Engineering Controls Database
Control of Nitrous Oxide During Cryosurgery
| Compressed gases such as nitrous oxide (N2O) are often used to obtain the cold temperatures needed for cryosurgery. Cryosurgical instruments which use compressed gas are designed to allow the gas to expand through a valve inside the metal tip of the cryosurgical probe, causing the tip to reach extremely low temperatures. If the exhaust gas from the probe is improperly vented, N2O concentrations in air can reach several thousand parts per million during a cryosurgical procedure; and depending on the room ventilation rate, levels may remain elevated for long periods of time following the procedure. | |
| Several studies of workers have shown that occupational exposure to N2O causes adverse effects such as reduced fertility [Rowland et al. 1992], spontaneous abortions, and neurologic, renal, and liver disease [Cohen et al. 1980]. | |
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Studies by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) have shown that airborne concentrations of N2O from cryosurgical units can be effectively controlled by ventilation and equipment maintenance, and if this is not possible, through substitution with a less hazardous cryogenic gas. VENTILATION Most modern N2O cryosurgical units are equipped with a scavenging port where the gas is exhausted (see Figure 1). Some older units not equipped with scavenging can be retrofitted by the manufacturer to include a scavenging port. A length of plastic tubing available from the manufacturer can be connected directly to this port, with the other end connected to a discharge location. There are various options for how to discharge the N2O. The manufacturer should be consulted to determine which scavenging methods they recommend for their equipment. Some of the more common discharge methods used include the following: • Exhaust Directly to Outdoors: Since the gas is under considerable pressure, the discharge end of the tubing can be exhausted directly outdoors. This can be accomplished by attaching the end of the hose to a pipe placed through a wall or ceiling to the outdoors. Care should be taken to ensure that the discharge location is not an area where people are normally present or in close proximity to an outside air intake or window where N2O could reenter the building. • Exhaust into a Nonrecirculating General Ventilation System: If a nonrecirculating general ventilation system is present, the hose can be placed up in an exhaust air vent and the N2O will be discharged out of the building. Care should be taken to ensure that the hose is placed far enough into the duct system to prevent N2O from reentering the room. To make sure that it is not, air monitoring should be conducted. Discharge hoses should not be placed in recirculating general ventilation ductwork since this could distribute the N2O to other areas of the building. • Exhaust to Vacuum Scavenging System: In some instances, the discharge hose can be hooked to a vacuum system for removal of the N2O. A qualified individual should determine if an existing waste anesthetic gas disposal system or a medical-surgical vacuum source can be used for this purpose. The high exhaust flow rates from some cryosurgical units (up to 90 liters per minute) may be greater than the capacity of the vacuum system or leave minimal vacuum capacity for other parts of the system. Due to the high gas pressure, a specially designed interface may be needed between the vacuum system and the cryogenic scavenging tube to prevent back pressurization. Since N2O is an oxidizer, its corrosive effect on vacuum system components and compatibility with materials and lubricants used in the vacuum system should also be considered.  EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE Even with a proper scavenging unit, leaks can occur that can cause high levels of N2O in the work area. The equipment manufacturer should be consulted to determine what routine maintenance is necessary for the particular cryogenic unit. Periodic leak testing of all fittings and connections should be conducted to ensure this source of exposure is minimized. A direct reading N2O monitor or a soap solution can be used for this purpose. SUBSTITUTION If scavenging is not possible, the user should consider substitution of carbon dioxide (CO2), which can also be used as a cryogenic gas on many of the cryosurgical units. CO2 is considered less hazardous and has a much higher airborne exposure limit than N2O. However, since it does not cool as low as N2O (- 79 °C for CO2 vs. - 89 °C for N2O), it will likely require longer freeze times. The cryosurgical unit manufacturer should be consulted for guidance regarding the use of CO2 with their equipment. Additionally, experts in the medical field should be consulted concerning the implications of changing to CO2 as the freeze agent as this may not be a medically viable option in all cases. |
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Cohen EN, Gift HC, Brown BW, Greenfield W, Wu ML, Jones TW, et al. [1980]. Occupational disease in dentistry and chronic exposure to trace anesthetic gases. J Am Dent Assoc 101(1):21B31. NIOSH [1999]. Hazard control. Control of nitrous oxide during cryosurgery. Cincinnati, OH. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication 99-105. Rowland AS, Baird DD, Weinberg CR, Shore DL, Shy CM, Wilcox AJ [1992]. Reduced fertility among women employed as dental assistants exposed to high levels of nitrous oxide. New Eng J Med 327(14):993B997. |
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cryosurgery cryosurgery healthcare providers healthcare providers nitrous oxide nitrous oxide reproductive hazards reproductive hazards |