): >9400 µL/kg | TXAPA9 7,559,1965 | |
| skin/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 0.08 mL/kg | Skin: After systemic exposure: Dermatitis, irritative Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation | TXCYAC 255,100,2009 |
| skin/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 920 µL/kg/1H | Skin: After topical application: Primary irritation | TOXID9 44,449,2005 |
| skin/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 0.92 mL/kg | Skin: After topical application: Primary irritation Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins | ARTODN 79,294,2005 |
| subcutaneous/frog | lowest published lethal dose: 1400 mg/kg | HBAMAK 4,1313,1935 | |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published lethal dose: 5 mg/kg | Behavioral: Tremor | NTIS** OTS0544815 |
| unreported route/man | lowest published lethal dose: 194 mg/kg | 85DCAI 2,73,1970 |
Other Multiple Dose Data and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| inhalation/human | lowest published toxic dose: 87 mg/m3/21W- intermittent | Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other | TOLED5 203,111,2011 |
| inhalation/man | lowest published toxic concentration: 0.1 ppm/14Y- intermittent | Blood: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other | FCTOD7 90,30,2016 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 100 ppm/6H/10D- intermittent | Blood: Changes in other cell count (unspecified) Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count | MUREAV 549,195,2004 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 100 ppm/6H/10D- intermittent | Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above Blood: Changes in platelet count | MUREAV 549,195,2004 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 50 ppm/6H/15D- continuous | Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other | CBINA8 173,166,2008 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 300 ppm/6H/13W- intermittent | Blood: Normocytic anemia Blood: Thrombocytopenia Related to Chronic Data: Changes in testicular weight | AJIMD8 7,457,1985 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 25 ppm/6H/5D- intermittent | Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count | TOLED5 56,159,1991 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 10 ppm/6H/10W- intermittent | Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight Blood: Changes in spleen | TXAPA9 58,492,1981 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 10 ppm/6H/26W- intermittent | Blood: Changes in spleen Blood: Changes in other cell count (unspecified) Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count | TOLED5 20,337,1984 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 300 ppm/6H/16W- intermittent | Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above Blood: Changes in other cell count (unspecified) Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | AJIMD8 7,447,1985 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 48 ppm/6H/14D- intermittent | Blood: Luekopenia Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight Immunological Including Allergic: Decrease in humoral immune response | TXAPA9 85,92,1986 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 100 ppm/6H/72W- intermittent | Blood: Normocytic anemia Blood: Luekopenia Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | TXAPA9 54,323,1980 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 100 ppm/6H/2W- intermittent | Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count | TOXID9 72,228,2003 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 50 ppm/6H/14D- intermittent | Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count | CNREA8 63,929,2003 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 100 ppm/6H/14D- intermittent | Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count | CNREA8 63,929,2003 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 300 ppm/26W- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Changes in lung weight Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation | TXCYAC 195,19,2004 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 100 ppm/2W- intermittent | Endocrine: Differential effect of sex or castration on observed toxicity Blood: Luekopenia Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above | TOSCF2 72,201,2003 |
| inhalation/mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 10 ppm/2W- intermittent | Blood: Changes in other cell count (unspecified) Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count | TOXID9 66,72,2002 |
| inhalation/pig | lowest published toxic concentration: 100 ppm/6H/3W- intermittent | Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition Blood: Pigmented or nucleated red blood cells Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above | JTEHD6 5,1025,1979 |
| inhalation/rabbit | lowest published toxic concentration: 500 mg/m3/3H/13W- intermittent | Blood: Hemorrhage Blood: Other changes Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes | GISAAA 24(1),80,1959 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 1172 mg/m3/2W- intermittent | Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase (dealkylation, hydroxylation, etc.) | TXCYAC 188,161,2003 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 10 ppm/2W- intermittent | Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport | JAPTO* 25,74,2005 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 1000 ppm/7H/28W- intermittent | Blood: Changes in other cell count (unspecified) | JIHTAB 26,37,1944 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 500 ppm/6H/3W- intermittent | Blood: Pigmented or nucleated red blood cells Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count | JTEHD6 5,1025,1979 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 300 ppm/6H/13W- intermittent | Blood: Luekopenia | AJIMD8 7,457,1985 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 300 ppm/6H/99W- intermittent | Blood: Luekopenia Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | JTEHD6 4,605,1978 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 23 mg/m3/4H/8D- intermittent | Liver: Changes in liver weight Endocrine: Changes in pituitary weight | TPKVAL 12,5,1971 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 0.585 gm/m3/8D- intermittent | Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | TPKVAL 12,100,1971 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 0.023 gm/m3/8D- intermittent | Liver: Changes in liver weight Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weight Endocrine: Other changes | TPKVAL 12,100,1971 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 0.585 gm/m3/4D- intermittent | Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Endocrine: Changes in adrenal weight | TPKVAL 12,100,1971 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 0.023 gm/m3/2D- intermittent | Blood: Changes in cell count (unspecified) Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count | TPKVAL 12,100,1971 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 0.023 gm/m3/4D- intermittent | Blood: Changes in other cell count (unspecified) | TPKVAL 12,100,1971 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 0.585 gm/m3/2D- intermittent | Endocrine: Other changes Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count | TPKVAL 12,100,1971 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 1600 mg/kg/2D- intermittent | Behavioral: Stiffness | TXAPA9 228,326,2008 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 3600 mg/kg/9D- intermittent | Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above | MUREAV 676,74,2009 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 5 mL/kg/10D- intermittent | Liver: Other changes Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Changes in: Fe | IJEBA6 36,283,1998 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 159.9 µg/kg/3D- intermittent | Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Cytochrome oxidases (indlucing oxidative phosphrylation) | TOLED5 144,55,2003 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 24.97 µg/kg/2D- intermittent | Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Cytochrome oxidases (indlucing oxidative phosphrylation) | TOLED5 144,55,2003 |
| multiple/non-mammalian species | lowest published toxic dose: 560 gm/m3/4D- continuous | Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | REPTED 22,263,2006 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 1500 mg/kg/2W- intermittent | Blood: Other changes | TXAPA9 324,36,2017 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 4250 mg/kg/17W- intermittent | Blood: Other changes Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count | NTPTR* NTP-TR-289,1986 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 929.6 mg/kg/4W- continuous | Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Blood: Changes in spleen Immunological Including Allergic: Decrease in cellular immune response | IMMPH* 21,23,1991 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 232.4 mg/kg/7D- continuous | Endocrine: Adrenal cortex hyperplasia | IMMPH* 21,23,1991 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 17 gm/kg/17W- intermittent | Blood: Changes in spleen Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count | NTPTR* NTP-TR-289,1986 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 5600 mg/kg/28D- intermittent | Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight Blood: Changes in cell count (unspecified) Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count | MUREAV 575,85,2005 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 22400 mg/kg/28D- intermittent | Liver: Changes in liver weight Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects | MUREAV 575,85,2005 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 22400 mg/kg/28D- intermittent | Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Isomerases | MUREAV 575,85,2005 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 280 mg/kg/28D- intermittent | Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Dehydrogenases Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other transferases Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes | MUREAV 575,85,2005 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 280 mg/kg/28D- intermittent | Blood: Other hemolysis with or without anemia Biochemical: Effect on specific coenzyme: Proportion of isoenzymes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport | MUREAV 575,85,2005 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 280 mg/kg/28D- intermittent | Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Phosphatases Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins | MUREAV 575,85,2005 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 36.4 gm/kg/4W- intermittent | Liver: Other changes Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count | FCTOD7 112,393,2018 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 27 ml/kg/45D- continuous | Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight Blood: Changes in spleen Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | TOLED5 275,1,2017 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 54 ml/kg/90D- continuous | Endocrine: Changes in thymus weight Blood: Changes in spleen Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | TOLED5 275,1,2017 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 2800 mg/kg/14D- intermittent | Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weight Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | TXAPA9 225,171,2007 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 5600 mg/kg/14D- intermittent | Liver: Changes in liver weight Endocrine: Changes in thymus weight Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases | TXAPA9 225,171,2007 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 6600 mg/kg/27W- intermittent | Blood: Luekopenia Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count | AMIHAB 14,387,1956 |
| skin/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 960 µL/kg/4D- intermittent | Skin: After topical application: Primary irritation Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation | TOLED5 159,261,2005 |
| skin/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 0.96 mL/kg/4D- intermittent | Skin: After topical application: Primary irritation Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins | ARTODN 79,294,2005 |
| skin/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 960 µL/kg/4D- intermittent | Skin: After topical application: Primary irritation | TOXID9 44,449,2005 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 4000 mg/kg/5D- intermittent | Blood: Other changes Immunological Including Allergic: Decrease in cellular immune response | TXAPA9 103,198,1990 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 2197 mg/kg/5D- intermittent | Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight Endocrine: Changes in thymus weight Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count | INHEAO 3,91,1965 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 7.5 mL/kg/12W- intermittent | Liver: Other changes Blood: Luekopenia Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects | TCMUD8 20,329,2000 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 12 gm/kg/6W- intermittent | Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above Blood: Changes in other cell count (unspecified) Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count | TOLED5 109(Suppl 1),32,1999 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 18 mg/kg/21D- intermittent | Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | AJHYA2 7,276,1927 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 2197 mg/kg/5D- intermittent | Blood: Pigmented or nucleated red blood cells Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | INHEAO 3,91,1965 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 13536 mg/kg/12W- intermittent | Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other hydrolases | BCTKAG 17,101,1984 |
Reviews
| Organization | Standard | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) | Threshold Limit Value-time-weighted average 0.5 ppm;short term exposure limit 2.5 ppm (skin) | DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013 |
| American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) | Threshold Limit Value-Confirmed human carcinogen | DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013 |
| International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | Cancer Review:Human Limited Evidence | IMEMDT 7,203,1974 |
| International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | Cancer Review:Animal Sufficient Evidence | IMSUDL 7,120,1987 |
| International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | Cancer Review:Animal Limited Evidence | IMEMDT 29,93,1982 |
| International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | Cancer Review:Human Sufficient Evidence | IMEMDT 29,93,1982 |
| International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | Cancer Review:Animal Sufficient Evidence | IMEMDT 100F,285,2012 |
| International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | Cancer Review:Animal Inadequate Evidence | IMEMDT 7,203,1974 |
| International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | Cancer Review:Human Sufficient Evidence | IMEMDT 100F,285,2012 |
| International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | Cancer Review:Group 1 | IMSUDL 7,120,1987 |
| International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | Cancer Review:Group 1 | IMEMDT 100F,285,2012 |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | ARPAAQ 11,434,1931 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | EVHPAZ 11,163,1975 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | AEHLAU 22,373,1971 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | PAREAQ 4,1,1952 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | FNSCA6 2,67,1973 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 47,75,1978 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | AMSVAZ 118,354,1944 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | ZHPMAT 166,113,1978 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | JTEHD6 (Suppl 2),69,1977 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | PHRPA6 41,1357,1926 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | AIHAAP 41,616,1980 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | CTOXAO 11,531,1977 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | BNYMAM 54,413,1978 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | KRANAW 9,403,1932 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | JTEHD6 61,339,2000 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | JTEHD6 61,353,2000 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | CRTXB2 32,1,2002 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 566,99,2004 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 566,21,2004 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TOLED5 127,111,2002 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TOLED5 134,3,2002 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 543,201,2003 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TOLED5 140-141,353,2003 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 567,227,2004 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 567,109,2004 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 567,151,2004 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TXAPA9 197,144,2004 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUTAEX 14,5,1999 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | EMMUEG 39,69,2002 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUTAEX 14,141,1999 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | IMMPH* 46,103,2000 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 582,61,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | EMMUEG 45,271,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | CBINA8 153-154,1,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | CBINA8 153-154,9,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | CRTXB2 32,155,2002 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 566,209,2004 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | CHHSA* 9,6,2002 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | ENTOX* -,251,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | FCTOD7 44,1699,2006 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 627,10,2007 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 635,81,2007 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 584,1,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | BCLPT* 96,131,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 636,95,2007 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TOPADD 32(Suppl. 2),12,2004 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 545,1,2004 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 658,124,2008 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 540,165,2003 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | REPTED 23,428,2007 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 659,93,2008 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 544,313,2003 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | HUTOX* -,577,1996 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 672,1,2009 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 608,136,2006 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | HTOPA* 1,501,2002 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TOLED5 182,7,2008 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 681,93,2009 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TOLED5 180,100,2008 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 681,271,2009 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 681,150,2009 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 674,45,2009 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 674,101,2009 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 681,241,2009 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 636,144,2007 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 590,1,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | AIRMJ* 20,8,2001 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | BLREV* 3,71,1989 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | BLREV* 4,226,1990 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUTAEX 21,225,2006 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | FCTOD7 48,S2,2010 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | FCTOD7 48,S49,2010 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUTAEX 23,271,2008 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | NCLNA* 16,503,1998 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | NEUCL* 23,485,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 705,107,2010 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUTAEX 24,383,2009 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | NTAPM* -,629,1995 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 705,165,2010 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 705,172,2010 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 705,184,2010 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUTAEX 26,3,2011 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUTAEX 26,231,2011 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 727,1,2011 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | REPTED 31,363,2011 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | REPTED 32,142,2011 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 728,118,2011 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 717,38,2011 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 723,108,2011 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 728,35,2011 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 721,27,2011 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TIHEEC 24,263,2008 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 751,49,2012 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 733,39,2012 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | EMMUEG 54,480,2013 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | EMMUEG 54,455,2013 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 746,113,2012 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUTAEX 28,485,2013 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUTAEX 28,375,2013 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | EMMUEG 54,500,2013 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 744,8,2012 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 759,27,2014 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 759,49,2014 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | EMMUEG 55,171,2014 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | EMMUEG 55,278,2014 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | EMMUEG 55,231,2014 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 764-765,36,2014 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 769,34,2014 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TOLED5 203,20,2011 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 761,40,2014 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 762,133,2014 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 762,76,2014 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 783,66,2015 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | FCTOD7 55,596,2013 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 764,31,2015 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 786-788,14,2015 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TOLED5 231,194,2014 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 765,19,2015 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 793,176,2015 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | EMMUEG 55,679,2014 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | REPTED 58,252,2015 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 768,27,2016 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TXAPA9 276,83,2014 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 802,1,2016 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | FCTOD7 86,298,2015 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TXCYAC 313,3,2013 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | FCTOD7 94,93,2016 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 770,1,2016 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 770,58,2016 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 770,92,2016 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | NETEEC 52,25,2015 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | NETEEC 52,68,2015 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUTAEX 31,347,2016 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 774,12,2017 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TIVIEQ 32,92,2016 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUTAEX 32,491,2017 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 775,11,2018 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | REPTED 61,120,2016 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | FCTOD7 106,609,2017 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | RTOPDW 54,294,2009 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | RTOPDW 55,200,2009 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | RTOPDW 58,395,2010 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | RTOPDW 59,364,2011 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUTAEX 33,179,2018 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | VETOX* ,339,2018 |
Standards and Regulations
| Organization | Standard | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD | air-ceiling concentration 25 ppm (80 mg/m3) (skin) | DTLVS* 3,22,1971 |
| Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN check ACGIH TLV; | ||
| Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV | ||
| Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRIA | TRK-TMW 1 ppm (3.2 mg/m3);KZW 4 ppm (12.8 mg/m3), skin, 2007 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-BELGIUM | time-weighted average 1 ppm (3.25 mg/m3), Skin, Carcinogen, MAR2002 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-DENMARK | time-weighted average 0.5 ppm (1.6 mg/m3), skin, carc, MAY2011 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-FINLAND | time-weighted average 1 ppm (3.25 mg/m3), skin, NOV2011 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-FRANCE | VME 1 ppm (3.25 mg/m3), C1 Carcinogen, FEB2006 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-HUNGARY | ceiling concentration 3 mg/m3, Skin, Carcinogen, SEP2000 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-ICELAND | time-weighted average 0.5 ppm (1.6 mg/m3), carc, skin, NOV2011 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-JAPAN | Occupational Exposure Limit 1 ppm, skin, 1 carc, MAY2012 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-KOREA | time-weighted average 1 ppm (3 mg/m3), 2006 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-MEXICO | time-weighted average 1 ppm (3.2 mg/m3);short term exposure limit 5 ppm (16 mg/m3), 2004 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-NEW ZEALAND | time-weighted average 5 ppm (16 mg/m3), carcinogen, skin, JAN2002 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-NORWAY | time-weighted average 1 ppm (3 mg/m3), JAN1999 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-PERU | time-weighted average 0.5 ppm (1.6 mg/m3), JUL2005 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-POLAND | MAC(time-weighted average) 10 mg/m3, MAC(short term exposure limit) 40 mg/m3, JAN1999 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-RUSSIA | time-weighted average 5 mg/m3, short term exposure limit 15 mg/m3, Skin, Carcinogen, JUN2003 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-SWEDEN | time-weighted average 0.5 ppm (1.5 mg/m3);short term exposure limit 3 ppm (9 mg/m3), Skin, Carcinogen, JUN2005 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-SWITZERLAND | MAK-week 0.5 ppm (1.6 mg/m3), carc 1, skin, JAN2011 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-THAILAND | time-weighted average 10 ppm (30 mg/m3), short term exposure limit 25 ppm (75 mg/m3), JAN1993 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-THE NETHERLANDS | MAC-TGG 3.25 mg/m3, Skin, 2003 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-THE PHILIPPINES | time-weighted average 25 ppm (80 mg/m3), Skin, JAN1993 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-TURKEY | time-weighted average 20 ppm (64 mg/m3), Skin, JAN1993 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-UNITED KINGDOM | time-weighted average 1 ppm (3.25 mg/m3), skin, carc, OCT2007 | |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction) | see Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 29,1926.1128 | CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994 |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors) | ceiling concentration 25 ppm (80 mg/m3) (skin) | CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994 |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)-cancer hazard | FEREAC 52,34460,1987 |
NIOSH Documentation and Surveillance
| Organization | Standard | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO BENZENE-air | 8H Carcinogen time-weighted average 0.1 ppm;ceiling concentration 1 ppm/15M | NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992 |
| National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 | Hazard Code 09070; Number of Industries 92; Total Number of Facilities 10054; Number of Occupations 117; Total Number of Employees Exposed 272275; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 143066 | |
| National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974 | Hazard Code 09070; Number of Industries 126; Total Number of Facilities 11184; Number of Occupations 106; Total Number of Employees Exposed 147583 |
Status in Federal Agencies
Page last reviewed: November 16, 2018
Content
source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health