Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE): Use of JYNNEOS® (orthopoxvirus) vaccine booster (Policy Questions 3 and 4)
Table 1.1: Policy Question 3 and PICO
Policy question: | Should persons who are at continued risk for occupational exposure to more virulent orthopoxviruses such as variola virus or monkeypox virus receive a booster dose of JYNNEOS® every two years after the primary JYNNEOS® series? |
---|---|
Population | Persons who are at risk for occupational exposure to variola virus or monkeypox virus |
Intervention | Booster with JYNNEOS® 2 years after primary series |
Comparison | No vaccine booster after JYNNEOS® primary series |
Outcomes |
|
Table 1.2: Policy Question 4 and PICO
Policy question: | Should persons who are at continued risk for occupational exposure to replication-competent orthopoxviruses like vaccinia virus or cowpox virus receive a booster dose of JYNNEOS® at least every 10 years after the primary JYNNEOS® series? |
---|---|
Population | Persons who are at risk for occupational exposure to replication competent orthopoxviruses like vaccinia virus or cowpox virus |
Intervention | Booster with JYNNEOS® at least every 10 years |
Comparison | No vaccine booster after JYNNEOS® primary series |
Outcomes |
|
Table 2: Outcomes and Rankings
Outcome | Importance* | Included in evidence profile |
---|---|---|
Prevention of disease | Critical | Yes |
Severity of disease | Critical | Yes |
Serious adverse events** | Critical | Yes |
Myo-/ peri- carditis | Important | Yes |
Minor adverse events | Not important | No |
*Three options: 1. Critical; 2. Important but not critical; 3. Not important for decision making
**Serious adverse events were defined according to the standard FDA definition. In addition, data was collected about any smallpox vaccine-specific adverse event: postvaccinial encephalitits, eczema vaccinatum, progressive vaccinia, and generalized vaccinia.
Appendix 1: Studies Included in the Review of Evidence
Last name first author, Publication year | Study design | Country (or more detail, if needed) | Age (measure central tendency – mean/SD; median/IQR; range) | Total population | N Intervention | N comparison | Outcomes | Funding source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RCT data | ||||||||
NCT02038881 Overton3 Overton et al. 2020
|
Phase II, Randomized, Open-label | USA | Mean 35 SD 6.7 |
87 | 31 | 27 | Safety and immunogenicity in HIV+ patients | Bavarian Nordic |
Observational data for the intervention | ||||||||
NCT00686582
Von Sonnenburg 3
|
Phase II, non-randomized, open-label | Germany | Mean 34.6 SD 10.2 |
304 | 92 | NA | Safety and immunogenicity | Bavarian Nordic |
Observational data for the comparison | ||||||||
VRC 201 Parrino1 Parrino 2007
|
Phase I/Ib randomized, placebo controlled, double-blinded trial | USA | Mean and SD NR, adults |
77 | NA | 19 | Immunogenicity, safety, Dryvax challenge, cell mediated/humoral immune responses | NIAID |
NCT00437021 Frey 2 Frey et al. 2013
Troy et al. 2015 |
Phase II, Double-blind, Randomized, Dose-finding Study | USA | Mean 24.7 SD 4.2 |
208 | NA | 67 | Safety and immunogenicity | NIAID |
NCT01668537 Greenburg4 2014
|
Phase II, Randomized, Double-blind, Multicenter | USA | Mean 27.7 SD 6.28 |
651 | NA | 327 | Safety and immunogenicity | Bavarian Nordic |
NCT00879762 Frey3 Troy et al. 2015
Frey et al. 2014 |
Phase II, randomized, double blinded | USA | Mean 26.5 SD NR |
91 | NA | 45 | Safety and immunogenicity | NIAID |
NCT00316602 Greenburg2 Greenberg 2015
|
Phase II, non-randomized, open-label | USA and Mexico | Mean 27.7 SD 6.11 |
632 | NA | 632 | Safety and immunogenicity in people with atopic dermatitis | NIAID and Bavarian Nordic |
NCT00914732 Frey4 Troy et al. 2015
Frey et al. 2015 |
Phase II, randomized, triple blinded | USA | Mean 27.2 SD 4.6 |
523 | NA | 167 | Safety and immunogenicity | NIAID and Bavarian Nordic |
NCT00189904 Greenburg1 Greenberg et al. 2013
|
Phase I/II, non-randomized, open-label | USA | Mean 37.9 SD NR |
151 | NA | 60 | Safety and immunogenicity in HIV positive patients | NIAID |
NCT01144637 Overton2 Overton et al. 2018
|
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Trial | USA | Mean 27.7 SD 6.3 |
4005 | NA | 4005 | immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability | Bavarian Nordic and BARDA |
NCT00189917 von Sonnenburg2 Darsow et al. 2016
Von Sonnenburg et al. 2014 |
Open-label, Controlled Phase I Pilot Study | Germany | Mean NR SD NR |
60 | NA | 60 | Safety and immunogenicity | NIAID and Bavarian Nordic |
NCT00133575 Seaman/Wilck Seaman et al. 2010
Wilck et al. 2010 |
Phase I/II, randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled | USA | Mean 25.2, SD=3.7 | 72 | NA | 10 | Safety and immunogenicity and surrogate efficacy (Dryvax challenge) | NIAID |
NCT01913353 Pittman Pittman 2019
|
Phase 3, open-label, randomized clinical trial |
U.S. military, stationed in Korea | Mean 23.5 SD 4.67 |
433 | NA | 220 | Immunogenicity, Surrogate efficacy (ACAM2000 challenge), Adverse events |
Bavarian Nordic, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases |
NCT01827371 Frey5 Anderson et al. 2020
Jackson et al. 2017 |
Phase II, Randomized, Open-Label | USA | Mean 27.4 SD 5.3 |
435 | NA | 115 | Safety and immunogenicity | NIAID |
NCT00082446 Frey1 Frey 2007
Sano 2009 |
Phase I, randomized, partially blinded, placebo controlled clinical trial |
USA | Mean 24.8 SD 3.8 |
90 | NA | 30 | Immunogenicity, Cell-mediated immunity, Surrogate efficacy (Dryvax challenge), Adverse events |
NIAID |
NCT00316589 Overton1 Overton et al. 2015
|
Phase II, Multicenter, Open-label, Controlled | USA | Mean 37.5 SD 8.0 |
579 | NA | 439 | Safety and immunogenicity | HHS and NIAID |
NCT00189959 Pokorny Von Kremplehuber et al. 2010
|
Phase II, Double-blind, randomized, Dose-finding Study | Switzerland | Mean 23.3 SD 3.0 |
165 | NA | 55 | Safety and immunogenicity | NIAID and Bavarian Nordic |
Vollmar
Vollmar et al. 2005
|
Phase 1, randomized, double-blinded and open-label | Germany | Mean 32.8 | 68 | NA | 16 | Safety and immunogenicity | Bavarian Nordic |
Table 3a: Summary of Studies Reporting Outcome A – Prevention of Disease
Authors last name, pub year | Age or other characteristic of importance | N intervention | N comparison | Comparator vaccine | Absolute difference/effect estimate | Study limitations (Risk of Bias) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RCT data | ||||||
NCT00316589 Overton3 Overton et al. 2015
|
Age: Mean 35 SD 6.7 HIV positive vaccinia naïve adults
|
31 | 27 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Geometric mean titer: Mean 3.56 titer units more (1.84 more to 6.89 more) Seroconversion rate: RR = 1.00 (0.94 to 1.06); 0 fewer per 1,000 (from 60 fewer to 60 more)
|
Serious risk of bias due to high attrition rate in the per protocol population |
Observational data for the intervention | ||||||
NCT00686582 Von Sonnenburg 3 |
Mean 34.6 SD 10.2 Healthy vaccinia naïve adults |
75 | NA | NA | From pooled all observational studies (comparison and intervention):
Among intervention: 74/75 (99%) seroconverted
Among Comparison: 3326/3539 (94%) seroconverted
Seroconversion rate: RR 1.05 (1.02 to 1.08); 47 more per 1,000 (from 19 more to 75 more)
|
|
Observational for the comparison | ||||||
NCT00437021 Frey 2 Frey et al. 2013
Troy et al. 2015 |
Mean 24.7 SD 4.2 Healthy vaccinia naïve adults
|
NA | 63 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. | |
NCT01668537 Greenburg4 2014
|
Mean 27.7 SD 6.28 Healthy vaccinia naïve adults
|
NA | 297 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. | |
NCT00316602 Greenburg2 Greenberg 2015
|
Mean 26.5 SD NR Healthy vaccinia naïve adults and vaccinia naïve adults with atopic dermatitis
|
NA | 451 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. | |
NCT00914732 Frey4 Troy et al. 2015
Frey et al. 2015 |
Mean 27.7 SD 6.11 Healthy vaccinia naïve adults
|
NA | 148 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. | |
NCT00189904 Greenburg1 Greenberg et al. 2013
|
Mean 37.9 SD NR Healthy vaccinia naïve adults and HIV + vaccinia naïve adults
|
NA | 60 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. | |
NCT01144637 Overton2 Overton et al. 2018
|
Mean 27.7 SD 6.3 Healthy vaccinia naïve adults
|
NA | 1906 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. | |
NCT00189917 von Sonnenburg2 Darsow et al. 2016
Von Sonnenburg et al. 2014 |
Mean NR SD NR Healthy vaccinia naïve adults and vaccinia naïve adults with a history of atopic dermatitis, active atopic dermatitis or allergic rhinitis
|
NA | 56 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. | |
NCT01913353 Pittman Pittman 2019
|
Mean 23.5 SD 4.67 Healthy vaccinia naïve adults
|
NA | 185 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. | |
NCT00082446 Frey1 Frey 2007
Sano 2009 |
Mean 24.8 SD 3.8 Healthy vaccinia naïve adults
|
NA | 15 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. | |
NCT00316589 Overton1 Overton et al. 2015
|
Mean 37.5 SD 8.0 Healthy vaccinia naïve adults and HIV + vaccinia naïve adults
|
NA | 298 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. | |
NCT00189959 Pokorny Von Kremplehuber et al. 2010
|
Mean 23.3 SD 3.0 Healthy vaccinia naïve adults
|
NA | 52 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. | |
Vollmar
Vollmar et al. 2005
|
Mean 32.8
Healthy vaccinia naïve adult males
|
NA | 16 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. |
Table 3b: Summary of Studies Reporting Outcome B – Severity of Disease
Authors last name, pub year | Age or other characteristic of importance | N intervention | N comparison | Comparator vaccine | Absolute difference/effect estimate | Study limitations (Risk of Bias) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No data available for this outcome. |
Table 3c: Summary of Studies Reporting Outcome C – Serious Adverse Events (SAE)
Authors last name, pub year | Age or other characteristic of importance | N intervention | N comparison | Comparator vaccine | Absolute difference/effect estimate | Study limitations (Risk of Bias) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RCT | ||||||
NCT00316589 Overton3 Overton et al. 2015
|
Age: Mean 35 SD 6.7 HIV positive vaccinia naïve adults
|
31 | 27 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Not estimable
No serious adverse events were recorded among the intervention or comparison groups
|
Serious risk of bias due to high attrition rate in the per protocol population |
Observational intervention | ||||||
NCT00686582 Von Sonnenburg 3 |
Mean 34.6 SD 10.2 Healthy vaccinia naïve adults
|
751 | NA | NA | Not estimable
Among intervention: 0/75 (0%) had vaccine-related SAEs
Among comparison: 3/5265 (0.1%) had vaccine related SAEs
|
|
Observational comparison | ||||||
Parrino 1 | Mean and SD NR Healthy vaccinia naïve adults
|
NA | 19 | No vaccine booster after TBC-MVA primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. | |
Frey 2 | Mean 24.7 SD 4.2 Healthy vaccinia naïve adults
|
NA | 67 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. | |
Greenburg 4 | Mean 27.7 SD 6.28 Healthy vaccinia naïve adults
|
NA | 327 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. | |
Frey 3 | Mean 26.5 SD NR Healthy vaccinia naïve adults
|
NA | 45 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. | |
Greenburg 2 | Mean 26.5 SD NR Healthy vaccinia naïve adults and vaccinia naïve adults with atopic dermatitis
|
NA | 632 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate.
1 SAE2 was recorded for a participant, a healthy vaccinia naïve adult, in this comparison group
|
|
Frey 4 | Mean 27.7 SD 6.11 Healthy vaccinia naïve adults
|
NA | 167 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. | |
Greenburg 1 | Mean 37.9 SD NR Healthy vaccinia naïve adults and HIV + vaccinia naïve adults
|
NA | 60 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. | |
Overton 2 | Mean 27.7 SD 6.3 Healthy vaccinia naïve adults
|
NA | 3003 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. | |
Von Sonnenburg 2 | Mean NR SD NR Healthy vaccinia naïve adults and vaccinia naïve adults with a history of atopic dermatitis, active atopic dermatitis or allergic rhinitis
|
NA | 60 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. | |
Seaman/Wilck | Mean 25.2, SD=3.7
Healthy vaccinia naïve adults
|
NA | 10 | No vaccine booster after Acambis MVA primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. | |
Pittman | Mean 23.5 SD 4.67 Healthy vaccinia naïve US military soldiers
|
NA | 220 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. | |
Frey 5 | Mean 27.4 SD 5.3 Healthy vaccinia naïve adults
|
NA | 1163 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate.
1 SAE3 was recorded for a participant in this comparison group
|
|
Frey 1 | Mean 24.8 SD 3.8 Healthy vaccinia naïve adults
|
NA | 30 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. | |
Overton 1 | Mean 37.5 SD 8.0 Healthy vaccinia naïve adults and HIV + vaccinia naïve adults
|
NA | 439 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate.
1 SAE4 was recorded for a participant, an HIV positive vaccinia naïve adult, in this comparison group
|
|
Pokorny | Mean 23.3 SD 3.0 Healthy vaccinia naïve adults
|
NA | 545 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. | |
Vollmar
Vollmar et al. 2005
|
Mean 32.8
Healthy vaccinia naïve adult males
|
NA | 16 | MVA-BN | Pooled studies. See observational intervention for effect estimate. |
- N=75 is the reported number at risk for those at risk for serious adverse events. Reasons for attrition not reported
- Extra ocular muscle paresis event in one person 8 days after second MVA-BN vaccination; deemed probably related by investigators.
- Acute myocardial infarction event in one person 117 days after the first MVA-BN dose. Deemed related to vaccination because no other reasonable etiology was found. Number at risk is 116 because one subject was initially randomized to study arm C but was vaccinated out of the window and was analyzed in study arm A.
- Pneumonia and pleurisy event in one person 1 day after second MVA-BN dose. Deemed “possibly but unlikely” to be associated with vaccination.
- One person missing all symptom data.
Table 3d: Summary of Studies Reporting Outcome D – Myo/pericarditis
Authors last name, pub year | Age or other characteristic of importance | N intervention | N comparison | Comparator vaccine | Absolute difference/effect estimate | Study limitations (Risk of Bias) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RCT | ||||||
NCT00316589 Overton3 Overton et al. 2015
|
Age: Mean 35 SD 6.7 HIV positive vaccinia naïve adults
|
31 | 27 | No vaccine booster after MVA-BN primary series | Not estimable
No myopericarditis events were recorded among the intervention or comparison groups
|
Serious risk of bias due to high attrition rate in the per protocol population |
Table 4: GRADE Summary of Findings
Certainty assessment | № of patients | Effect | Certainty | Importance | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
№ of studies | Study design | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Other considerations | JYNNEOS® OPXV vaccine primary series followed by a JYNNEOS® booster every 2 years | JYNNEOS® OPXV vaccine primary series | Relative (95% CI) |
Absolute (95% CI) |
||
A. Prevention of disease (assessed with: Geometric mean titer) | ||||||||||||
11,2 | randomized trials | seriousa | not serious | very seriousb,c | not seriousd | none | 26 | 20 | – | mean 3.56 titer units more (1.84 more to 6.89 more) |
Level 4 VERY LOW |
CRITICAL |
A. Prevention of disease (assessed with: seroconversion rate) | ||||||||||||
11,2 | randomized trials | seriousa | not serious | very seriousb,c | seriousd,e | none | 26/26 (100.0%) | 20/20 (100.0%) | RR 1.00 (0.94 to 1.06) |
0 fewer per 1,000 (from 60 fewer to 60 more) |
Level 4 VERY LOW |
CRITICAL |
A. Prevention (assessed with: seroconversion rate) | ||||||||||||
123,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16, 17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30, 31,32,33, 39 |
observational studies | very seriousf | seriousg | PQ3: serioush PQ4: very serioush |
seriousi | none | 74/75 (98.7%) | 3326/3539 (94.0%) | RR 1.05 (1.02 to 1.08) |
47 more per 1,000 (from 19 more to 75 more) |
Level 4 VERY LOW |
CRITICAL |
C. Serious adverse events (assessed with: vaccine related SAE rate) | ||||||||||||
11,2 | randomized trials | not serious | not serious | seriousc | very seriousj | none | 0/31 (0.0%) | 0/27 (0.0%) | not estimable | Level 4 VERY LOW |
CRITICAL | |
C. Serious adverse events (assessed with: vaccine related SAE rate) | ||||||||||||
173,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16, 17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30, 31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39 |
observational studies | very seriousf | seriousg | serioush | seriousk | none | 0/75 (0.0%) | 3/5265 (0.1%) | not estimable | Level 4 VERY LOW |
CRITICAL | |
D. Myo-/pericarditis (assessed with: myo-/pericarditis event rate) | ||||||||||||
11,2 | randomized trials | seriousl | not serious | seriousc | very seriousj | none | 0/31 (0.0%) | 0/27 (0.0%) | not estimable | Level 4 VERY LOW |
IMPORTANT |
Table 5: Summary of Evidence for Outcomes of Interest
Outcome | Importance | Included in profile | Certainty |
---|---|---|---|
Prevention of disease | Critical | Yes | Very low |
Severity of disease | Important | Yes | NA (No data available) |
Serious adverse events | Critical | Yes | Very low |
Myo-/pericarditis | Critical | Yes | Very low |
Minor adverse events | Not important | No | N/A |
Explanations
- High attrition rate in per protocol population.
- Immunogenicity as assessed with GMT is an indirect measure of efficacy.
- Available intervention data gives a booster at day 84. Indirect evidence for 2 year booster.
- There is one study with a small sample size.
- 95% CI suggests there may be the potential for benefit or harm.
- Many studies have serious concerns for risk of bias. Observational data has a higher risk for bias there were some concerns in a few studies for attrition and timing of outcome ascertainment.
- Only one study contributes data to the intervention. Others contribute data to the comparison. Can’t assess inconsistency for intervention.
- PQ3: Downgrade for indirectness because the comparisons are between studies. PQ4: h. Downgrade for indirectness because the comparisons are between studies. Further downgrade for indirectness because 2-year booster data is indirect data for 10-year booster data.
- Though the confidence interval is small, the number of participants in the intervention group is small and therefore may not provide a precise estimate.
- Study population is very small and would be poor at estimating the rate of rare outcomes.
- Few people in the intervention group. Wide confidence interval.
- High attrition rate and unclear information about randomization procedure.
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Page last reviewed: May 26, 2022
Content source: National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases