Considerations for Reducing Risk: Water in Healthcare Facilities

Summary of considerations

Purpose

From plumbing to patients

Tap water meets stringent safety standards in the United States, but it is not sterile. Germs may be present when water leaves the tap. For typical household uses, these germs rarely pose a serious health risk.

However, in healthcare settings, water uses are more varied, and patients are more vulnerable to infection. Certain plumbing conditions can even encourage microbial growth, leading to dangerously high levels of potential pathogens. Healthcare facilities must evaluate their water use for its risk to harbor and transmit healthcare-associated pathogens.

Patient safety depends on assuring that:

• Water entering a healthcare facility meets all quality standards. The following can impact a facility's water quality:
  • System disruptions or pressure drops.
  • Loss of disinfection residual such as low chlorine levels.
  • Water main breaks.
• Premise plumbing is designed and maintained to minimize Opportunistic Pathogens of Premise Plumbing (OPPP) growth and spread in both the supply and wastewater systems. For example, they assess:
  • The age and overall design of the system.
  • Additions and renovations.
  • Water age.
  • Assuring there are no 'dead ends' where water can stagnate.
• Providers and staff minimize exposure risk through infection control practices, including practices specific to water.

Definitions

• Premise plumbing - the portion of a water system, including both hot and cold water, various devices (e.g., hot water heater, HVAC humidifier), fixtures (e.g., showers, faucets), and drains (e.g., sinks, toilets) connected to the main distribution system via service lines.
• Opportunistic Pathogens of Premise Plumbing (OPPP)­- microorganisms in building water systems that are more likely to cause disease in at-risk or immunocompromised individuals.1
• Biofilm- collections of microorganisms that stick to each other and adhere to surfaces in moist environments, like the insides of pipes. It can last in drains for long periods of time and are often difficult or even impossible to remove.1
• Water age- the amount of time water might be in the piping system.

Consideration details

Consideration 1: Maintain a water management program

Water management programs in healthcare facilities are an important way to help protect vulnerable patient populations as well as staff and visitors. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, The Joint Commission, The Veterans Health Administration, and CDC consider it essential that hospitals and nursing homes have a water management program that is aligned with American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) industry standards1 and limit OPPP from growing and spreading in their facility.

Elements of a healthcare water management program include:

• Multidisciplinary team that includes facility managers, infection prevention professionals, clinicians, administrators and/or a member from the local water utility.
• Building water systems description with flow diagrams.
• Evaluation of hazardous conditions where pathogens can grow and spread
• Control measures, their locations and how to monitor them.
• Interventions when control limits are not met.
• Ensure the program is running as designed and is effective.
• Documentation and communication on all activities.

Consideration 2: Conduct a water infection control risk assessment

Water management programs should consider the various pathways that might lead to patients becoming exposed to waterborne pathogens, in relation to ingestion, hygiene, and clinical care. Healthcare facilities can use a Water Infection Control Risk Assessment (WICRA) to evaluate water sources, modes of transmission, patient susceptibility, patient exposure, and program preparedness in their facilities.

Consideration 3a: Reduce exposure from sinks and drains

Splashes can occur when water hits the contaminated drain cover or a person flushes a toilet or hopper. Splashes can spread droplets containing OPPP to the surrounding environment, patients and providers.

Reduce the risk of OPPP exposure through sinks and drains in healthcare facilities:

• Avoid placing patient care or personal items on counters next to sinks.
• Do not discard patient waste down sinks and minimize discarding beverages down sinks or toilets.
• Clean and disinfect surfaces daily near the drain such as the:
  • Sink basin
  • Faucet.
  • Faucet handles.
  • Surrounding countertop.
• Use an EPA-registered biofilm disinfectant for wastewater drains during an outbreak.
• Close hopper and toilet lids before flushing. If lids are not available or allowed due to local plumbing codes, close any door that separates the hopper or toilet from other patient care areas.2

Consideration 3b: Sink design

• When installing or modifying sinks, choose designs that prevent splashing and have adequate depth. 3
• Angle/offset faucets so they do not pour directly onto the drain.4
• Install splash guards on sinks next to medication preparation areas.
• Provide easy access to hand cleaning supplies.
• Facilities should monitor and regulate the water pressure used in patient care areas sinks so that splashing is minimized when the maximum water flow is used.3
  

Opportunistic Pathogens of Premise Plumbing

Gram negative bacteria

• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Pseudomonas putida
• Pseudomonas fluorescens
• Burkholderia cepcia complex (B. cepacia, B. cenocepacia, at least 8 other genomospecies)
• Cupriavidus (Ralstonia) pauculus
• Herbaspirillium
• Methylobacterium spp.
• Ralstonia pickettii, Ralstonia mannitolilytica
• Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Sphingomonas mucosissima, other Sphingomonas spp.
• Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
• Acinetobacter baumannii
• Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
• Alcaligenes xylosoxidans, A. faecalis
• Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas spp.
• Elizabethkingia nopheles, E. meningosepticum
• Legionella pneumophila

Non-fecal coliforms

• Enterobacter cloacae
• Klebsiella spp.
• Pantoae aggloerans
• Rahnella aquatilis
• Serratia liquifaciens, Serratia marcescens

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM or Environmental Mycobacteria)

• Mycobacterium. abscessus clade (M. abscessus, M. bolettii, M. massiliense)
• M. chelonae
• M. mucogenicum clade (M. mucogenicum, M. phociacum)
• M. fortuitum clade (M. fortuitum, M. cosmeticum, mageritiense, M. porcinum, M. septicum)
• M. immunogenum
• M. smegmatis clade (M. goodii, M. wolinskyi)
• M. aurum
• M. simiae
• M. avium complex (M. avium, M. intracellulare, M. chimaera, M avium ss hominissuis, M. columbiense)
• M. scrofulacuem
• M parascrofulaceum
• M. xenopi
• M. arupense
• M. kansasii
• M. haemophilum
• M. nonchromogenicum clade (M. nonchromogenicum, M. triviale, M. terrae)
• M. gordonae (only among patients with severe immune deficiency)

Other bacteria/actinomyces

• Microbacterium spp.
• Tsukamurella spp.
• Rhodococcus equi, Rhodococcus spp.
• Gordonae spp.

Fungi

• Yeasts (e.g., Candida parapsilosis, C. tropicalis)
• Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger
• Fusarium spp.
• Exophiala spp.

Protozoa

• Acanthamoeba spp.
• Vermamoeba vermiformis
• Naegleria spp.