National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS)
Four STIs are nationally notifiable conditions: chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and chancroid. STI control programs in state, local, and territorial health departments (also referred to as jurisdictions) collect case reports for these conditions using case definitions developed by the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) and CDC. Health departments voluntarily provide STI case notification data to CDC through NNDSS. The Division of STD Prevention in the National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention uses the data for national surveillance, disseminating data and key findings. HIV, which can be sexually transmitted, is also a nationally notifiable condition; national data for trends in diagnosed HIV are available here: https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/hiv-surveillance.html.
National data collection for gonorrhea, syphilis, and chancroid began in 1941 and the three STIs became nationally notifiable in 1944. Data collection for chlamydia began in 1984 and chlamydia was made nationally notifiable in 1995; however, chlamydia was not reportable in all 50 states and the District of Columbia until 2000. For more information on nationally notifiable conditions, please refer to the NNDSS website: https://www.cdc.gov/nndss/index.html.
Reporting Formats
NNDSS STI case notification data presented in this report are compiled from electronic data received through the National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance (NETSS) and via Health level 7 (HL7) messaging using National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (NEDSS) standards. Additionally, select jurisdictions provide congenital syphilis cases via REDCap and a few jurisdictions (e.g., territories) provide data using standardized hard copy reporting forms. STI case notification data sent to CDC through September 14, 2023 are included in this report.
Prior to 2003, the following hard copy forms were used to provide NNDSS STD data to CDC:
FORM CDC 73.998: Monthly Surveillance Report of Early Syphilis. This monthly hard copy reporting form was used during 1984–2002 to report summary data for primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis and early latent syphilis by county and state.
FORM CDC 73.688: Sexually Transmitted Disease Morbidity Report. This quarterly hard copy reporting form was used during 1963–2002 to report summary data for all stages of syphilis, congenital syphilis, gonorrhea, chancroid, chlamydia, and other STDs by sex and source of report (private versus public) for all 50 states, the District of Columbia, 64 selected cities, and territories of the United States. Chlamydia became a nationally notifiable condition in 1995 and the form was modified to support reporting of chlamydia that year. Congenital syphilis was dropped from this aggregate form in 1995 to encourage use of the congenital syphilis case-specific CDC 73.126 form that was introduced in 1983.
FORM CDC 73.2638: Report of Civilian Cases of Primary & Secondary Syphilis, Gonorrhea, and Chlamydia by Reporting Source, Sex, Race/Ethnicity, and Age Group. This annual hard copy form was used during 1981–2002 to report summary data for P&S syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia by age, race, sex, and source of report (private versus public) for all 50 states, seven large cities (Baltimore, Chicago, New York City, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and the District of Columbia), and territories of the United States. When chlamydia became a nationally notifiable condition in 1995, the form was modified to support reporting of chlamydia.
FORM CDC 73.126: Congenital Syphilis (CS) Case Investigation and Reporting. This case-specific hard copy form was first used in 1983 and was revised in 1990 and in 2013 to align with changes to the congenital syphilis case definition; minor revisions were also made in 2010. It continues to form the basis of the congenital syphilis REDCap form used by some jurisdictions.
As of December 31, 2003, all 50 states and the District of Columbia converted from summary hard copy reporting to electronic submission of line-listed (i.e., case-specific) data for chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and chancroid through NETSS. Puerto Rico converted to electronic reporting in 2006 for all STIs, excluding congenital syphilis. American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the US Virgin Islands continue to report STI data through summary hard copy forms. In 2022, 14 jurisdictions (Alabama, Alaska, Connecticut, Idaho, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, North Carolina, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah, and Wisconsin) provided STI and congenital syphilis case notification data to CDC via HL7 messaging. In 2022, Maryland provided congenital syphilis case notification to CDC via HL7 messaging. In 2022, 24 states and one US territory provided congenital syphilis data through REDCap.
Reporting Practices
Although most state and local STI programs adhere to the case definitions collaboratively developed by CSTE and CDC for nationally notifiable STIs, differences in policies and systems for collecting surveillance data may exist. Thus, comparisons of case numbers and rates between jurisdictions should be interpreted with caution. However, because case definitions and surveillance activities within a given area remain relatively stable over time, trends over time should be minimally affected by these differences.
In December of 2021, there was a network security incident at the Maryland Department of Health which prevented them from finalizing their 2021 STI case notification data to CDC. As a result, 2021 STI case notification data from Maryland are incomplete. Although 2021 STI case notification data for Maryland are included in national and regional data displayed in tables and figures, 2021 case data from Maryland have been suppressed for tables and figures displaying state-level or county-level data. In 2022, Connecticut adopted nine planning regions as county-equivalent geographic units; as STI case notification data were not available in the new county-equivalent units for 2022, data for Connecticut have been suppressed in figures displaying county and county-equivalent data.
Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Reporting
Trends in rates of reported cases of chlamydia and gonorrhea are influenced by changes in incidence of infection, as well as changes in diagnostic, screening, and reporting practices. As both chlamydial and gonococcal infections can be asymptomatic, the number of infections identified and reported can increase as more people are screened—even when incidence is flat or decreasing. Beginning in 2000, the expanded use of more sensitive diagnostic tests (e.g., nucleic acid amplification tests) likely increased the number of infections identified and reported independently of increases in incidence. Additionally, expanded testing at extragenital (rectal and pharyngeal) anatomic sites likely increased the number of infections identified. Further, the increased use of electronic laboratory reporting over the last decade or so also likely increased the proportion of diagnosed infections reported. Although chlamydia has been a nationally notifiable condition since 1994, it was not until 2000 that all 50 states and the District of Columbia required reporting of chlamydia cases. National chlamydia case rates prior to 2000 reflect incomplete reporting. Consequently, increasing case rates over time may reflect more complete reporting, as well as increases in incidence of infection, screening coverage, and use of more sensitive tests. Likewise, decreases in case rates may suggest decreases in incidence of infection or screening coverage.
Beginning in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic likely affected multiple aspects of chlamydia and gonorrhea case reporting, including reduced screening and delayed reporting. The impact of these disruptions likely continued in 2022. As a result, chlamydia and gonorrhea surveillance data collected during the COVID-19 pandemic should be interpreted cautiously. For more information, please see Impact of COVID-19 on STIs.
Syphilis Reporting
Case notifications for non-congenital syphilis are displayed in this report by surveillance stage of disease based on current CSTE case definitions. The majority of tables and figures present trends in primary and secondary syphilis, which reflect incident infections; however, trends are also presented for other syphilis stages, along with trends in “syphilis (all stages)” (all stages of non-congenital syphilis) and trends in “total syphilis” (all stages of non-congenital syphilis and congenital syphilis, including syphilitic stillbirths).
The surveillance case definition for syphilis has changed over time. Since 2018, the category of “total syphilis” includes: primary, secondary, early non-primary non-secondary, unknown duration or late, congenital syphilis, and syphilitic stillbirth. However, in previous years, “total syphilis” has included different case classifications. For example, in the 1990 syphilis case definition, “total syphilis” or “all stages of syphilis” included: primary, secondary, latent, early latent, late latent, latent unknown duration, neurosyphilis, syphilitic stillbirth, and congenital syphilis. More information on syphilis case definition changes over time can be found at: https://ndc.services.cdc.gov/conditions/syphilis/.
Congenital Syphilis Reporting
The congenital syphilis case definition has remained largely unchanged since 1989—when jurisdictions moved away from using the clinical Kaufman criteria for reporting congenital syphilis in favor of using a more sensitive definition of congenital syphilis that includes asymptomatic infants born to women with untreated or inadequately treated syphilis. By January 1, 1992, the new, more sensitive congenital syphilis case definition was fully implemented by all reporting areas.
Since 1995, congenital syphilis cases have been reported by the state and city of residence of the mother and by the reported race and Hispanic ethnicity of the mother. Congenital syphilis is usually diagnosed at birth but can be identified years later; therefore, cases are sent to CDC when they are reported to local public health officials and are assigned as morbidity based upon the infant’s year of birth. Congenital syphilis data reported after publication of the annual STI surveillance report will appear in subsequent reports. The current and historical congenital syphilis case definitions can be found on CDC’s NNDSS case definition website: https://ndc.services.cdc.gov/conditions/congenital-syphilis/.
Missed prevention opportunities among birthing parents of infants with congenital syphilis are identified based on information reported to CDC related to syphilis testing and treatment and clinical findings in infants. To describe the primary missed prevention opportunity, each reported congenital syphilis case is assigned to one of six mutually exclusive categories across a three-step cascade of care (testing, treatment and outcomes). The six categories are: 1) no documented testing or non-timely testing, 2) late identification of seroconversion during pregnancy (identified <30 days prior to delivery), 3) no treatment or nondocumented treatment, 4) inadequate treatment, 5) clinical evidence of congenital syphilis despite adequate maternal treatment, 6) insufficient data to identify a cause. For categorization purpose, congenital syphilis prevention opportunities are considered timely if they occurred ≥30 days before delivery. Adequate maternal treatment is defined as completion of a penicillin- based regimen recommended for the mother’s stage of syphilis which was initiated ≥30 days before delivery. For a case of congenital syphilis to be categorized as resulting from no or nondocumented maternal treatment a pregnant person would 1) need to have evidence of a diagnosis of syphilis during pregnancy with syphilis testing performed ≥30 days before delivery and 2) have documentation of no treatment for syphilis, or have no documentation related to treatment. Those with inadequate treatment only received 1 dose when 3 doses were indicated based on maternal staging, received the doses at improper intervals, received the first dose of treatment <30 days before delivery, or were treated with a nonpenicillin–based regimen.
Race/Hispanic Ethnicity
In April 2008, the NETSS record layout for sending STI case notification data was updated to conform to the Office of Management and Budget’s (OMB’s) current government-wide standard for collection and reporting of race/Hispanic ethnicity data. The OMB standards were first issued in 1997. Cases are able to be reported with information on both race and Hispanic ethnicity. Categorization of race and Hispanic ethnicity in this report involves a stepwise process whereby case notifications with Hispanic ethnicity are first classified as Hispanic/Latino, regardless of the presence or absence of race data included with the case notification. Case notifications noted to be non-Hispanic or those with missing or unknown Hispanic ethnicity are considered non-Hispanic and categorized based on race. Among these cases without Hispanic ethnicity, case notifications that include more than one race are next categorized as Multiracial with remaining cases grouped into the corresponding single race category noted in the case notification. Since the publication of Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2012, most race/Hispanic ethnicity data presented in the report are displayed as: American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American, Hispanic or Latino, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander (NH/PI), White, and Multiracial.
Most reporting jurisdictions report in the current OMB standard race categories, including Multirace; however, in 2022, a small number of jurisdictions reported race in pre-1997 single race categories or reported race using categories based on current OMB standards but were unable to report more than one race per person. For this report, all race/Hispanic ethnicity case notification data reported by jurisdictions are summarized in tables, figures, and interpretative text regardless of local compliance with the 1997 OMB standards. The few cases reported in the legacy ‘Asian/Pacific Islander’ category from non-OMB compliant jurisdictions are re-coded to ‘Unknown’ because these cases cannot be properly re-coded into a category currently in OMB standards. Therefore, the rates for Asians, NH/PI, or Multirace persons may be minimally under- or overestimated.
In 2022, 27.8% of chlamydia cases and 19.2% of gonorrhea cases were reported with missing information on race/Hispanic ethnicity. (Table A1) Given the substantial number of these infections diagnosed, case data are primarily based on information received on the laboratory report which may not contain information about race/Hispanic ethnicity. As most P&S syphilis cases are investigated by local public health officials, only a small proportion (4.6%) were reported with missing information on race/Hispanic ethnicity in 2022. Cases missing race and/or Hispanic ethnicity are not included in the calculation of rates by race/Hispanic ethnicity. As a consequence, rate data presented in this report underestimate actual case incidence in these population categories and caution should be used in interpreting specific rate data points.
Of note, case notification data included in this report do not include tribal affiliation and cases that include American Indian or Alaska Native race may not be members or descendants of federally-recognized Tribes or eligible to receive or actively receiving care from an Indian Health Service facility. Additionally, case notification race and Hispanic ethnicity data and the race and ethnicity categorization methodology described above may not accurately reflect how a person identifies. For these reasons and others not described, some case notification data included in this report may be misclassified by race and/or Hispanic ethnicity emphasizing the importance of interpreting these results with caution. Additionally, differences by race and/or Hispanic ethnicity cannot be understood without consideration of long-standing structural contributors that are not adequately captured in case notification data such as systemic racism, challenges with healthcare access, and disparities in social determinants of health.
Sex and Gender Identity
When providing STI case notification data to CDC, jurisdictions indicate the “current sex” (male, female, unknown) of the case-patient. Many of the tables and figures in this report present trends in rates of reported chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis stratified by sex, based on information provided in the “current sex” variable. Some jurisdictions may enter “birth sex” (e.g., sex on original birth certificate) into the “current sex” variable or enter a value for the “current sex” variable that does not align with a person’s current gender identity which may under- or overestimate the “male” and “female” groups derived from the “current sex” variable.
Starting in 2018, jurisdictions were also able to provide “gender identity” (cisgender, transgender male-to-female, transgender female-to-male, and transgender unknown) for STI case notifications. As modifications to local and state surveillance systems may be required to collect, store, and transmit gender identity data, not all jurisdictions have begun providing these data to CDC. Additionally, among jurisdictions who have begun sending gender identity data, data are most complete for cases of P&S syphilis, as investigation of these cases likely include patient and provider follow-up allowing for collection of gender identity. To minimize bias due to missing data, gender identity data presented in this report are limited to data from states with ≥70% complete information on gender identity for P&S syphilis cases. As reporting of gender identity improves, case counts and distribution of cases by gender identity will become more representative of the US.
Sex of Sex Partners
In this report, trends in primary and secondary syphilis case notification data are presented stratified by sex and sex of sex partners. Unless otherwise noted, male cases were categorized as men who have sex with men (MSM) if they reported having sex with any male partner in the last 12 months, including men who also reported sex with female partners in the last 12 months. Male cases were categorized as men who have sex with women only (MSW) if they reported having sex with only female partners in the last 12 months. The remaining male cases were categorized as men with unknown sex of sex partners (MSU). Sexual transmission of bacterial STIs between two women is feasible; however, it is uncommonly reported in STI case notification data. In 2022, less than 0.5% of primary and secondary syphilis cases among women were among women who reported only female sex partners.
Reporting Sources
Before 1996, states classified the source of case reports as either private source (including private physicians, hospitals, and institutions) or public source (primarily STD clinics). As states began reporting morbidity data electronically in 1996, the classification categories for source of case reports expanded to include the following data sources: STD clinics, HIV counseling and testing sites, drug treatment clinics, family planning clinics, prenatal/obstetrics clinics, tuberculosis clinics, private physicians/health maintenance organizations, hospitals (inpatient), emergency rooms, correctional facilities, laboratories, blood banks, the National Job Training Program, school-based clinics, mental health providers, the military, the Indian Health Service, and other unspecified sources. For figures displaying trends in cases by reporting source, case notification data are displayed as STD clinic and non-STD clinic, which includes all other reporting sources, including other unspecified sources.
Geography
To describe regional trends, data are stratified by US census region the Northeast region (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont), the Midwest region (Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Wisconsin), the South region (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, Texas, and West Virginia), and the West region (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming).
Selected tables and figures include data from five US territories (American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands); however, most of the case notification data presented in the report exclude data from these territories. There are a number of issues affecting STI surveillance data reported to CDC from the US territories, including limited access to STI test kits, resulting in an inability to test or screen for undetermined periods of time, as well as a variety of data collection, entry, and transmission issues. As such, the data likely underestimate the total STI burden in these areas and should be interpreted cautiously.
Population Denominators and Rate Calculations
2000–2022 Rates and Population
The population counts for 2000 through 2022 used to calculate rates displayed in figures and tables in this report were obtained from the County Characteristics Resident Population Estimates and the State Characteristics Population Estimates files available from the US Census Bureau.
Population estimates for American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the US Virgin Islands were obtained from the US Census Bureau International Programs Web site at: www.census.gov/programs-surveys/international-programs.html. The population counts for Puerto Rico were obtained from the Puerto Rico Characteristic Population Estimates file available from the US Census Bureau.
1990–1999 Rates and Population
The population counts for 1990 through 1999 incorporated the bridged single-race estimates of the April 1, 2000 US resident population. These files were prepared by the US Census Bureau with support from the National Cancer Institute.
1981–1989 Rates and Population
Rates were calculated by using US Census Bureau population estimates for 1981 through 1989.
1941–1980 Rates and Population
Rates for 1941 through 1980 were based on population estimates from the US Census Bureau and are currently maintained by CDC’s Division of STD Prevention.
1941–2022 Congenital Syphilis Rates and Live Births
The congenital syphilis data in Table 1 of this report represent the number of congenital syphilis cases per 100,000 live births for all years during 1941–2021. Previous publications presented congenital syphilis rates per 100,000 population during 1941–1994 and rates for cases diagnosed at younger than 1 year of age per 100,000 live births during 1995–2005. To allow for trends in congenital syphilis rates to be compared for the period of 1941 through 2021, live births now are used as the denominator for congenital syphilis and case counts are no longer limited to those diagnosed within the first year of life. Congenital syphilis morbidity is assigned by year of birth. Rates of congenital syphilis for 1963 through 1988 were calculated by using published live birth data. Congenital syphilis rates for 1989 through 2022 were calculated by using live birth data provided to National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Rates for 2022 were calculated using live birth data for 2021.
2018–2022 Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men Rates and Population
For the figure and table showing state-level rates of reported cases of P&S syphilis among men who have sex with men (MSM), population estimates of MSM are based on a method that combines published estimates of the prevalence of same-sex behavior among adult men with housing and population data from the American Community Survey five-year summary file (2014–2018).1 County-specific estimates begin with MSM prevalence estimates that are determined by their urbanicity according to the NCHS urban-rural classification scheme for counties and their US region. Estimates are then multiplied by a modified ratio of each county’s percentage of male same-sex households to the total percentage of male same-sex households among all counties at the same level of urbanicity and within the same region. Thus, the final estimate for each county reflects what would be expected based on the county’s geography, urban-rural classification, and observed concentration of households with a male head of household and a male partner. State-level estimates are then aggregated from the county-specific estimates.
References
- Grey JA, Bernstein KT, Sullivan PS, et al. Estimating the population sizes of men who have sex with men in US states and counties using data from the American Community Survey. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2016;2(1):e14.