Falls Among Persons Aged ≥65 Years With and Without Severe Vision Impairment — United States, 2014
Weekly / May 6, 2016 / 65(17);433–437
John E. Crews; DPA1; Chiu-Fung Chou, DrPH1; Judy A. Stevens, PhD2; Jinan B. Saaddine, MD1 (View author affiliations)
View suggested citationSummary
What is already known about this topic?
Vision impairment is associated with falls among persons aged ≥65 years. Limited state-level data exists on the prevalence of falls among older persons with vision impairment.
What is added by this report?
A state-based, cross-sectional, telephone survey of noninstitutionalized U.S. adults aged ≥65 years found that 28.9% of respondents reported at least one fall in the previous year. Among the 6.7% of respondents who reported severe vision impairment, 46.7% reported a fall, ranging from 30.8% in Hawaii to 59.1% in California.
What are the implications for public health practice?
It is important to develop fall prevention interventions intended for persons with severe vision impairment and for each state to identify and implement effective strategies both to reduce falls and improve vision, especially among those with severe vision impairment.
Altmetric:
In 2014, an estimated 2.8 million persons aged ≥65 years in the United States reported severe vision impairment* defined as being blind or having severe difficulty seeing, even with eyeglasses. Good vision is important for maintaining balance as well as for identifying low-contrast hazards, estimating distances, and discerning spatial relationships. Conversely, having poor vision increases the risk for falls (1,2). Falls among older adults are common and can cause serious injuries, disabilities, and premature death (1,3). To date, no state-level investigations have examined the annual prevalence of falls among persons with and without severe vision impairment. CDC analyzed data from the 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to estimate the state-specific annual prevalence of falls among persons aged ≥65 years with and without self-reported severe vision impairment. Overall, 46.7% of persons with, and 27.7% of older adults without, self-reported severe vision impairment reported having fallen during the previous year. The state-specific annual prevalence of falls among persons aged ≥65 years with severe vision impairment ranged from 30.8% (Hawaii) to 59.1% (California). In contrast, the prevalence of falls among persons aged ≥65 years without severe vision impairment ranged from 20.4% (Hawaii) to 32.4% (Alaska). Developing fall-prevention interventions intended for persons with severe vision impairment will help states manage the impact of vision impairment and falls on health care resources, and can inform state-specific fall prevention initiatives.
The BRFSS is a state-based, cross-sectional, telephone surveillance system that examines health-related behavioral risk factors among the U.S. civilian population aged ≥18 years.† It is administered by states and territories in collaboration with CDC. The median response rate in 2014 was 47.8%; the median completion rate was 47.0%.
The 2014 BRFSS included questions about severe vision impairment§ and about falls.¶ Persons who responded “don’t know” or “refused” to either question were excluded from the analyses. The study sample included 140,762 adults aged ≥65 years from 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC). SUDAAN statistical software version 9.3 was used for the analyses to account for the complex sampling design. Estimates were age-adjusted and weighted to account for individual selection probabilities, nonresponse, and poststratification. State and national populations and prevalences were estimated. Statistically significant differences (p<0.05) were determined by a chi-square test.
Overall, 6.7% of respondents reported severe vision impairment. Among all respondents, 28.9% reported at least one fall in the previous year (Table). Among respondents who reported severe vision impairment, 46.7% reported a fall during the previous year, ranging from 30.8% in Hawaii to 59.1% in California (p<0.001). Among persons who did not report vision impairment, 27.7% reported a fall during the previous year, ranging from 20.4% in Hawaii to 32.4% in Alaska (p<0.001). In 30 states, 40%–49% of persons with vision impairment fell, and in 11 states and DC, approximately half of older adults with severe vision impairment fell. Extrapolating these findings to the U.S. population in 2014, an estimated 1.3 million persons ≥65 years with severe vision impairment fell in the previous year.
Discussion
Approximately 2.8 million older adults have severe vision impairment,** a condition associated with chronic diseases, depression, and social isolation (4). During 2014, vision problems were estimated to cost $145 billion annually (5). Vision impairment is associated with falls, which occur frequently among older adults and often cause long-term disabilities (2). In 2013, the direct medical costs of falls among persons aged ≥65 years were $34 billion (6).
In this assessment, 46.7% of adults aged ≥65 years with severe vision impairment fell, compared with 27.7% of those without severe vision impairment. The differences were statistically significant in all but six U.S. states (Alaska, Delaware, Hawaii, Idaho, Vermont, and Wisconsin). In 11 states and DC, approximately half of older adults with severe vision impairment fell. In 2014, an estimated 1.3 million persons aged ≥65 years with severe vision impairment fell in the previous year.
These findings are consistent with those from previous investigations that found an association between vision impairment and falls (2). Factors associated with falls include contrast sensitivity and poor balance, as well as poor visual acuity (2). Additional reasons include multiple chronic conditions, gait problems, lower extremity muscle weakness, and the use of multiple medications, some of which might exacerbate these problems (7). Addressing these risk factors would require a range of interventions, including education, medical risk management, exercise, and home modifications (7), as well as improved access to and use of eye care. Evidence-based interventions to prevent falls among older persons have been identified (http://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/falls/community_preventfalls.html.) In the only randomized controlled trial to date that evaluates fall-prevention interventions among older adults with vision impairment, investigators reported that, of the two interventions examined, a home safety intervention (e.g., increasing illumination, removing throw rugs, etc.), but not a strength and balance training program, significantly reduced falls among persons with vision impairment aged ≥75 years in New Zealand (8).
A number of evidence-based fall interventions address environmental hazards using occupational therapists (http://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/falls/compendium.html), but these interventions are not designed for persons with vision impairment. Given the variety of visual factors associated with falls (visual acuity, visual fields, and contrast sensitivity) as well as visual barriers in educational materials (print size, poor contrast, and visual clutter) (9), randomized controlled trials of fall-prevention interventions intended for persons with severe vision impairment are needed (10).
The findings in this report are subject to at least five limitations. First, BRFSS data are self-reported and the accuracy of responses might be affected by recall, social desirability, or other factors. Second, these data are cross-sectional and do not permit causal inference. Third, although these estimates are age-adjusted, they do not account for differences such as health behaviors or chronic conditions that might be associated with vision impairment and also contribute to falls. Fourth, the median response rate was low (<50%). Finally, all of the excess falls among persons with severe vision impairments might not be caused by vision impairments.
Many state health departments are committed to reducing falls among older adults. The prevalence of falls among adults aged ≥65 years with severe vision impairment varies widely among states. However, the consistently high prevalence of falls among older persons with severe vision impairment suggests the need for all states to implement evidence-based fall reduction interventions specifically targeted to the needs of persons with severe vision impairment as well as to improve methods to prevent vision impairment. This approach might lead to fewer injuries, higher quality of life, and greater independence among older adults, as well as reduced health care costs.
Corresponding author: John E. Crews, JCrews@cdc.gov, 770-488-1116.
1Vision Health Initiative, Division of Diabetes translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC; 2National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC.
References
- Herndon JG, Helmick CG, Sattin RW, Stevens JA, DeVito C, Wingo PA. Chronic medical conditions and risk of fall injury events at home in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997;45:739–43. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
- Lord SR, Smith ST, Menant JC. Vision and falls in older people: risk factors and intervention strategies. Clin Geriatr Med 2010;26:569–81. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
- Morrison A, Fan T, Sen SS, Weisenfluh L. Epidemiology of falls and osteoporotic fractures: a systematic review. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res 2013;5:9–18. PubMedexternal icon
- Reed-Jones RJ, Solis GR, Lawson KA, Loya AM, Cude-Islas D, Berger CS. Vision and falls: a multidisciplinary review of the contributions of visual impairment to falls among older adults. Maturitas 2013;75:22–8. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
- Wittenborn J. The future of vision: forecasting the prevalence and cost of vision problems. In: Prevent Blindness 2014. Chicago, IL: NORC at the University of Chicago; 2014.
- Stevens JA, Corso PS, Finkelstein EA, Miller TR. The costs of fatal and non-fatal falls among older adults. Inj Prev 2006;12:290–5. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
- Steinman BA, Nguyen AQ, Pynoos J, Leland NE. Falls-prevention interventions for persons who are blind or visually impaired. Insight: Res Pract Vision Impairment Blindness 2011;4:83–91.
- Campbell AJ, Robertson MC, La Grow SJ, et al. Randomised controlled trial of prevention of falls in people aged > or =75 with severe visual impairment: the VIP trial. BMJ 2005;331:817. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
- Williams AS. Making diabetes education accessible for people with visual impairment. Diabetes Educ 2009;35:612–21. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
- Tricco AC, Cogo E, Holroyd-Leduc J, et al. Efficacy of falls prevention interventions: protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2013;2:38. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
§ The BRFSS vision question is, “Are you blind or do you have serious difficulty seeing, even when wearing glasses?” Severe vision impairment was defined as a positive response to this question.
¶ In even-numbered years, the BRFSS core survey contains the question, “In the past 12 months, how many times have you fallen?” and defines a fall as “when a person unintentionally comes to rest on the ground or another lower level.” Respondents were dichotomized into either those in the last year who did or those who did not fall.
TABLE. Age-adjusted prevalence* of falls among persons aged ≥65 years, by self-reported vision impairment† status and state — United States, 2014
| State | Vision impairment | No vision impairment | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No.§ | % (95% CI) | No.§ | % (95%CI) | No.§ | % 95% CI | |
| Alabama | 24,184 | 43.4 (36.4–50.7) | 178,857 | 28.7 (26.5–31.1) | 203,040 | 29.8 (27.7–32.1) |
| Alaska¶ | 1,781 | 45.3 (30.3–61.3) | 20,304 | 32.4 (28.0–37.1) | 22,085 | 33.2 (29.0–37.6) |
| Arizona | 24,352 | 39.2 (32.3–46.6) | 226,772 | 26.8 (25.2–28.4) | 251,124 | 27.7 (26.1–29.3) |
| Arkansas | 20,301 | 58.7 (48.7–68.1) | 121,766 | 32.1 (29.4–35.0) | 142,068 | 34.4 (31.7–37.2) |
| California | 169,407 | 59.1 (47.6–69.8) | 983,556 | 28.4 (25.7–31.3) | 1,152,963 | 30.9 (28.1–33.8) |
| Colorado | 12,119 | 37.4 (28.8–46.9) | 148,836 | 26.6 (24.8–28.4) | 160,955 | 27.3 (25.6–29.1) |
| Connecticut | 13,647 | 47.0 (35.4–59.0) | 121,889 | 25.6 (23.2–28.1) | 135,536 | 26.8 (24.4–29.2) |
| Delaware¶ | 2,614 | 37.3 (23.3–53.8) | 36,776 | 28.1 (25.2–31.2) | 39,390 | 28.4 (25.6–31.4) |
| District of Columbia | 2,829 | 51.0 (36.0–65.7) | 18,464 | 29.3 (26.0–32.8) | 21,293 | 31.0 (27.8–34.5) |
| Florida | 74,318 | 35.2 (27.6–43.5) | 779,171 | 24.8 (23.0–26.6) | 853,489 | 25.4 (23.7–27.3) |
| Georgia | 43,124 | 48.0 (38.1–58.1) | 279,281 | 27.4 (24.9–30.1) | 322,406 | 29.1 (26.6–31.7) |
| Hawaii¶ | 2,530 | 30.8 (19.1–45.7) | 40,476 | 20.4 (18.0–23.1) | 43,005 | 20.9 (18.5–23.5) |
| Idaho¶ | 5,840 | 37.5 (25.7–51.1) | 57,583 | 29.4 (26.6–32.4) | 63,423 | 30.0 (27.2–32.9) |
| Illinois | 46,609 | 54.9 (38.7–70.1) | 411,836 | 26.0 (23.4–28.9) | 458,444 | 27.5 (24.7–30.5) |
| Indiana | 25,963 | 51.5 (43.7–59.2) | 243,856 | 30.4 (28.5–32.4) | 269,819 | 31.7 (29.8–33.6) |
| Iowa | 9,297 | 46.8 (35.8–58.2) | 132,301 | 30.8 (28.7–33.0) | 141,598 | 31.5 (29.4–33.7) |
| Kansas | 11,907 | 46.1 (39.0–53.4) | 103,525 | 29.3 (27.7–31.0) | 115,432 | 30.3 (28.8–31.9) |
| Kentucky | 26,934 | 46.3 (35.9–57.0) | 164,501 | 30.9 (28.4–33.5) | 191,435 | 32.4 (29.9–35.0) |
| Louisiana | 23,897 | 40.9 (33.0–49.4) | 122,972 | 23.5 (21.2–25.9) | 146,870 | 25.2 (23.0–27.6) |
| Maine | 4,069 | 51.3 (40.2–62.3) | 63,338 | 29.6 (27.6–31.7) | 67,407 | 30.3 (28.3–32.4) |
| Maryland | 10,515 | 35.6 (26.9–45.4) | 180,676 | 25.1 (22.9–27.3) | 191,191 | 25.4 (23.3–27.7) |
| Massachusetts | 30,674 | 47.7 (38.3–57.3) | 232,550 | 27.3 (25.4–29.2) | 263,224 | 28.6 (26.8–30.6) |
| Michigan | 48,140 | 53.4 (43.2–63.3) | 418,074 | 31.1 (29.0–33.4) | 466,214 | 32.5 (30.4–34.7) |
| Minnesota | 16,267 | 43.4 (34.9–52.3) | 173,790 | 25.7 (24.1–27.3) | 190,057 | 26.5 (25.0–28.2) |
| Mississippi | 13,609 | 42.2 (31.4–53.8) | 95,772 | 26.3 (23.4–29.4) | 109,381 | 27.6 (24.8–30.6) |
| Missouri | 23,583 | 44.8 (34.5–55.5) | 253,825 | 32.0 (29.4–34.7) | 277,408 | 32.8 (30.2–35.4) |
| Montana | 4,640 | 44.2 (34.9–54.0) | 46,622 | 31.5 (29.0–34.2) | 51,262 | 32.3 (29.9–34.9) |
| Nebraska | 5,936 | 42.1 (34.5–50.1) | 65,575 | 27.3 (25.9–28.8) | 71,510 | 28.1 (26.7–29.6) |
| Nevada | 14,246 | 44.5 (31.7–58.1) | 85,860 | 26.1 (22.6–29.9) | 100,106 | 27.7 (24.3–31.4) |
| New Hampshire | 4,642 | 45.8 (31.6–60.7) | 49,598 | 27.1 (24.5–29.8) | 54,240 | 28.0 (25.5–30.7) |
| New Jersey | 30,544 | 41.8 (32.4–51.8) | 254,566 | 22.7 (20.7–24.9) | 285,110 | 23.9 (21.9–26.0) |
| New Mexico | 9,998 | 50.5 (40.8–60.1) | 67,539 | 26.3 (23.9–28.7) | 77,537 | 28.0 (25.7–30.4) |
| New York | 70,967 | 39.9 (28.4–52.5) | 656,123 | 26.9 (24.3–29.7) | 727,090 | 27.7 (25.2–30.4) |
| North Carolina | 42,971 | 40.2 (32.2–48.8) | 338,647 | 27.5 (25.3–29.9) | 381,617 | 28.5 (26.4–30.8) |
| North Dakota | 2,560 | 44.9 (32.8–57.8) | 24,813 | 26.1 (23.6–28.7) | 27,373 | 27.2 (24.8–29.7) |
| Ohio | 57,032 | 51.7 (41.4–61.7) | 441,646 | 28.4 (26.2–30.7) | 498,678 | 29.8 (27.7–32.1) |
| Oklahoma | 16,450 | 44.5 (36.3–53.0) | 142,903 | 29.7 (27.7–31.9) | 159,353 | 30.8 (28.8–32.8) |
| Oregon | 15,716 | 54.5 (42.9–65.7) | 167,689 | 30.6 (28.1–33.2) | 183,406 | 31.8 (29.4–34.4) |
| Pennsylvania | 46,270 | 48.4 (39.6–57.3) | 518,933 | 27.7 (25.8–29.8) | 565,204 | 28.8 (26.8–30.8) |
| Rhode Island | 3,664 | 44.5 (33.7–55.8) | 37,037 | 25.7 (23.3–28.4) | 40,701 | 26.7 (24.3–29.3) |
| South Carolina | 26,792 | 47.9 (40.7–55.3) | 181,227 | 28.2 (26.3–30.2) | 208,020 | 29.8 (27.9–31.7) |
| South Dakota | 5,302 | 57.0 (44.8–68.4) | 29,074 | 26.1 (23.2–29.3) | 34,376 | 28.3 (25.4–31.5) |
| Tennessee | 37,676 | 49.1 (39.4–58.9) | 231,815 | 29.6 (26.8–32.5) | 269,491 | 31.1 (28.4–33.9) |
| Texas | 114,897 | 49.1 (40.0–58.3) | 742,627 | 30.0 (27.5–32.6) | 857,524 | 31.5 (29.1–34.1) |
| Utah | 8,954 | 52.6 (43.4–61.6) | 72,355 | 28.4 (26.5–30.4) | 81,308 | 29.9 (28.0–31.9) |
| Vermont¶ | 2,008 | 43.5 (30.7–57.3) | 28,925 | 31.6 (28.9–34.3) | 30,933 | 32.2 (29.6–34.9) |
| Virginia | 30,020 | 42.9 (33.2–53.3) | 248,024 | 24.7 (22.6–27.1) | 278,044 | 25.9 (23.7–28.1) |
| Washington | 26,753 | 46.4 (37.6–55.4) | 255,718 | 29.8 (27.8–31.9) | 282,470 | 30.9 (28.9–32.9) |
| West Virginia | 12,740 | 34.1 (27.4–41.6) | 70,809 | 25.9 (23.6–28.4) | 83,548 | 26.9 (24.7–29.3) |
| Wisconsin¶ | 8,396 | 39.4 (25.6–55.2) | 181,745 | 27.5 (24.5–30.7) | 190,142 | 27.7 (24.8–30.9) |
| Wyoming | 2,373 | 44.0 (35.4–53.0) | 21,584 | 31.3 (28.8–34.0) | 23,957 | 32.3 (29.9–34.9) |
| Total | 1,290,055 | 46.7 (44.5–49.0) | 10,572,200 | 27.7 (27.2–28.1) | 11,864,255 | 28.9 (28.4–29.4) |
Abbreviation: CI = confidence interval.
* Weighted estimates, age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population.
† Respondents were asked, “Are you blind or do you have serious difficulty seeing, even when wearing glasses?”; “In the past 12 months, how many times have you fallen?” Respondents who refused to answer, reported “don’t know,” or who had other missing responses were excluded from the analyses.
§ Weighted numbers.
¶ States without significant difference in falls between those with vision impairment and no vision impairment.
Suggested citation for this article: Crews JE, Chou C, Stevens JA, Saaddine JB. Falls Among Persons Aged ≥65 Years With and Without Severe Vision Impairment — United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:433–437. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6517a2external icon.
MMWR and Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report are service marks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services.
References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are
provided as a service to MMWR readers and do not constitute or imply
endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services. CDC is not responsible for the content
of pages found at these sites. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of
the date of publication.
All HTML versions of MMWR articles are generated from final proofs through an automated process. This conversion might result in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. Users are referred to the electronic PDF version (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr) and/or the original MMWR paper copy for printable versions of official text, figures, and tables.
Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to mmwrq@cdc.gov.