Error processing SSI file

References

1. Workowski KA, Bolan GA; CDC. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep 2015;64(No. RR-3). PMID:26042815

2. Barrow RY, Ahmed F, Bolan GA, Workowski KA. Recommendations for providing quality sexually transmitted diseases clinical services, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep 2020;68(No. RR-5). PMID:31899459 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6805a1

3. CDC. A guide to taking a sexual history. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/sexualhistory.pdf

4. Henderson JT, Senger CA, Henninger M, Bean SI, Redmond N, O’Connor EA. Behavioral counseling interventions to prevent sexually transmitted infections: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2020;324:682–99. PMID:32809007 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.10371

5. Kamb ML, Fishbein M, Douglas JM Jr, et al.; Project RESPECT Study Group. Efficacy of risk-reduction counseling to prevent human immunodeficiency virus and sexually transmitted diseases: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998;280:1161–7. PMID:9777816 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.280.13.1161

6. Metsch LR, Feaster DJ, Gooden L, et al. Effect of risk-reduction counseling with rapid HIV testing on risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections: the AWARE randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013;310:1701–10. PMID:24150466 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.280034

7. Brookmeyer KA, Hogben M, Kinsey J. The role of behavioral counseling in sexually transmitted disease prevention program settings. Sex Transm Dis 2016;43(Suppl 1):S102–12. PMID:26779681 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000327

8. Patel P, Bush T, Mayer K, et al.; SUN Study Investigators. Routine brief risk-reduction counseling with biannual STD testing reduces STD incidence among HIV-infected men who have sex with men in care. Sex Transm Dis 2012;39:470–4. PMID:22592834 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31824b3110

9. Warner L, Klausner JD, Rietmeijer CA, et al.; Safe in the City Study Group. Effect of a brief video intervention on incident infection among patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. PLoS Med 2008;5:e135. PMID:18578564 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050135

10. Mustanski B, Parsons JT, Sullivan PS, Madkins K, Rosenberg E, Swann G. Biomedical and behavioral outcomes of Keep It Up!: an ehealth HIV prevention program RCT. Am J Prev Med 2018;55:151–8. PMID:29937115 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.04.026

11. Meites E, Szilagyi PG, Chesson HW, Unger ER, Romero JR, Markowitz LE. Human papillomavirus vaccination for adults: updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:698–702. PMID:31415491 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6832a3

12. Schillie S, Vellozzi C, Reingold A, et al. Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep 2018;67(No. RR-1). PMID:29939980 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6701a1

13. Doshani M, Weng M, Moore KL, Romero JR, Nelson NP. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for use of hepatitis A vaccine for persons experiencing homelessness. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:153–6. PMID:30763295 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6806a6

14. Weller S, Davis K. Condom effectiveness in reducing heterosexual HIV transmission. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;(1):CD003255. PMID:11869658 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003255

15. Giannou FK, Tsiara CG, Nikolopoulos GK, et al. Condom effectiveness in reducing heterosexual HIV transmission: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on HIV serodiscordant couples. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2016;16:489–99. PMID:26488070 https://doi.org/10.1586/14737167.2016.1102635

16. Smith DK, Herbst JH, Zhang X, Rose CE. Condom effectiveness for HIV prevention by consistency of use among men who have sex with men in the United J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015;68:337–44. PMID:25469526 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000461

17. Johnson WD, O’Leary A, Flores SA. Per-partner condom effectiveness against HIV for men who have sex with men. AIDS 2018;32:1499–505. PMID:29794493 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001832

18. Crosby RA, Charnigo RA, Weathers C, Caliendo AM, Shrier LA. Condom effectiveness against non-viral sexually transmitted infections: a prospective study using electronic daily diaries. Sex Transm Infect 2012;88:484–9. PMID:23002192 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2012-050618

19. Holmes KK, Levine R, Weaver M. Effectiveness of condoms in preventing sexually transmitted infections. Bull World Health Organ 2004;82:454–61. PMID:15356939

20. Warner L, Stone KM, Macaluso M, Buehler JW, Austin HD. Condom use and risk of gonorrhea and chlamydia: a systematic review of design and measurement factors assessed in epidemiologic studies. Sex Transm Dis 2006;33:36–51. PMID:16385221 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.olq.0000187908.42622.fd

21. Bernabe-Ortiz A, Carcamo CP, Scott JD, Hughes JP, Garcia PJ, Holmes KK. HBV infection in relation to consistent condom use: a population-based study in Peru. PLoS One 2011;6:e24721. PMID:21931828 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024721

22. Ness RB, Hillier SL, Kip KE, et al. Bacterial vaginosis and risk of pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol 2004;104:761–9. PMID:15458899 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000139512.37582.17

23. Martin IE, Gu W, Yang Y, Tsang RS. Macrolide resistance and molecular types of Treponema pallidum causing primary syphilis in Shanghai, Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:515–21. PMID:19583516 https://doi.org/10.1086/600878

24. Winer RL, Hughes JP, Feng Q, et al. Condom use and the risk of genital human papillomavirus infection in young women. N Engl J Med 2006;354:2645–54. PMID:16790697 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa053284

25. Bleeker MC, Hogewoning CJ, Voorhorst FJ, et al. Condom use promotes regression of human papillomavirus-associated penile lesions in male sexual partners of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Cancer 2003;107:804–10. PMID:14566831 https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.11473

26. Hogewoning CJ, Bleeker MC, van den Brule AJ, et al. Condom use promotes regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and clearance of human papillomavirus: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Cancer 2003;107:811–6. PMID:14566832 https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.11474

27. Koss CA, Dunne EF, Warner L. A systematic review of epidemiologic studies assessing condom use and risk of syphilis. Sex Transm Dis 2009;36:401–5. PMID:19455075 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181a396eb

28. Hernández-Romieu AC, Siegler AJ, Sullivan PS, Crosby R, Rosenberg ES. How often do condoms fail? A cross-sectional study exploring incomplete use of condoms, condom failures and other condom problems among black and white MSM in southern U.S.A. Sex Transm Infect 2014;90:602–7. PMID:25080511 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2014-051581

29. D’Anna LH, Margolis AD, Warner L, et al.; Safe City Study Group. Condom use problems during anal sex among men who have sex with men (MSM): findings from the Safe in the City study. AIDS Care 2012;24:1028–38. PMID:22519680 https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2012.668285

30. Steiner MJ, Cates W Jr, Warner L. The real problem with male condoms is nonuse. Sex Transm Dis 1999;26:459–62. PMID:10494937 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-199909000-00007

31. Kowal D, Hatcher RA, Nelson AL, et al., eds. Contraceptive 21st ed. Atlanta, GA: Managing Contraception; 2017.

32. Gallo MF, Kilbourne-Brook M, Coffey PS. A review of the effectiveness and acceptability of the female condom for dual Sex Health 2012;9:18–26. PMID:22348629 https://doi.org/10.1071/SH11037

33. Mantell JE, Kelvin EA, Exner TM, Hoffman S, Needham S, Stein ZA. Anal use of the female condom: does uncertainty justify provider inaction? AIDS Care 2009;21:1185–94. PMID:20024779 https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120902730005

34. Rosenberg MJ, Davidson AJ, Chen JH, Judson FN, Douglas JM. Barrier contraceptives and sexually transmitted diseases in women: a comparison of female-dependent methods and condoms. Am J Public Health 1992;82:669–74. PMID:1566944 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.82.5.669

35. de Bruyn G, Shiboski S, van der Straten A, et al.; MIRA Team. The effect of the vaginal diaphragm and lubricant gel on acquisition of HSV-2. Sex Transm Infect 2011;87:301–5. PMID:21447515 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2010.047142

36. Ramjee G, van der Straten A, Chipato T, et al.; MIRA team. The diaphragm and lubricant gel for prevention of cervical sexually transmitted infections: results of a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2008;3:e3488. PMID:18941533 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003488

37. Lusti-Narasimhan M, Merialdi M, Holt B. Multipurpose prevention technologies: maximising positive synergies. BJOG 2014;121:251. PMID:24393212 https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.12606

38. Ahmed K, Baeten JM, Beksinska M, et al.; Evidence for Contraceptive Options and HIV Outcomes (ECHO) Trial Consortium. HIV incidence among women using intramuscular depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, a copper intrauterine device, or a levonorgestrel implant for contraception: a randomised, multicentre, open-label trial. Lancet 2019;394:303–13. PMID:31204114 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31288-7

39. Young Holt B, Dellplain L, Creinin MD, Peine KJ, Romano J, Hemmerling A. A strategic action framework for multipurpose prevention technologies combining contraceptive hormones and antiretroviral drugs to prevent pregnancy and HIV. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2018;23:326–34. PMID:30247084 https://doi.org/10.1080/13625187.2018.1508650

40. Wilkinson D, Tholandi M, Ramjee G, Rutherford GW. Nonoxynol-9 spermicide for prevention of vaginally acquired HIV and other sexually transmitted infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials including more than 5000 women. Lancet Infect Dis 2002;2:613–7. PMID:12383611 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00396-1

41. McCormack S, Ramjee G, Kamali A, et al. PRO2000 vaginal gel for prevention of HIV-1 infection (Microbicides Development Programme 301): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Lancet 2010;376:1329–37. PMID:20851460 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61086-0

42. Skoler-Karpoff S, Ramjee G, Ahmed K, et al. Efficacy of Carraguard for prevention of HIV infection in women in South Africa: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008;372:1977–87. PMID:19059048 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61842-5

43. Van Damme L, Govinden R, Mirembe FM, et al.; CS Study Group. Lack of effectiveness of cellulose sulfate gel for the prevention of vaginal HIV transmission. N Engl J Med 2008;359:463–72. PMID:18669425 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0707957

44. Feldblum PJ, Adeiga A, Bakare R, et al. SAVVY vaginal gel (C31G) for prevention of HIV infection: a randomized controlled trial in Nigeria. PLoS One 2008;3:e1474. PMID:18213382 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001474

45. Cottrell ML, Kashuba AD. Topical microbicides and HIV prevention in the female genital tract. J Clin Pharmacol 2014;54:603–15. PMID:24664786 https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.292

46. Abdool Karim SS, Abdool Karim Q, Kharsany ABM, et al.; CAPRISA 004 Trial Group. Tenofovir gel for the prevention of herpes simplex virus Type 2 infection. N Engl J Med 2015;373:530–9. PMID:26244306 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1410649

47. Abdool Karim Q, Abdool Karim SS, Frohlich JA, et al.; CAPRISA 004 Trial Group. Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir gel, an antiretroviral microbicide, for the prevention of HIV infection in women. Science 2010;329:1168–74. Erratum in: Science 2011;333:524. PMID:20643915 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1193748

48. Marrazzo JM, Ramjee G, Richardson BA, et al.; VOICE Study Team. Tenofovir-based preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection among African women. N Engl J Med 2015;372:509–18. PMID:25651245 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1402269

49. Delany-Moretlwe S, Lombard C, Baron D, et al. Tenofovir 1% vaginal gel for prevention of HIV-1 infection in women in South Africa (FACTS-001): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2018;18:1241–50. PMID:30507409 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30428-6

50. Baeten JM, Palanee-Phillips T, Brown ER, et al.; MTN-020–ASPIRE Study Team. Use of a vaginal ring containing dapivirine for HIV-1 prevention in women. N Engl J Med 2016;375:2121–32. PMID:26900902 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1506110

51. Nel A, van Niekerk N, Kapiga S, et al.; Ring Study Team. Safety and efficacy of a dapivirine vaginal ring for HIV prevention in women. N Engl J Med 2016;375:2133–43. PMID:27959766 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1602046

52. Cranston RD, Lama JR, Richardson BA, et al.; MTN-017 Protocol Team. MTN-017: a rectal phase 2 extended safety and acceptability study of tenofovir reduced-glycerin 1% gel. Clin Infect Dis 2017;64:614–20. PMID:27986684

53. Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Stamm WE. Effects of recent sexual activity and use of a diaphragm on the vaginal Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:274–8. PMID:7986899 https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/19.2.274

54. Fihn SD, Boyko EJ, Normand EH, et al. Association between use of spermicide-coated condoms and Escherichia coli urinary tract infection in young women. Am J Epidemiol 1996;144:512–20. PMID:8781467 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008958

55. Polis CB, Curtis KM, Hannaford PC, et al. An updated systematic review of epidemiological evidence on hormonal contraceptive methods and HIV acquisition in women. AIDS 2016;30:2665–83. PMID:27500670 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001228

56. Kiweewa FM, Brown E, Mishra A, et al.; MTN-020/ASPIRE Study Team. Acquisition of sexually transmitted infections among women using a variety of contraceptive options: a prospective study among high-risk African women. J Int AIDS Soc 2019;22:e25257. PMID:30816632 https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25257

57. McCarthy KJ, Gollub EL, Ralph L, van de Wijgert J, Jones HE. Hormonal contraceptives and the acquisition of sexually transmitted infections: an updated systematic review. Sex Transm Dis 2019;46:290–6. PMID:30628946 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000975

58. Curtis KM, Tepper NK, Jatlaoui TC, et al. S. medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep 2016;65(No. RR-3). PMID:27467196 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6503a1

59. Curtis KM, Jatlaoui TC, Tepper NK, et al. S. selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep 2016;65(No. RR-4). PMID:27467319 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6504a1

60. Cleland K, Zhu H, Goldstuck N, Cheng L, Trussell J. The efficacy of intrauterine devices for emergency contraception: a systematic review of 35 years of experience. Hum Reprod 2012;27:1994–2000. PMID:22570193 https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/des140

61. Shen J, Che Y, Showell E, Chen K, Cheng L. Interventions for emergency contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019;1:CD001324. PMID:30661244

62. Marcell AV, Waks AB, Rutkow L, McKenna R, Rompalo A, Hogan MT. What do we know about males and emergency contraception? A synthesis of the literature. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2012;44:184–93. PMID:22958663 https://doi.org/10.1363/4418412

63. Gray RH, Kigozi G, Serwadda D, et al. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in men in Rakai, Uganda: a randomised trial. Lancet 2007;369:657–66. PMID:17321311 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60313-4

64. Bailey RC, Moses S, Parker CB, et al. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007;369:643–56. PMID:17321310 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60312-2

65. Auvert B, Taljaard D, Lagarde E, Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Sitta R, Puren A. Randomized, controlled intervention trial of male circumcision for reduction of HIV infection risk: the ANRS 1265 Trial. PLoS Med 2005;2:e298. Erratum in: PLoS Med 2006;3:298. PMID:16231970 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020298

66. Tobian AA, Serwadda D, Quinn TC, et al. Male circumcision for the prevention of HSV-2 and HPV infections and syphilis. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1298–309. PMID:19321868 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0802556

67. Auvert B, Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Cutler E, et al. Effect of male circumcision on the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus in young men: results of a randomized controlled trial conducted in Orange Farm, South Africa. J Infect Dis 2009;199:14–9. PMID:19086814 https://doi.org/10.1086/595566

68. Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Taljaard D, Lissouba P, et al. Effect of HSV-2 serostatus on acquisition of HIV by young men: results of a longitudinal study in Orange Farm, South Africa. J Infect Dis 2009;199:958–64. PMID:19220143 https://doi.org/10.1086/597208

69. Gray R, Kigozi G, Kong X, et al. The effectiveness of male circumcision for HIV prevention and effects on risk behaviors in a posttrial follow-up study. AIDS 2012;26:609–15. PMID:22210632 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283504a3f

70. Mehta SD, Moses S, Parker CB, Agot K, Maclean I, Bailey RC. Circumcision status and incident herpes simplex virus type 2 infection, genital ulcer disease, and HIV infection. AIDS 2012;26:1141–9. PMID:22382150 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e328352d116

71. World Health Organization/UNAIDS. New data on male circumcision and HIV prevention: policy and programme implications [Internet]. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO/UNAIDS Technical Consultation on Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention: Research Implications for Policy and Programming; 2007. https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/malecircumcision/research_implications/en/

72. American Urological Association. Circumcision policy statement [Internet]. Linthicum, MD: American Urological Association; 2017. https://www.auanet.org/guidelines/guidelines/circumcision

73. Yuan T, Fitzpatrick T, Ko NY, et al. Circumcision to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global data. Lancet Glob Health 2019;7:e436–47. PMID:30879508 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30567-9

74. Grohskopf LA, Chillag KL, Gvetadze R, et al. Randomized trial of clinical safety of daily oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate among HIV-uninfected men who have sex with men in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013;64:79–86. PMID:23466649 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e31828ece33

75. Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, et al.; iPrEx Study Team. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med 2010;363:2587–99. PMID:21091279 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1011205

76. Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, et al.; Partners PrEP Study Team. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women. N Engl J Med 2012;367:399–410. PMID:22784037 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1108524

77. Thigpen MC, Kebaabetswe PM, Paxton LA, et al.; TDF2 Study Group. Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis for heterosexual HIV transmission in Botswana. N Engl J Med 2012;367:423–34. PMID:22784038 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1110711

78. Choopanya K, Martin M, Suntharasamai P, et al.; Bangkok Tenofovir Study Group. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV infection in injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand (the Bangkok Tenofovir Study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet 2013;381:2083–90. PMID:23769234 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61127-7

79. Molina JM, Charreau I, Spire B, et al.; ANRS IPERGAY Study Group. Efficacy, safety, and effect on sexual behaviour of on-demand pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV in men who have sex with men: an observational cohort study. Lancet HIV 2017;4:e402–10. PMID:28747274 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(17)30089-9

80. CDC. Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2017 update: a clinical practice guideline. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/risk/prep/cdc-hiv-prep-guidelines-2017.pdf

81. Jones J, Weiss K, Mermin J, et al. Proportion of incident human immunodeficiency virus cases among men who have sex with men attributable to gonorrhea and chlamydia: a modeling analysis. Sex Transm Dis 2019;46:357–63. PMID:31095100 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000980

82. Pathela P, Braunstein SL, Blank S, Schillinger JA. HIV incidence among men with and those without sexually transmitted rectal infections: estimates from matching against an HIV case registry. Clin Infect Dis 2013;57:1203–9. PMID:23800942 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit437

83. Pathela P, Braunstein SL, Blank S, Shepard C, Schillinger JA. The high risk of an HIV diagnosis following a diagnosis of syphilis: a population-level analysis of New York City men. Clin Infect Dis 2015;61:281–7. PMID:25870333 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ289

84. Chou R, Evans C, Hoverman A, et Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2019;321:2214–30. PMID:31184746 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.2591

85. Liu AY, Cohen SE, Vittinghoff E, et al. Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection integrated with municipal- and community-based sexual health services. JAMA Intern Med 2016;176:75–84. PMID:26571482 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.4683

86. McCormack S, Dunn DT, Desai M, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection (PROUD): effectiveness results from the pilot phase of a pragmatic open-label randomised trial. Lancet 2016;387:53–60. PMID:26364263 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00056-2

87. Volk JE, Marcus JL, Phengrasamy T, et al. No new HIV infections with increasing use of HIV preexposure prophylaxis in a clinical practice setting. Clin Infect Dis 2015;61:1601–3. PMID:26334052 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ778

88. Celum C, Wald A, Lingappa JR, et a; Partners in Prevention HSV/HIV Transmission Study Team. Acyclovir and transmission of HIV-1 from persons infected with HIV-1 and HSV-2. N Engl J Med 2010;362:427–39. PMID:20089951 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0904849

89. Celum C, Wald A, Hughes J, et al.; HPTN 039 Protocol Team. Effect of aciclovir on HIV-1 acquisition in herpes simplex virus 2 seropositive women and men who have sex with men: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008;371:2109–19. PMID:18572080 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60920-4

90. Bolan RK, Beymer MR, Weiss RE, Flynn RP, Leibowitz AA, Klausner JD. Doxycycline prophylaxis to reduce incident syphilis among HIV-infected men who have sex with men who continue to engage in high-risk sex: a randomized, controlled pilot study. Sex Transm Dis 2015;42:98–103. PMID:25585069 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000216

91. Grant JS, Stafylis C, Celum C, et al. Doxycycline prophylaxis for bacterial sexually transmitted infections. Clin Infect Dis 2020;70:1247–53. PMID:31504345 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz866

92. Myer L, Kuhn L, Stein ZA, Wright TC Jr, Denny L. Intravaginal practices, bacterial vaginosis, and women’s susceptibility to HIV infection: epidemiological evidence and biological mechanisms. Lancet Infect Dis 2005;5:786–94. PMID:16310150 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70298-X

93. Molina JM, Charreau I, Chidiac C, et al.; ANRS IPERGAY Study Group. Post-exposure prophylaxis with doxycycline to prevent sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men: an open-label randomised substudy of the ANRS IPERGAY trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2018;18:308–17. PMID:29229440 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30725-9

94. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al.; HPTN 052 Study Team. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 2011;365:493–505. PMID:21767103 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1105243

95. Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, et al.; PARTNER Study Group. Sexual activity without condoms and risk of HIV transmission in serodifferent couples when the HIV-positive partner is using suppressive antiretroviral therapy. JAMA 2016;316:171–81. PMID:27404185 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.5148

96. Bavinton BR, Pinto AN, Phanuphak N, et al.; Opposites Attract Study Group. Viral suppression and HIV transmission in serodiscordant male couples: an international, prospective, observational, cohort study. Lancet HIV 2018;5:e438–47. PMID:30025681 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(18)30132-2

97. Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, et al.; PARTNER Study Group. Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study. Lancet 2019;393:2428–38. PMID:31056293 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30418-0

98. Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in adults and adolescents with HIV. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, AIDSinfo. https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/sites/default/files/inline-files/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf

99. Golden MR, Kerani RP, Stenger M, et al. Effect of expedited partner therapy (EPT) on chlamydial prevalence: the Washington State Community-Level Trial. Presented at the STD Prevention Conference, Minneapolis, MN; March 12–15, 2012.

100. Philip SS, Yu X, Donnell D, Vittinghoff E, Buchbinder S. Serosorting is associated with a decreased risk of HIV seroconversion in the EXPLORE Study Cohort. PLoS One 2010;5:e12662. PMID:20844744 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012662

101. Vallabhaneni S, Li X, Vittinghoff E, Donnell D, Pilcher CD, Buchbinder SP. Seroadaptive practices: association with HIV acquisition among HIV-negative men who have sex with men. PLoS One 2012;7:e45718. PMID:23056215 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045718

102. Jin F, Prestage GP, Templeton DJ, et al. The impact of HIV seroadaptive behaviors on sexually transmissible infections in HIV-negative homosexual men in Sydney, Australia. Sex Transm Dis 2012;39:191–4. PMID:22337105 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3182401a2f

103. Hotton AL, Gratzer B, Mehta SD. Association between serosorting and bacterial sexually transmitted infection among HIV-negative men who have sex with men at an urban lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health center. Sex Transm Dis 2012;39:959–64. PMID:23191950 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31826e870d

104. Anderson C, Gallo MF, Hylton-Kong T, et al. Randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of counseling messages for avoiding unprotected sexual intercourse during sexually transmitted infection and reproductive tract infection treatment among female sexually transmitted infection clinic patients. Sex Transm Dis 2013;40:105–10. PMID:23321990 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31827938a1

105. Golden MR, Hogben M, Handsfield HH, St Lawrence JS, Potterat JJ, Holmes KK. Partner notification for HIV and STD in the United States: low coverage for gonorrhea, chlamydial infection, and HIV. Sex Transm Dis 2003;30:490–6. PMID:12782949 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-200306000-00004

106. Katz DA, Dombrowski JC, Kerani RP, et Integrating HIV testing as an outcome of STD partner services for men who have sex with men. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2016;30:208–14. PMID:27158848 https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2016.0027

107. Katz DA, Dombrowski JC, Barry M, Spellman D, Bell TR, Golden MR. STD partner services to monitor and promote HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis use among men who have sex with men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019;80:533–41. PMID:30649032 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001952

108. Bocour A, Renaud TC, Udeagu CC, Shepard CW. HIV partner services are associated with timely linkage to HIV medical care. AIDS 2013;27:2961–3. PMID:24189585 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000031

109. Tesoriero JM, Johnson BL, Hart-Malloy R, et al. Improving retention in HIV care through New York’s expanded partner services Data-to-Care pilot. J Public Health Manag Pract 2017;23:255–63. PMID:27902561 https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000000483

110. Trelle S, Shang A, Nartey L, Cassell JA, Low N. Improved effectiveness of partner notification for patients with sexually transmitted infections: systematic BMJ 2007;334:354. PMID:17237298 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39079.460741.7C

111. CDC. Recommendations for partner services programs for HIV infection, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydial infection. MMWR Recomm Rep 2008;57(No. RR-9). PMID:18987617

112. Thurman AR, Shain RN, Holden AE, Champion JD, Perdue ST, Piper JM. Partner notification of sexually transmitted infections: a large cohort of Mexican American and African American women. Sex Transm Dis 2008;35:136–40. PMID:17898679 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318151498f

113. Kissinger PJ, Niccolai LM, Magnus M, et al. Partner notification for HIV and syphilis: effects on sexual behaviors and relationship stability. Sex Transm Dis 2003;30:75–82. PMID:12514447 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-200301000-00015

114. Smith SG, Zhang X, Basile KC, et al. The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2015 data brief—updated release. Atlanta GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/2015data-brief508.pdf

115. Wilson TE, Hogben M, Malka ES, et al. A randomized controlled trial for reducing risks for sexually transmitted infections through enhanced patient-based partner notification. Am J Public Health 2009;99(Suppl 1):S104–10. PMID:18556619 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.112128

116. Yu YY, Frasure-Williams JA, Dunne EF, Bolan G, Markowitz L, Bauer HM. Chlamydia partner services for females in California family planning clinics. Sex Transm Dis 2011;38:913–8. PMID:21934563 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3182240366

117. Mickiewicz T, Al-Tayyib A, Thrun M, Rietmeijer C. Implementation and effectiveness of an expedited partner therapy program in an urban clinic. Sex Transm Dis 2012;39:923–9. PMID:23169171 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3182756f20

118. Kachur R, Strona FV, Kinsey J, Collins D. Introducing technology into partner services: a toolkit for programs. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2015. https://www.cdc.gov/std/program/ips/ips-toolkit-12-28-2015.pdf

119. Kachur R, Hall W, Coor A, Kinsey J, Collins D, Strona FV. The use of technology for sexually transmitted disease partner services in the United States: a structured review. Sex Transm Dis 2018;45:707–12. PMID:29771868 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000864

120. Pellowski J, Mathews C, Kalichman MO, Dewing S, Lurie MN, Kalichman SC. Advancing partner notification through electronic communication technology: a review of acceptability and utilization research. J Health Commun 2016;21:629–37. PMID:27144318 https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2015.1128020

121. Borchardt LN, Pickett ML, Tan KT, Visotcky AM, Drendel AL. Expedited partner therapy: pharmacist refusal of legal prescriptions. Sex Transm Dis 2018;45:350–3. PMID:29465689 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000751

122. Qin JZ, Diniz CP, Coleman JS. Pharmacy-level barriers to implementing expedited partner therapy in Baltimore, Maryland. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018;218:e1–6. PMID:29410060 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2018.01.036

123. Schillinger J, Slutsker J, Tsang L, et al. Do prescriptions for expedited partner therapy get filled? Findings from a multi-jurisdictional evaluation, US, 2017–2018. Sex Transm Infect 2019;95(Suppl 1):A107.

124. Slutsker JS, Tsang LB, Schillinger JA. Do prescriptions for expedited partner therapy for chlamydia get filled? Findings from a multi-jurisdictional evaluation, United States, 2017–2019. Sex Transm Dis 2020;47:376–82. PMID:32149956 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001163

125. Golden MR, Whittington WL, Handsfield HH, et Effect of expedited treatment of sex partners on recurrent or persistent gonorrhea or chlamydial infection. N Engl J Med 2005;352:676–85. PMID:15716561 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa041681

126. Schillinger JA, Kissinger P, Calvet H, et al. Patient-delivered partner treatment with azithromycin to prevent repeated Chlamydia trachomatis infection among women: a randomized, controlled trial. Sex Transm Dis 2003;30:49–56. PMID:12514443 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-200301000-00011

127. Kissinger P, Mohammed H, Richardson-Alston G, et al. Patient-delivered partner treatment for male urethritis: a randomized, controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:623–9. PMID:16080084 https://doi.org/10.1086/432476

128. Cameron ST, Glasier A, Scott G, et al. Novel interventions to reduce re-infection in women with chlamydia: a randomized controlled trial. Hum Reprod 2009;24:888–95. PMID:19136481 https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/den475

129. Kissinger P, Schmidt N, Mohammed H, et al. Patient-delivered partner treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis infection: a randomized controlled trial. Sex Transm Dis 2006;33:445–50. PMID:16531939 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.olq.0000204511.84485.4c

130. Schwebke JR, Desmond RA. A randomized controlled trial of partner notification methods for prevention of trichomoniasis in women. Sex Transm Dis 2010;37:392–6. PMID:20453720 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181dd1691

131. Stephens SC, Bernstein KT, Katz MH, Philip SS, Klausner JD. The effectiveness of patient-delivered partner therapy and chlamydial and gonococcal reinfection in San Francisco. Sex Transm Dis 2010;37:525–9. PMID:20502392 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181d8920f

132. Kerani RP, Fleming M, DeYoung B, Golden MR. A randomized, controlled trial of inSPOT and patient-delivered partner therapy for gonorrhea and chlamydial infection among men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Dis 2011;38:941–6. PMID:21934569 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318223fcbc

133. Stekler J, Bachmann L, Brotman RM, et al. Concurrent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in sex partners of patients with selected STIs: implications for patient-delivered partner therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:787–93. PMID:15736009 https://doi.org/10.1086/428043

134. McNulty A, Teh MF, Freedman E. Patient delivered partner therapy for chlamydial infection—what would be missed? Sex Transm Dis 2008;35:834–6. PMID:18580822 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181761993

135. Schillinger J, Jamison K, Slutsker J, et al. STI and HIV infections among MSM reporting exposure to gonorrhea or chlamydia: implications for expedited partner therapy. Sex Transm Infect 2019;95(Suppl 1):A107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-sti.272

136. Turner AN, Feldblum PJ, Hoke TH. Baseline infection with a sexually transmitted disease is highly predictive of reinfection during follow-up in Malagasy sex workers. Sex Transm Dis 2010;37:559–62. PMID:20716996 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181d70a03

137. Peterman TA, Tian LH, Metcalf CA, et al.; RESPECT-2 Study Group. High incidence of new sexually transmitted infections in the year following a sexually transmitted infection: a case for Ann Intern Med 2006;145:564–72. PMID:17043338 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-145-8-200610170-00005

138. Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, et al.; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for HIV infection: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA 2019;321:2326–36. PMID:31184701 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.6587

139. Health and Human Services Panel on Treatment of HIV-Infected Pregnant Women and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission. Recommendations for use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant HIV-1-infected women for maternal health and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, AIDSinfo; 2014. https://npin.cdc.gov/publication/recommendations-use-antiretroviral-drugs-pregnant-hiv-1-infected-women-maternal-health

140. Committee on Obstetric Practice HIV Expert Work Group. ACOG Committee opinion no. 752: prenatal and perinatal human immunodeficiency virus testing. Obstet Gynecol 2018;132:e138–42. PMID:30134428 https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002825

141. CDC. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2019 [Internet]. Atlanta GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/std/statistics/2019/default.htm

142. Warren HP, Cramer R, Kidd S, Leichliter JS. State requirements for prenatal syphilis screening in the United States, 2016. Matern Child Health J 2018;22:1227–32. PMID:30019155 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-018-2592-0

143. Lin JS, Eder M, Bean S. Screening for syphilis infection in pregnant women: a reaffirmation evidence update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Evidence Synthesis No. 167. AHRQ Publication No. 18-05238-EF-1. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2018.

144. Neblett Fanfair R, Tao G, Owusu-Edusei K, Gift TL, Bernstein KT. Suboptimal prenatal syphilis testing among commercially insured women in the United States, 2013. Sex Transm Dis 2017;44:219–21. PMID:28282647 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000569

145. Patel CG, Huppert JS, Tao G. Provider adherence to syphilis testing recommendations for women delivering a stillbirth. Sex Transm Dis 2017;44:685–90. PMID:28876321 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000656

146. Matthias JM, Rahman MM, Newman DR, Peterman TA. Effectiveness of prenatal screening and treatment to prevent congenital syphilis, Louisiana and Florida, 2013–2014. Sex Transm Dis 2017;44:498–502. PMID:28703731 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000638

147. Albright CM, Emerson JB, Werner EF, Hughes BL. Third-trimester prenatal syphilis screening: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2015;126:479–85. PMID:26244531 https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000000997

148. Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, et al.; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for hepatitis B virus infection in pregnant women: US Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. JAMA 2019;322:349–54. PMID:31334800 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.9365

149. LeFevre ML; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2014;161:902–10. PMID:25243785 https://doi.org/10.7326/M14-1981

150. Watts T, Stockman L, Martin J, Guilfoyle S, Vergeront JM. Increased risk for mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus among Medicaid recipients—Wisconsin, 2011–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:1136–9. PMID:29072864 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6642a3

151. Patrick SW, Bauer AM, Warren MD, Jones TF, Wester C. Hepatitis C virus infection among women giving birth—Tennessee and United States, 2009–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:470–3. PMID:28493860 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6618a3

152. Chappell CA, Hillier SL, Crowe D, Meyn LA, Bogen DL, Krans EE. Hepatitis C virus screening among children exposed during pregnancy. Pediatrics 2018;141:e20173273. PMID:29720535 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-3273

153. Gowda C, Kennedy S, Glover C, Prasad MR, Wang L, Honegger JR. Enhanced identification of maternal hepatitis C virus infection using existing public health surveillance systems. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2018;32:401–10. PMID:29972246 https://doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12481

154. Waruingi W, Mhanna MJ, Kumar D, Abughali N. Hepatitis C virus universal screening versus risk based selective screening during pregnancy. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2015;8:371–8. PMID:26836823 https://doi.org/10.3233/NPM-15915024

155. Boudova S, Mark K, El-Kamary SS. Risk-based hepatitis C screening in pregnancy is less reliable than universal screening: a retrospective chart review. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018;5:ofy043. PMID:29564364 https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy043

156. Schillie S, Wester C, Osborne M, Wesolowski L, Ryerson AB. CDC recommendations for hepatitis C screening among adults—United States, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep 2020;69(No. RR-2). PMID:32271723 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6902a1

157. Moyer VA; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for hepatitis C virus infection in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2013;159:349–57. PMID:23798026 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-159-5-201309030-00672

158. Perkins RB, Guido RS, Castle PE, et al.; 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines Committee. 2019 ASCCP risk-based management consensus guidelines for abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2020;24:102–31. PMID:32243307 https://doi.org/10.1097/LGT.0000000000000525

159. Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, et al.; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnant persons to prevent preterm delivery: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA 2020;323:1286–92. PMID:32259236 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2684

160. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn; American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology Committee on Obstetric Practice. Guidelines for perinatal care. Kilpatrick SJ, Papile LA, eds. 8th ed. Itasca, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics and Washington, DC: American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology; 2017.

161. Curry SJ, Krist AH, Owens DK, et al.; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for syphilis infection in pregnant women: US Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. JAMA 2018;320:911–7. PMID:30193283 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.11785

162. Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al.; US Preventive Services Task Force. Serologic screening for genital herpes infection: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA 2016;316:2525–30. PMID:27997659 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.16776

163. Selph SS, Bougatsos C, Dana T, Grusing S, Chou R. Screening for HIV infection in pregnant women: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2019;321:2349–60. PMID:31184704 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.2593

164. Henderson JT, Webber EM, Bean SI. Screening for Hepatitis B infection in pregnant women: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2019;322:360–2. PMID:31334780 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.1655

165. Leichliter JS, Dittus PJ, Copen CE, Aral SO. Trends in factors indicating increased risk for STI among key subpopulations in the United States, 2002–2015. Sex Transm Infect 2020;96:121–3. PMID:31350378 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-054045

166. Committee on Adolescence; Council on Clinical and Information Technology; Blythe MJ, Del Beccaro MA. Standards for health information technology to ensure adolescent p Pediatrics 2012;130:987–90. PMID:23109684 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-2580

167. ACOG Committee Opinion no. 599: Committee on Adolescent Health Care: adolescent confidentiality and electronic health records. Obstet Gynecol 2014;123:1148–50. PMID:24785881 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000446825.08715.98

168. Thompson LA, Martinko T, Budd P, Mercado R, Schentrup AM. Meaningful use of a confidential adolescent patient portal. J Adolesc Health 2016;58:134–40. PMID:26802988 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.10.015

169. Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine; American Academy of Pediatrics. Confidentiality protections for adolescents and young adults in the health care billing and insurance claims process. J Adolesc Health 2016;58:374–7. PMID:26903437 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.12.009

170. Bamberger DM, Graham G, Dennis L, Gerkovich MM. Extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydia among men and women according to type of sexual exposure. Sex Transm Dis 2019;46:329–34. PMID:30676485 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000967

171. Chan PA, Robinette A, Montgomery M, et al. Extragenital infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a review of the Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2016;2016:5758387. PMID:27366021 https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5758387

172. Owusu-Edusei K Jr, Hoover KW, Gift TL. Cost-effectiveness of opt-out chlamydia testing for high-risk young women in the U.S. Am J Prev Med 2016;51:216–24. PMID:26952078 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.01.007

173. DiClemente RJ, Sales JM, Danner F, Crosby RA. Association between sexually transmitted diseases and young adults’ self-reported abstinence. Pediatrics 2011;127:208–13. PMID:21199852 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-0892

174. Curry SJ, Krist AH, Owens DK, et al.; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for cervical cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA 2018;320:674–86. PMID:30140884 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.10897

175. Committee on Practice Bulletins—Gynecology. Practice bulletin no. 157: cervical cancer screening and prevention. Obstet Gynecol 2016;127:e1–20. PMID:26695583 https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000001263

176. Benard VB, Watson M, Castle PE, Saraiya M. Cervical carcinoma rates among young females in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 2012;120:1117–23. PMID:23090530 https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e31826e4609

177. Fontham ETH, Wolf AMD, Church TR, et al. Cervical cancer screening for individuals at average risk: 2020 guideline update from the American Cancer Society. CA Cancer J Clin 2020;70:321–46. PMID:32729638 https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21628

178. Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, et al.; US Preventive Services Task Force. Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA 2019;321:2203–13. PMID:31184747 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.6390

179. Mayer KH, Bekker LG, Stall R, Grulich AE, Colfax G, Lama JR. Comprehensive clinical care for men who have sex with men: an integrated approach. Lancet 2012;380:378–87. PMID:22819653 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60835-6

180. Buchbinder SP, Vittinghoff E, Heagerty PJ, et al. Sexual risk, nitrite inhalant use, and lack of circumcision associated with HIV seroconversion in men who have sex with men in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005;39:82–9. PMID:15851918 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.qai.0000134740.41585.f4

181. Paz-Bailey G, Mendoza MC, Finlayson T, et al.; NHBS Study Group. Trends in condom use among MSM in the United States: the role of antiretroviral therapy and seroadaptive strategies. AIDS 2016;30:1985–90. PMID:27149088 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001139

182. Spicknall IH, Gift TL, Bernstein KT, Aral SO. Sexual networks and infection transmission networks among men who have sex with men as causes of disparity and targets of prevention. Sex Transm Infect 2017;93:307–8. PMID:28389442 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2016-052676

183. Glick SN, Morris M, Foxman B, et al. A comparison of sexual behavior patterns among men who have sex with men and heterosexual men and women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012;60:83–90. PMID:22522237 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e318247925e

184. Goodreau SM, Golden MR. Biological and demographic causes of high HIV and sexually transmitted disease prevalence in men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Infect 2007;83:458–62. PMID:17855487 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2007.025627

185. Chew Ng RA, Samuel MC, Lo T, et al. Sex, drugs (methamphetamines), and the Internet: increasing syphilis among men who have sex with men in California, 2004–2008. Am J Public Health 2013;103:1450–6. PMID:23153138 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300808

186. Bernstein KT, Stephens SC, Strona FV, Kohn RP, Philip SS. Epidemiologic characteristics of an ongoing syphilis epidemic among men who have sex with men, San Fran Sex Transm Dis 2013;40:11–7. PMID:23254114 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31827763ea

187. Cohen SE, Chew Ng RA, Katz KA, et al. Repeat syphilis among men who have sex with men in California, 2002–2006: implications for syphilis elimination efforts. Am J Public Health 2012;102:e1–8. PMID:22095364 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300383

188. Kirkcaldy RD, Harvey A, Papp JR, et al. Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance—The Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project, 27 sites, United States, 2014. MMWR Surveill Summ 2016;65( SS-7). PMID:27414503 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6507a1

189. Kirkcaldy RD, Zaidi A, Hook EW 3rd, et al. Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance among men who have sex with men and men who have sex exclusively with women: the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project, 2005–2010. Ann Intern Med 2013;158:321–8. PMID:23460055 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-158-5-201303050-00004

190. Newman LM, Dowell D, Bernstein K, et al. A tale of two gonorrhea epidemics: results from the STD Surveillance Network. Public Health Rep 2012;127:282–92. PMID:22547859 https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491212700308

191. Hess KL, Hu X, Lansky A, Mermin J, Hall HI. Lifetime risk of a diagnosis of HIV infection in the United States. Ann Epidemiol 2017;27:238–43. PMID:28325538 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.02.003

192. Patel P, Borkowf CB, Brooks JT, Lasry A, Lansky A, Mermin J. Estimating per-act HIV transmission risk: a systematic review. AIDS 2014;28:1509–19. PMID:24809629 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000298

193. Koblin BA, Husnik MJ, Colfax G, et al. Risk factors for HIV infection among men who have sex with men. AIDS 2006;20:731–9. PMID:16514304 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000216374.61442.55

194. Ackers ML, Greenberg AE, Lin CY, et al. High and persistent HIV seroincidence in men who have sex with men across 47 U.S. cities. PLoS One 2012;7:e34972. PMID:22529964 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034972

195. Zetola NM, Bernstein KT, Wong E, Louie B, Klausner JD. Exploring the relationship between sexually transmitted diseases and HIV acquisition by using different study designs. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009;50:546–51. PMID:19367993 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e318195bd2b

196. Solomon MM, Mayer KH, Glidden DV, et al.; iPrEx Study Team. Syphilis predicts HIV incidence among men and transgender women who have sex with men in a preexposure prophylaxis trial. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59:1020–6. PMID:24928295 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu450

197. Fleming DT, Wasserheit JN. From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection. Sex Transm Infect 1999;75:3–17. PMID:10448335 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.75.1.3

198. Freeman EE, Weiss HA, Glynn JR, Cross PL, Whitworth JA, Hayes RJ. Herpes simplex virus 2 infection increases HIV acquisition in men and women: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. AIDS 2006;20:73–83. PMID:16327322 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000198081.09337.a7

199. Reynolds SJ, Risbud AR, Shepherd ME, et al. High rates of syphilis among STI patients are contributing to the spread of HIV-1 in India. Sex Transm Infect 2006;82:121–6. PMID:16581736 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2005.015040

200. Hoots BE, Wejnert C, Martin A, et al.; NHBS Study Group. Undisclosed HIV infection among MSM in a behavioral surveillance study. AIDS 2019;33:913–8. PMID:30649053 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000002147

201. Dolling DI, Desai M, McOwan A, et al.; PROUD Study Group. An analysis of baseline data from the PROUD study: an open-label randomised trial of pre-exposure prophylaxis. Trials 2016;17:163. PMID:27013513 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-016-1286-4

202. Oldenburg CE, Nunn AS, Montgomery M, et al. Behavioral changes following uptake of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in a clinical setting. AIDS Behav 2018;22:1075–9. PMID:28150120 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1701-1

203. Montaño MA, Dombrowski JC, Dasgupta S, et al. Changes in sexual behavior and STI diagnoses among MSM initiating PrEP in a clinic setting. AIDS Behav 2019;23:548–55. PMID:30117076 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2252-9

204. Traeger MW, Schroeder SE, Wright EJ, et al. Effects of pre-exposure prophylaxis for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection on sexual risk behavior in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2018;67:676–86. PMID:29509889 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy182

205. Jenness SM, Weiss KM, Goodreau SM, et al. Incidence of gonorrhea and chlamydia following human immunodeficiency virus preexposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men: a modeling study. Clin Infect Dis 2017;65:712–8. PMID:28505240 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix439

206. Tang EC, Vittinghoff E, Philip SS, et al. Quarterly screening optimizes detection of sexually transmitted infections when prescribing HIV preexposure prophylaxis. AIDS 2020;34:1181–6. PMID:32205724 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000002522

207. Barbee LA, Khosropour CM, Dombrowksi JC, Golden MR. New human immunodeficiency virus diagnosis independently associated with rectal gonorrhea and chlamydia in men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Dis 2017;44:385–9. PMID:28608786 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000614

208. Bernstein KT, Marcus JL, Nieri G, Philip SS, Klausner JD. Rectal gonorrhea and chlamydia reinfection is associated with increased risk of HIV seroconversion. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010;53:537–43. PMID:19935075 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181c3ef29

209. Barbee LA, Khosropour CM, Dombrowski JC, Manhart LE, Golden MR. An estimate of the proportion of symptomatic gonococcal, chlamydial and non-gonococcal non-chlamydial urethritis attributable to oral sex among men who have sex with men: a case-control study. Sex Transm Infect 2016;92:155–60. PMID:26297719 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2015-052214

210. Lafferty WE, Hughes JP, Handsfield HH. Sexually transmitted diseases in men who have sex with men. Acquisition of gonorrhea and nongonococcal urethritis by fellatio and implications for STD/HIV prevention. Sex Transm Dis 1997;24:272–8. PMID:9153736 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-199705000-00007

211. Bernstein KT, Stephens SC, Barry PM, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmission from the oropharynx to the urethra among men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:1793–7. PMID:19911970 https://doi.org/10.1086/648427

212. Patton ME, Kidd S, Llata E, et al. Extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydia testing and infection among men who have sex with men—STD Surveillance Network, United States, 2010–2012. Clin Infect Dis 2014;58:1564–70. PMID:24647015 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu184

213. Kent CK, Chaw JK, Wong W, et al. Prevalence of rectal, urethral, and pharyngeal chlamydia and gonorrhea detected in 2 clinical settings among men who have sex with men: San Francisco, California, 2003. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:67–74. PMID:15937765 https://doi.org/10.1086/430704

214. Koedijk FD, van Bergen JE, Dukers-Muijrers NH, van Leeuwen AP, Hoebe CJ, van der Sande MA; Dutch STI centres. The value of testing multiple anatomic sites for gonorrhoea and chlamydia in sexually transmitted infection centres in the Netherlands, 2006–2010. Int J STD AIDS 2012;23:626–31. PMID:23033514 https://doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2012.011378

215. Barbee LA, Dombrowski JC, Kerani R, Golden MR. Effect of nucleic acid amplification testing on detection of extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydial infections in men who have sex with men sexually transmitted disease clinic patients. Sex Transm Dis 2014;41:168–72. PMID:24521722 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000093

216. Danby CS, Cosentino LA, Rabe LK, et al. Patterns of extragenital chlamydia and gonorrhea in women and men who have sex with men reporting a history of receptive anal intercourse. Sex Transm Dis 2016;43:105–9. PMID:26766527 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000384

217. van der Helm JJ, Hoebe CJ, van Rooijen MS, et al. High performance and acceptability of self-collected rectal swabs for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in men who have sex with men and women. Sex Transm Dis 2009;36:493–7. PMID:19617869 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181a44b8c

218. Alexander S, Ison C, Parry J, et al.; Brighton Home Sampling Kits Steering Group. Self-taken pharyngeal and rectal swabs are appropriate for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in asymptomatic men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Infect 2008;84:488–92. PMID:19028953 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2008.031443

219. Freeman AH, Bernstein KT, Kohn RP, Philip S, Rauch LM, Klausner JD. Evaluation of self-collected versus clinician-collected swabs for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae pharyngeal infection among men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Dis 2011;38:1036–9. PMID:21992980 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318227713e

220. Chesson HW, Bernstein KT, Gift TL, Marcus JL, Pipkin S, Kent CK. The cost-effectiveness of screening men who have sex with men for rectal chlamydial and gonococcal infection to prevent HIV Infection. Sex Transm Dis 2013;40:366–71. PMID:23588125 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318284e544

221. Jenness SM, Weiss KM, Prasad P, Zlotorzynska M, Sanchez T. Bacterial sexually transmitted infection screening rates by symptomatic status among men who have sex with men in the United States: a hierarchical Bayesian analysis. Sex Transm Dis 2019;46:25–30. PMID:30044334 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000896

222. Hoover KW, Butler M, Workowski K, et al.; Evaluation Group for Adherence to STD and Hepatitis Screening. STD screening of HIV-infected MSM in HIV clinics. Sex Transm Dis 2010;37:771–6. PMID:20585275 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181e50058

223. de Voux A, Bernstein KT, Bradley H, Kirkcaldy RD, Tie Y, Shouse RL; Medical Monitoring Project. Syphilis testing among sexually active men who have sex with men and who are receiving medical care for human immunodeficiency virus in the United States: Medical Monitoring Project, 2013–2014. Clin Infect Dis 2019;68:934–9. PMID:29985985 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy571

224. Gray RT, Hoare A, Prestage GP, Donovan B, Kaldor JM, Wilson DP. Frequent testing of highly sexually active gay men is required to control syphilis. Sex Transm Dis 2010;37:298–305. PMID:20393383 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181ca3c0a

225. Tuite AR, Fisman DN, Mishra S. Screen more or screen more often? Using mathematical models to inform syphilis control BMC Public Health 2013;13:606. PMID:23800206 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-606

226. Tuite A, Fisman D. Go big or go home: impact of screening coverage on syphilis infection dynamics. Sex Transm Infect 2016;92:49–54. PMID:25954016 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2014-052001

227. Tuite AR, Shaw S, Reimer JN, Ross CP, Fisman DN, Mishra S. Can enhanced screening of men with a history of prior syphilis infection stem the epidemic in men who have sex with men? A mathematical modelling study. Sex Transm Infect 2018;94:105–10. PMID:28705938 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053201

228. Raifman JR, Gebo KA, Mathews WC, et al.; HIV Research Network. Gonorrhea and chlamydia case detection increased when testing increased in a multisite US HIV cohort, 2004–2014. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017;76:409–16. PMID:28777262 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001514

229. Barbee LA, Dhanireddy S, Tat SA, Marrazzo JM. Barriers to bacterial sexually transmitted infection testing of HIV-infected men who have sex with men engaged in HIV primary care. Sex Transm Dis 2015;42:590–4. PMID:26372931 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000320

230. McMillan A, Young H, Moyes A. Rectal gonorrhoea in homosexual men: source of infection. Int J STD AIDS 2000;11:284–7. PMID:10824935 https://doi.org/10.1177/095646240001100502

231. Chow EP, Cornelisse VJ, Read TR, Chen MY, Bradshaw CS, Fairley CK. Saliva use in sex: associations with use of smartphone dating applications in men who have sex with men. Int J STD AIDS 2018;29:362–6. PMID:28835197 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462417727669

232. Cornelisse VJ, Priest D, Fairley CK, et al. The frequency of kissing as part of sexual activity differs depending on how men meet their male casual sexual partners. Int J STD AIDS 2018;29:598–602. PMID:29256822 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462417748717

233. Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, et al.; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for hepatitis B virus infection in adolescents and adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA 2020;324:2415–22. PMID:33320230 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.22980

234. Tohme RA, Holmberg SD. Is sexual contact a major mode of hepatitis C virus transmission? Hepatology 2010;52:1497–505. PMID:20635398 https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.23808

235. Wandeler G, Gsponer T, Bregenzer A, et al.; Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Hepatitis C virus infections in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study: a rapidly evolving epidemic. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55:1408–16. PMID:22893583 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis694

236. Garg S, Taylor LE, Grasso C, Mayer KH. Prevalent and incident hepatitis C virus infection among HIV-infected men who have sex with men engaged in primary care in a Boston community health center. Clin Infect Dis 2013;56:1480–7. PMID:23386630 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit054

237. Urbanus AT, van de Laar TJ, Stolte IG, et al. Hepatitis C virus infections among HIV-infected men who have sex with men: an expanding epidemic. AIDS 2009;23:F1–7. PMID:19542864 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832e5631

238. Linas BP, Wong AY, Schackman BR, Kim AY, Freedberg KA. Cost-effective screening for acute hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55:279–90. PMID:22491339 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis382

239. Taylor LE, DeLong AK, Maynard MA, et al. Acute hepatitis C virus in an HIV clinic: a screening strategy, risk factors, and perception of risk. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2011;25:571–7. PMID:21859307 https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2011.0106

240. Kaul R, Kimani J, Nagelkerke NJ, et al.; Kibera HIV Study Group. Monthly antibiotic chemoprophylaxis and incidence of sexually transmitted infections and HIV-1 infection in Kenyan sex workers: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:2555–62. PMID:15173146 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.21.2555

241. Ong JJ, Baggaley RC, Wi TE, et al. Global epidemiologic characteristics of sexually transmitted infections among individuals using preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2019;2:e1917134. PMID:31825501 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.17134

242. Paz-Bailey G, Hoots BE, Xia M, Finlayson T, Prejean J, Purcell DW; NHBS Study Group. Trends in Internet use among men who have sex with men in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017;75(Suppl 3):S288–95. PMID:28604430 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001404

243. Badal HJ, Stryker JE, DeLuca N, Purcell DW. Swipe right: dating website and app use among men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav 2018;22:1265–72. PMID:28884248 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1882-7

244. Chan PA, Crowley C, Rose JS, et al. A network analysis of sexually transmitted diseases and online hookup sites among men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Dis 2018;45:462–8. PMID:29465663 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000784

245. Beymer MR, Weiss RE, Bolan RK, et al. Sex on demand: geosocial networking phone apps and risk of sexually transmitted infections among a cross-sectional sample of men who have sex with men in Los Angeles County. Sex Transm Infect 2014;90:567–72. PMID:24926041 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051494

246. Medina MM, Crowley C, Montgomery MC, et al. Disclosure of HIV serostatus and pre-exposure prophylaxis use on internet hookup sites among men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav 2019;23:1681–8. PMID:30267365 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2286-z

247. Chan PA, Towey C, Poceta J, et al. Online hookup sites for meeting sexual partners among men who have sex with men in Rhode Island, 2013: a call for public health action. Public Health Rep 2016;131:264–71. PMID:26957661 https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491613100210

248. Lampkin D, Crawley A, Lopez TP, Mejia CM, Yuen W, Levy V. Reaching suburban men who have sex with men for STD and HIV services through online social networking outreach: a public health approach. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016;72:73–8. PMID:27097365 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000930

249. Sun CJ, Stowers J, Miller C, Bachmann LH, Rhodes SD. Acceptability and feasibility of using established geosocial and sexual networking mobile applications to promote HIV and STD testing among men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav 2015;19:543–52. PMID:25381563 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0942-5

250. Dritz SK, Back AF. Letter: Shigella enteritis venereally transmitted. N Engl J Med 1974;291:1194. PMID:4608062 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197411282912223

251. Aragón TJ, Vugia DJ, Shallow S, et al. Case-control study of shigellosis in San Francisco: the role of sexual transmission and HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:327–34. PMID:17205436 https://doi.org/10.1086/510593

252. Simms I, Field N, Jenkins C, et al. Intensified shigellosis epidemic associated with sexual transmission in men who have sex with men—Shigella flexneri and sonnei in England, 2004 to end of February 2015. Euro Surveill 2015;20:21097. PMID:25953129 https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2015.20.15.21097

253. Gilbart VL, Simms I, Jenkins C, et al. Sex, drugs and smart phone applications: findings from semistructured interviews with men who have sex with men diagnosed with Shigella flexneri 3a in England and Wales. Sex Transm Infect 2015;91:598–602. PMID:25921020 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2015-052014

254. Narayan S, Galanis E; BC STEI Group. Are enteric infections sexually transmitted in British Columbia? Can Commun Dis Rep 2016;42:24–9. PMID:29770000 https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v42i02a01

255. Mohan K, Hibbert M, Rooney G, et al. What is the overlap between HIV and shigellosis epidemics in England: further evidence of MSM transmission? Sex Transm Infect 2018;94:67–71. PMID:28490580 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2016-052962

256. Hughes G, Silalang P, Were J, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of gastrointestinal infections in men who have sex with men diagnosed with rectal chlamydia infection in the UK: an ‘unlinked anonymous’ cross-sectional study. Sex Transm Infect 2018;94:518–21. PMID:28360379 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2016-053057

257. O’Sullivan B, Delpech V, Pontivivo G, et al. Shigellosis linked to sex venues, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8:862–4. PMID:12141976 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0808.010534

258. Marcus U, Zucs P, Bremer V, et al. Shigellosis—a re-emerging sexually transmitted infection: outbreak in men having sex with men in Berlin. Int J STD AIDS 2004;15:533–7. PMID:15307964 https://doi.org/10.1258/0956462041558221

259. Danila RN, Eikmeier DL, Robinson TJ, La Pointe A, DeVries AS. Two concurrent enteric disease outbreaks among men who have sex with men, Minneapolis-St Paul area. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59:987–9. PMID:24944234 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu478

260. Okame M, Adachi E, Sato H, et al. Shigella sonnei outbreak among men who have sex with men in Tokyo. Jpn J Infect Dis 2012;65:277–8. PMID:22627317 https://doi.org/10.7883/yoken.65.277

261. Wilmer A, Romney MG, Gustafson R, et al. Shigella flexneri serotype 1 infections in men who have sex with men in Vancouver, Canada. HIV Med 2015;16:168–75. PMID:25656740 https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12191

262. CDC. Shigella sonnei outbreak among men who have sex with men—San Francisco, California, 2000–2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001;50:922–6. PMID:11699845

263. Baer JT, Vugia DJ, Reingold AL, Aragon T, Angulo FJ, Bradford WZ. HIV infection as a risk factor for shigellosis. Emerg Infect Dis 1999;5:820–3. PMID:10603219 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0506.990614

264. Simms I, Gilbart VL, Byrne L, et al. Identification of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O117:H7 in men who have sex with men, England, November 2013 to August 2014. Euro Surveill 2014;19:20946. PMID:25375900 https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.43.20946

265. Quinn TC, Goodell SE, Fennell C, et al. Infections with Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter-like organisms in homosexual men. Ann Intern Med 1984;101:187–92. PMID:6547580 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-101-2-187

266. Gaudreau C, Pilon PA, Sylvestre J-L, Boucher F, Bekal S. Multidrug-resistant Campylobacter coli in men who have sex with men, Quebec, Canada, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2016;22:1661–3. PMID:27533504 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2209.151695

267. Chen GJ, Lin KY, Hung CC, Chang SC. Hepatitis A outbreak among men who have sex with men in a country of low endemicity of hepatitis A infection. J Infect Dis 2017;215:1339–40. PMID:28329351 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix123

268. Lo YC, Ji DD, Hung CC. Prevalent and incident HIV diagnoses among Entamoeba histolytica-infected adult males: a changing epidemiology associated with sexual transmission—Taiwan, 2006–2013. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014;8:e3222. PMID:25299178 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003222

269. Stark D, van Hal SJ, Matthews G, Harkness J, Marriott D. Invasive amebiasis in men who have sex with men, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:1141–3. PMID:18598643 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1407.080017

270. Mitchell H, Hughes G. Recent epidemiology of sexually transmissible enteric infections in men who have sex with men. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2018;31:50–6. PMID:29251673 https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000423

271. Weatherburn P, Hickson F, Reid D, Torres-Rueda S, Bourne A. Motivations and values associated with combining sex and illicit drugs (‘chemsex’) among gay men in South London: findings from a qualitative study. Sex Transm Infect 2017;93:203–6. PMID:27519259 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2016-052695

272. Baker KS, Dallman TJ, Ashton PM, et al. Intercontinental dissemination of azithromycin-resistant shigellosis through sexual transmission: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Infect Dis 2015;15:913–21. PMID:25936611 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00002-X

273. Bowen A, Grass J, Bicknese A, Campbell D, Hurd J, Kirkcaldy RD. Elevated risk for antimicrobial drug-resistant Shigella infection among men who have sex with men, United States, 2011–2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2016;22:1613–6. PMID:27533624 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2209.160624

274. Gaudreau C, Rodrigues-Coutlée S, Pilon PA, Coutlée F, Bekal S. Long-lasting outbreak of erythromycin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter jejuni subspecies jejuni from 2003 to 2013 in men who have sex with men, Quebec, Canada. Clin Infect Dis 2015;61:1549–52. PMID:26187024 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ570

275. Muzny CA, Sunesara IR, Martin DH, Mena LA. Sexually transmitted infections and risk behaviors among African American women who have sex with women: does sex with men make a difference? Sex Transm Dis 2011;38:1118–25. PMID:22082722 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31822e6179

276. Eisenberg M. Differences in sexual risk behaviors between college students with same-sex and opposite-sex experience: results from a national survey. Arch Sex Behav 2001;30:575–89. PMID:11725456 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011958816438

277. Koh AS, Gómez CA, Shade S, Rowley E. Sexual risk factors among self-identified lesbians, bisexual women, and heterosexual women accessing primary care settings. Sex Transm Dis 2005;32:563–9. PMID:16118605 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.olq.0000175417.17078.21

278. Goodenow C, Szalacha LA, Robin LE, Westheimer K. Dimensions of sexual orientation and HIV-related risk among adolescent females: evidence from a statewide survey. Am J Public Health 2008;98:1051–8. PMID:18445809 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.080531

279. Muzny CA, Austin EL, Harbison HS, Hook EW 3rd. Sexual partnership characteristics of African American women who have sex with women; impact on sexually transmitted infection risk. Sex Transm Dis 2014;41:611–7. PMID:25211257 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000194

280. Riskind RG, Tornello SL, Younger BC, Patterson CJ. Sexual identity, partner gender, and sexual health among adolescent girls in the United States. Am J Public Health 2014;104:1957–63. PMID:25121821 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302037

281. Schick V, Rosenberger JG, Herbenick D, Reece M. Sexual behaviour and risk reduction strategies among a multinational sample of women who have sex with women. Sex Transm Infect 2012;88:407–12. PMID:22563015 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2011-050404

282. Richters J, Prestage G, Schneider K, Clayton S. Do women use dental dams? Safer sex practices of lesbians and other women who have sex with women. Sex Health 2010;7:165–9. PMID:20465981 https://doi.org/10.1071/SH09072

283. Rowen TS, Breyer BN, Lin TC, Li CS, Robertson PA, Shindel AW. Use of barrier protection for sexual activity among women who have sex with women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2013;120:42–5. PMID:23106842 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2012.08.011

284. Lindley LL, Friedman DB, Struble C. Becoming visible: assessing the availability of online sexual health information for lesbians. Health Promot Pract 2012;13:472–80. PMID:21677116 https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839910390314

285. Chetcuti N, Beltzer N, Methy N, Laborde C, Velter A, Bajos N; CSF Group. Preventive care’s forgotten women: life course, sexuality, and sexual health among homosexually and bisexually active women in France. J Sex Res 2013;50:587–97. PMID:22497621 https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2012.657264

286. Logie CH, Navia D, Loutfy MR. Correlates of a lifetime history of sexually transmitted infections among women who have sex with women in Toronto, Canada: results from a cross-sectional internet-based survey. Sex Transm Infect 2015;91:278–83. PMID:25477474 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2014-051745

287. Muzny CA, Kapil R, Austin EL, Hook EW, Geisler WM. Lower sexually transmissible infection prevalence among lifetime exclusive women who have sex with women compared with women who have sex with women and men. Sex Health2014;11:592–3. PMID:25435197 https://doi.org/10.1071/SH14181

288. Muzny CA, Harbison HS, Pembleton ES, Austin EL. Sexual behaviors, perception of sexually transmitted infection risk, and practice of safe sex among southern African American women who have sex with women. Sex Transm Dis 2013;40:395–400. PMID:23588129 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31828caf34

289. Przedworski JM, McAlpine DD, Karaca-Mandic P, VanKim NA. Health and health risks among sexual minority women: an examination of 3 subgroups. Am J Public Health 2014;104:1045–7. PMID:24825204 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301733

290. Brenick A, Romano K, Kegler C, Eaton LA. Understanding the influence of stigma and medical mistrust on engagement in routine healthcare among Black women who have sex with women. LGBT Health 2017;4:4–10. PMID:28113005 https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2016.0083

291. Fethers K, Marks C, Mindel A, Estcourt CS. Sexually transmitted infections and risk behaviours in women who have sex with women. Sex Transm Infect 2000;76:345–9. PMID:11141849 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.76.5.345

292. Marrazzo JM, Koutsky LA, Eschenbach DA, Agnew K, Stine K, Hillier SL. Characterization of vaginal flora and bacterial vaginosis in women who have sex with women. J Infect Dis 2002;185:1307–13. PMID:12001048 https://doi.org/10.1086/339884

293. Kellock D, O’Mahony CP. Sexually acquired metronidazole-resistant trichomoniasis in a lesbian couple. Genitourin Med 1996;72:60–1. PMID:8655171 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.72.1.60

294. Muzny CA, Rivers CA, Mena LA, Schwebke JR. Genotypic characterization of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates among women who have sex with women in sexual partnerships. Sex Transm Dis 2012;39:556–8. PMID:22706219 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31824f1c49

295. Chan SK, Thornton LR, Chronister KJ, et al.; CDC. Likely female-to-female sexual transmission of HIV—Texas, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:209–12. PMID:24622284

296. Kwakwa HA, Ghobrial MW. Female-to-female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:e40–1. PMID:12539088 https://doi.org/10.1086/345462

297. Marrazzo JM, Handsfield HH, Whittington WL. Predicting chlamydial and gonococcal cervical infection: implications for management of cervicitis. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:579–84. PMID:12220782 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200209000-00029

298. Diamant AL, Schuster MA, McGuigan K, Lever J. Lesbians’ sexual history with men: implications for taking a sexual Arch Intern Med 1999;159:2730–6. PMID:10597764 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.159.22.2730

299. Xu F, Sternberg MR, Markowitz LE. Women who have sex with women in the United States: prevalence, sexual behavior and prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection—results from national health and nutrition examination survey 2001–2006. Sex Transm Dis 2010;37:407–13. PMID:20531032 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181db2e18

300. Everett BG, Higgins JA, Haider S, Carpenter E. Do sexual minorities receive appropriate sexual and reproductive health care and counseling? J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2019;28:53–62. PMID:30372369 https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2017.6866

301. Marrazzo JM, Koutsky LA, Stine KL, et al. Genital human papillomavirus infection in women who have sex with women. J Infect Dis 1998;178:1604–9. PMID:9815211 https://doi.org/10.1086/314494

302. Marrazzo JM, Koutsky LA, Kiviat NB, Kuypers JM, Stine K. Papanicolaou test screening and prevalence of genital human papillomavirus among women who have sex with women. Am J Public Health 2001;91:947–52. PMID:11392939 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.91.6.947

303. Bailey JV, Kavanagh J, Owen C, McLean KA, Skinner CJ. Lesbians and cervical screening. Br J Gen Pract 2000;50:481–2. PMID:10962789

304. Anderson TA, Schick V, Herbenick D, Dodge B, Fortenberry JD. A study of human papillomavirus on vaginally inserted sex toys, before and after cleaning, among women who have sex with women and men. Sex Transm Infect 2014;90:529–31. PMID:24739872 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2014-051558

305. Marrazzo JM, Stine K, Wald A. Prevalence and risk factors for infection with herpes simplex virus type-1 and -2 among lesbians. Sex Transm Dis 2003;30:890–5. PMID:14646636 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.OLQ.0000091151.52656.E5

306. Muzny CA, Schwebke JR. The clinical spectrum of Trichomonas vaginalis infection and challenges to management. Sex Transm Infect 2013;89:423–5. PMID:23543252 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2012-050893

307. Muzny CA, Blackburn RJ, Sinsky RJ, Austin EL, Schwebke JR. Added benefit of nucleic acid amplification testing for the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis among men and women attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59:834–41. PMID:24928292 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu446

308. Singh D, Fine DN, Marrazzo JM. Chlamydia trachomatis infection among women reporting sexual activity with women screened in family planning clinics in the Pacific Northwest, 1997 to 2005. Am J Public Health 2011;101:1284–90. PMID:20724697 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.169631

309. Muzny CA, Kapil R, Austin EL, Brown L, Hook EW 3rd, Geisler WM. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in African American women who exclusively have sex with women. Int J STD AIDS 2016;27:978–83. PMID:26384942 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462415604092

310. Koumans EH, Sternberg M, Bruce C, et The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in the United States, 2001–2004; associations with symptoms, sexual behaviors, and reproductive health. Sex Transm Dis 2007;34:864–9. PMID:17621244 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318074e565

311. Evans AL, Scally AJ, Wellard SJ, Wilson JD. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in lesbians and heterosexual women in a community setting. Sex Transm Infect 2007;83:470–5. PMID:17611235 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2006.022277

312. Olson KM, Boohaker LJ, Schwebke JR, Aslibekyan S, Muzny CA. Comparisons of vaginal flora patterns among sexual behaviour groups of women: implications for the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis. Sex Health 2018;15:61–7. PMID:29212588 https://doi.org/10.1071/SH17087

313. Muzny CA, Lensing SY, Aaron KJ, Schwebke JR. Incubation period and risk factors support sexual transmission of bacterial vaginosis in women who have sex with women. Sex Transm Infect 2019;95:511–5. PMID:30872415 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2018-053824

314. Bradshaw CS, Walker SM, Vodstrcil LA, et The influence of behaviors and relationships on the vaginal microbiota of women and their female partners: the WOW Health Study. J Infect Dis 2014;209:1562–72. PMID:24285846 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit664

315. Marrazzo JM, Antonio M, Agnew K, Hillier SL. Distribution of genital Lactobacillus strains shared by female sex partners. J Infect Dis 2009;199:680–3. PMID:19199538 https://doi.org/10.1086/596632

316. Marrazzo JM, Fiedler TL, Srinivasan S, et al. Extravaginal reservoirs of vaginal bacteria as risk factors for incident bacterial vaginosis. J Infect Dis 2012;205:1580–8. PMID:22448002 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis242

317. Mitchell C, Manhart LE, Thomas K, Fiedler T, Fredricks DN, Marrazzo J. Behavioral predictors of colonization with Lactobacillus crispatus or Lactobacillus jensenii after treatment for bacterial vaginosis: a cohort study. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2012;2012:706540. Epub May 30, 2012. PMID:22693410 https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/706540

318. Mitchell C, Manhart LE, Thomas KK, Agnew K, Marrazzo JM. Effect of sexual activity on vaginal colonization with hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacilli and Gardnerella vaginalis. Sex Transm Dis 2011;38:1137–44. PMID:22082725 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31822e6121

319. Fethers K, Twin J, Fairley CK, et al. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) candidate bacteria: associations with BV and behavioural practices in sexually-experienced and inexperienced women. PLoS One 2012;7:e30633. PMID:22363457 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030633

320. Bradshaw CS, Vodstrcil LA, Hocking JS, et al. Recurrence of bacterial vaginosis is significantly associated with posttreatment sexual activities and hormonal contraceptive use. Clin Infect Dis 2013;56:777–86. PMID:23243173 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis1030

321. Marrazzo JM, Thomas KK, Fiedler TL, Ringwood K, Fredricks DN. Risks for acquisition of bacterial vaginosis among women who report sex with women: a cohort study. PLoS One 2010;5:e11139. PMID:20559445 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011139

322. Vodstrcil LA, Walker SM, Hocking JS, et al. Incident bacterial vaginosis (BV) in women who have sex with women is associated with behaviors that suggest sexual transmission of BV. Clin Infect Dis 2015;60:1042–53. PMID:25516188 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu1130

323. Muzny CA, Blanchard E, Taylor CM, et al. Identification of key bacteria involved in the induction of incident bacterial vaginosis: a prospective study. J Infect Dis 2018;218:966–78. PMID:29718358 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy243

324. Marrazzo JM, Thomas KK, Ringwood K. A behavioural intervention to reduce persistence of bacterial vaginosis among women who report sex with women: results of a randomised trial. Sex Transm Infect 2011;87:399–405. PMID:21653935 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2011.049213

325. Bradshaw CS, Walker J, Fairley CK, et al. Prevalent and incident bacterial vaginosis are associated with sexual and contraceptive behaviours in young Australian women. PLoS One 2013;8:e57688. PMID:23472099 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057688

326. Poteat T, Reisner SL, Radix A. HIV epidemics among transgender women. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2014;9:168–73. PMID:24322537 https://doi.org/10.1097/COH.0000000000000030

327. White Hughto JM, Reisner SL, Pachankis JE. Transgender stigma and health: a critical review of stigma determinants, mechanisms, and interventions. Soc Sci Med 2015;147:222–31. PMID:26599625 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.1010

328. Radix AE, Lelutiu-Weinberger C, Gamarel KE. Satisfaction and healthcare utilization of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals in NYC: a community-based participatory study. LGBT Health 2014;1:302–8. PMID:26789858 https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2013.0042

329. Rapues J, Wilson EC, Packer T, Colfax GN, Raymond HF. Correlates of HIV infection among transfemales, San Francisco, 2010: results from a respondent-driven sampling study. Am J Public Health 2013;103:1485–92. PMID:23763398 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301109

330. Sevelius JM, Patouhas E, Keatley JG, Johnson MO. Barriers and facilitators to engagement and retention in care among transgender women living with human immunodeficiency virus. Ann Behav Med 2014;47:5–16. PMID:24317955 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-013-9565-8

331. Sevelius JM. Gender affirmation: a framework for conceptualizing risk behavior among transgender women of color. Sex Roles 2013;68:675–89. PMID:23729971 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0216-5

332. Reisner SL, White Hughto JM, Pardee D, Sevelius J. Syndemics and gender affirmation: HIV sexual risk in female-to-male trans masculine adults reporting sexual contact with cisgender males. Int J STD AIDS 2016;27:955–66. PMID:26384946 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462415602418

333. Coleman E, Bockting W, Botzer M, et al. Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people, version 7. Int J Transgenderism 2012;13:165–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2011.700873

334. Winter S, Diamond M, Green J, et al. Transgender people: health at the margins of society. Lancet 2016;388:390–400. PMID:27323925 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00683-8

335. Cahill S, Singal R, Grasso C, et al. Do ask, do tell: high levels of acceptability by patients of routine collection of sexual orientation and gender identity data in four diverse American community health centers. PLoS One 2014;9:e107104. PMID:25198577 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107104

336. Cahill SR, Baker K, Deutsch MB, Keatley J, Makadon HJ. Inclusion of sexual orientation and gender identity in Stage 3 Meaningful Use Guidelines: a huge step forward for LGBT health. LGBT Health 2016;3:100–2. PMID:26698386 https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2015.0136

337. Tordoff DM, Morgan J, Dombrowski JC, Golden MR, Barbee LA. Increased ascertainment of transgender and non-binary patients using a 2-step versus 1-step gender identity intake question in an STD clinic setting. Sex Transm Dis 2019;46:254–9. PMID:30516726 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000952

338. Grant JM, Mottet LA, Tanis J. National transgender discrimination survey report on health and health care. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force; 2010. https://cancer-network.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/National_Transgender_Discrimination_Survey_Report_on_health_and_health_care.pdf

339. Jaffee KD, Shires DA, Stroumsa D. Discrimination and delayed health care among transgender women and men: implications for improving medical education and health care delivery. Med Care 2016;54:1010–6. PMID:27314263 https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000000583

340. Glick JL, Theall KP, Andrinopoulos KM, Kendall C. The role of discrimination in care postponement among trans-feminine individuals in the U.S. National Transgender Discrimination Survey. LGBT Health 2018;5:171–9. PMID:29589995 https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2017.0093

341. Callander D, Cook T, Cornelisse V, et al. Trans and gender diverse people’s experiences of sexual health care are associated with sexual health screening uptake. Sex Transm Infect 2019;95(Suppl 1):A64. https://sti.bmj.com/content/sextrans/95/Suppl_1.toc.pdf

342. Casey LS, Reisner SL, Findling MG, et al. Discrimination in the United States: experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer Americans. Health Serv Res 2019;54(Suppl 2):1454–66. PMID:31659745 https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13229

343. Potter J, Peitzmeier SM, Bernstein I, et al. Cervical cancer screening for patients on the female-to-male spectrum: a narrative review and guide for clinicians. J Gen Intern Med 2015;30:1857–64. PMID:26160483 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-015-3462-8

344. Becasen JS, Denard CL, Mullins MM, Higa DH, Sipe TA. Estimating the prevalence of HIV and sexual behaviors among the US transgender population: a systematic review and meta-analysis, 2006–2017. Am J Public Health 2019;109:e1–8. PMID:30496000 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304727

345. Baral SD, Poteat T, Strömdahl S, Wirtz AL, Guadamuz TE, Beyrer C. Worldwide burden of HIV in transgender women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2013;13:214–22. PMID:23260128 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70315-8

346. Allan-Blitz LT, Konda KA, Calvo GM, et al. High incidence of extra-genital gonorrheal and chlamydial infections among high-risk men who have sex with men and transgender women in Peru. Int J STD AIDS 2018;29:568–76. PMID:29183269 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462417744098

347. Hiransuthikul A, Janamnuaysook R, Sungsing T, et al. High burden of chlamydia and gonorrhoea in pharyngeal, rectal and urethral sites among Thai transgender women: implications for anatomical site selection for the screening of STI. Sex Transm Infect 2019;95:534–9. PMID:30982000 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2018-053835

348. Kojima N, Park H, Konda KA, et al. The PICASSO Cohort: baseline characteristics of a cohort of men who have sex with men and male-to-female transgender women at high risk for syphilis infection in Lima, Peru. BMC Infect Dis 2017;17:255. PMID:28399798 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2332-x

349. Pitasi MA, Kerani RP, Kohn R, et al. Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and human immunodeficiency virus infection among transgender women and transgender men attending clinics that provide sexually transmitted disease services in six US cities: results from the Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance Network. Sex Transm Dis 2019;46:112–7. PMID:30278030 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000917

350. James S, Herman JL, Rankin S, Keisling M, Mottet L, Anafi M. The report of the 2015 US transgender survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality; 2016. https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS-Full-Report-Dec17.pdf

351. Hadj-Moussa M, Ohl DA, Kuzon WM Jr. Feminizing genital gender-confirmation surgery. Sex Med Rev 2018;6:457–e2. PMID:29454634 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sxmr.2017.11.005

352. Salgado CJ, Nugent A, Kuhn J, Janette M, Bahna H. Primary sigmoid vaginoplasty in transwomen: technique and outcomes. BioMed Res Int 2018;2018:4907208. PMID:29862275 https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4907208

353. Radix AE, Harris AB, Belkind U, Ting J, Goldstein ZG. Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the neovagina in transgender women. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019;6:ofz470. PMID:32395566 https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz470

354. Elfering L, van der Sluis WB, Mermans JF, Buncamper ME. Herpes neolabialis: herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of the neolabia in a transgender woman. Int J STD AIDS 2017;28:841–3. PMID:28632111 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462416685658

355. van der Sluis WB, Buncamper ME, Bouman MB, et al. Prevalence of neovaginal high-risk human papillomavirus among transgender women in the Netherlands. Sex Transm Dis 2016;43:503–5. PMID:27414682 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000476

356. Yang C, Liu S, Xu K, Xiang Q, Yang S, Zhang X. Condylomata gigantea in a male transsexual. Int J STD AIDS 2009;20:211–2. PMID:19255276 https://doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2008.008213

357. Matsuki S, Kusatake K, Hein KZ, Anraku K, Morita E. Condylomata acuminata in the neovagina after male-to-female reassignment treated with CO2 laser and imiquimod. Int J STD AIDS 2015;26:509–11. PMID:24970474 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462414542476

358. Bodsworth NJ, Price R, Davies SC. Gonococcal infection of the neovagina in a male-to-female transsexual. Sex Transm Dis 1994;21:211–2. PMID:7974071 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-199407000-00005

359. Haustein UF. Pruritus of the artificial vagina of a transsexual patient caused by gonococcal infection [German]. Hautarzt 1995;46:858–9. PMID:8567271 https://doi.org/10.1007/s001050050354

360. Yamada K, Shida D, Kato T, Yoshida H, Yoshinaga S, Kanemitsu Y. Adenocarcinoma arising in sigmoid colon neovagina 53 years after construction. World J Surg Oncol 2018;16:88. PMID:29703260 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-018-1372-z

361. Hiroi H, Yasugi T, Matsumoto K, et al. Mucinous adenocarcinoma arising in a neovagina using the sigmoid colon thirty years after operation: a case report. J Surg Oncol 2001;77:61–4. PMID:11344485 https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.1067

362. Heller DS. Lesions of the neovagina—a review. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2015;19:267–70. PMID:26111041 https://doi.org/10.1097/LGT.0000000000000110

363. Scheim AI, Bauer GR, Travers R. HIV-related sexual risk among transgender men who are gay, bisexual, or have sex with men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017;74:e89–96. PMID:27798432 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001222

364. Sevelius J. “There’s no pamphlet for the kind of sex I have”: HIV-related risk factors and protective behaviors among transgender men who have sex with nontransgender men. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2009;20:398–410. PMID:19732698 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2009.06.001

365. Pitasi MA, Oraka E, Clark H, Town M, DiNenno EA. HIV testing among transgender women and men—27 states and Guam, 2014–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:883–7. PMID:28837547 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6633a3

366. Reisner SL, Perkovich B, Mimiaga MJ. A mixed methods study of the sexual health needs of New England transmen who have sex with nontransgender men. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2010;24:501–13. PMID:20666586 https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2010.0059

367. Hembree WC, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren L, et al. Endocrine treatment of gender-dysphoric/gender-incongruent persons: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017;102:3869–903. PMID:28945902 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-01658

368. Deutsch M, ed. Guidelines for the primary and gender-affirming care of transgender and gender nonbinary people. San Francisco, CA: University of California San Francisco, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Center of Excellence for Transgender Care; 2016. https://transcare.ucsf.edu/sites/transcare.ucsf.edu/files/Transgender-PGACG-6-17-16.pdf

369. Peitzmeier SM, Reisner SL, Harigopal P, Potter J. Female-to-male patients have high prevalence of unsatisfactory Paps compared to non-transgender females: implications for cervical cancer screening. J Gen Intern Med 2014;29:778–84. PMID:24424775 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-013-2753-1

370. Peitzmeier SM, Khullar K, Reisner SL, Potter J. Pap test use is lower among female-to-male patients than non-transgender women. Am J Prev Med 2014;47:808–12. PMID:25455121 https://dorg/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.07.031

371. Reisner SL, Deutsch MB, Peitzmeier SM, et al. Test performance and acceptability of self- versus provider-collected swabs for high-risk HPV DNA testing in female-to-male trans masculine patients. PLoS One 2018;13:e0190172. PMID:29538411 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190172

372. CDC. Surveillance for viral hepatitis—United States, 2017. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2017surveillance/pdfs/2017HepSurveillanceRpt.pdf

373. Kouyoumdjian FG, Leto D, John S, Henein H, Bondy S. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis in incarcerated persons. Int J STD AIDS 2012;23:248–54. PMID:22581947 https://doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2011.011194

374. CDC. Evaluation of large jail STD screening programs, 2008–2009. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2011. https://www.cdc.gov/std/publications/JailScreening2011.pdf

375. Pathela P, Hennessy RR, Blank S, Parvez F, Franklin W, Schillinger JA. The contribution of a urine-based jail screening program to citywide male chlamydia and gonorrhea case rates in New York City. Sex Transm Dis 2009;36(Suppl):S58–61. PMID:17989586 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31815615bb

376. Joesoef MR, Weinstock HS, Kent CK, et al.; Corrections STD Prevalence Monitoring Group. Sex and age correlates of chlamydia prevalence in adolescents and adults entering correctional facilities, 2005: implications for screening policy. Sex Transm Dis 2009;36(Suppl):S67–71. PMID:19125147 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31815d6de8

377. Blank S, McDonnell DD, Rubin SR, et al. New approaches to syphilis control. Finding opportunities for syphilis treatment and congenital syphilis prevention in a women’s correctional setting. Sex Transm Dis 1997;24:218–26. PMID:9101633 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-199704000-00006

378. Owusu-Edusei K Jr, Gift TL, Chesson HW, Kent CK. Investigating the potential public health benefit of jail-based screening and treatment programs for chlamydia. Am J Epidemiol 2013;177:463–73. PMID:23403986 https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kws240

379. Spaulding AC, Miller J, Trigg BG, et al. Screening for sexually transmitted diseases in short-term correctional institutions: summary of evidence reviewed for the 2010 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines. Sex Transm Dis 2013;40:679–84. PMID:23945422 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.olq.0000431353.88464.ab

380. CDC. Male chlamydia screening consultation, March 28–29, 2006, meeting report. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2007. https://www.cdc.gov/std/chlamydia/chlamydiascreening-males.pdf

381. Cole J, Hotton A, Zawitz C, Kessler H. Opt-out screening for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in female detainees at Cook County jail in Chicago, IL. Sex Transm Dis 2014;41:161–5. PMID:24521720 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000106

382. Shaikh RA, Simonsen KA, O’Keefe A, et al. Comparison of opt-in versus opt-out testing for sexually transmitted infections among inmates in a county jail. J Correct Health Care 2015;21:408–16. PMID:26285597 https://doi.org/10.1177/1078345815600447

383. Spaulding AC, Kim MJ, Corpening KT, Carpenter T, Watlington P, Bowden CJ. Establishing an HIV screening program led by staff nurses in a county jail. J Public Health Manag Pract 2015;21:538–45. PMID:25427254 https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000000183

384. Rosen DL, Wohl DA, Golin CE, et al. Comparing HIV case detection in prison during opt-in vs. opt-out testing policies. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016;71:e85–8. PMID:26536318 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000889

385. Gratrix J, Smyczek P, Bertholet L, et al. A cross-sectional evaluation of opt-in testing for sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections in three Canadian provincial correctional facilities: a missed opportunity for public health? Int J Prison Health 2019;15:273–81. PMID:31329036 https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPH-07-2018-0043

386. Sutcliffe S, Newman SB, Hardick A, Gaydos CA. Prevalence and correlates of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among female US federal prison inmates. Sex Transm Dis 2010;37:585–90. PMID:20803782 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181de4113

387. Freeman AH, Katz KA, Pandori MW, et al. Prevalence and correlates of Trichomonas vaginalis among incarcerated persons assessed using a highly sensitive molecular assay. Sex Transm Dis 2010;37:165–8. PMID:20023598 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181bcd3fc

388. Sosman J, Macgowan R, Margolis A, et al.; Project START Biologics Study Group. Sexually transmitted infections and hepatitis in men with a history of Sex Transm Dis 2011;38:634–9. PMID:21844713 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31820bc86c

389. Javanbakht M, Stirland A, Stahlman S, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with Trichomonas vaginalis infection among high-risk women in Los Angeles. Sex Transm Dis 2013;40:804–7. PMID:24275733 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000026

390. Nijhawan AE, Chapin KC, Salloway R, et al. Prevalence and predictors of Trichomonas infection in newly incarcerated women. Sex Transm Dis 2012;39:973–8. PMID:23191953 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31826e8847

391. Nijhawan AE, DeLong AK, Celentano DD, et al. The association between Trichomonas infection and incarceration in HIV-seropositive and at-risk HIV-seronegative women. Sex Transm Dis 2011;38:1094–100. PMID:22082718 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31822ea147

392. Willers DM, Peipert JF, Allsworth JE, Stein MD, Rose JS, Clarke JG. Prevalence and predictors of sexually transmitted infection among newly incarcerated females. Sex Transm Dis 2008;35:68–72. PMID:18090178 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318154bdb2

393. Nijhawan AE, Salloway R, Nunn AS, Poshkus M, Clarke JG. Preventive healthcare for underserved women: results of a prison J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2010;19:17–22. PMID:20088654 https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1469

394. Binswanger IA, White MC, Pérez-Stable EJ, Goldenson J, Tulsky JP. Cancer screening among jail inmates: frequency, knowledge, and willingness. Am J Public Health 2005;95:1781–7. PMID:16186455 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.052498

395. Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Peterson M, Arnold T, et al. Knowledge, interest, and anticipated barriers of pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake and adherence among gay, bisexual, and men who have sex with men who are incarcerated. PLoS One 2018;13:e0205593. PMID:30532275 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205593

396. Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Dauria E, Tolou-Shams M, et al. The path to implementation of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis for people involved in criminal justice systems. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2018;15:93–5. PMID:29516265 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-018-0389-9

397. Morrow KM; Project START Study Group. HIV, STD, and hepatitis risk behaviors of young men before and after incarceration. AIDS Care 2009;21:235–43. PMID:19229694 https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120802017586

398. Bryan AD, Magnan RE, Gillman AS, et al. Effect of including alcohol and cannabis content in a sexual risk-reduction intervention on the incidence of sexually transmitted infections in adolescents: a cluster randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr 2018;172:e175621. PMID:29435591 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.5621

399. DiClemente RJ, Davis TL, Swartzendruber A, et al. Efficacy of an HIV/STI sexual risk-reduction intervention for African American adolescent girls in juvenile detention centers: a randomized controlled trial. Women Health 2014;54:726–49. PMID:25190056 https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2014.932893

400. Fogel CI, Crandell JL, Neevel AM, et al. Efficacy of an adapted HIV and sexually transmitted infection prevention intervention for incarcerated women: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Public Health 2015;105:802–9. PMID:25211714 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302105

401. Son J, Miller WM, Tossone K, Butcher F, Kuo K. The effect of interprofessional student-led reproductive health education on youths in juvenile J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2017;30:370–5. PMID:27871918 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2016.11.002

402. Costumbrado J, Stirland A, Cox G, et al. Implementation of a hepatitis A/B vaccination program using an accelerated schedule among high-risk inmates, Los Angeles County Jail, 2007–2010. Vaccine 2012;30:6878–82. PMID:22989688 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.006

403. Allison M, Musser B, Satterwhite C, Ault K, Kelly P, Ramaswamy M. Human papillomavirus vaccine knowledge and intention among adult inmates in Kansas, 2016–2017. Am J Public Health 2018;108:1000–2. PMID:29927651 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304499

404. Lucas KD, Miller JL, Eckert V, Horne RL, Samuel MC, Mohle-Boetani JC. Risk, feasibility, and cost evaluation of a prisoner condom access pilot program in one California state prison. J Correct Health Care 2014;20:184–94. PMID:24934836 https://doi.org/10.1177/1078345814530869

405. Scott N, McBryde E, Kirwan A, Stoové M. Modelling the impact of condom distribution on the incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in an adult male prison system. PLoS One 2015;10:e0144869. PMID:26658518 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144869

406. Schacker T, Collier AC, Hughes J, Shea T, Corey L. Clinical and epidemiologic features of primary HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:257–64. PMID:8678387 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-125-4-199608150-00001

407. Henn A, Flateau C, Gallien S. Primary HIV infection: clinical presentation, testing, and treatment. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2017;19:37. PMID:28884279 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-017-0588-3

408. Robb ML, Eller LA, Kibuuka H, et al.; RV 217 Study Team. Prospective study of acute HIV-1 infection in adults in East Africa and Thailand. N Engl J Med 2016;374:2120–30. PMID:27192360 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1508952

409. Hoenigl M, Green N, Camacho M, et al. Signs or symptoms of acute HIV infection in a cohort undergoing community-based screening. Emerg Infect Dis 2016;22:532–4. PMID:26890854 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2203.151607

410. Legarth RA, Ahlström MG, Kronborg G, et Long-term mortality in HIV-infected individuals 50 years or older: a nationwide, population-based cohort study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016;71:213–8. PMID:26334734 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000825

411. Marcus JL, Chao CR, Leyden WA, et al. Narrowing the gap in life expectancy between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals with access to care. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016;73:39–46. PMID:27028501 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001014

412. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al.; HPTN 052 Study Team. Antiretroviral therapy for the prevention of HIV-1 N Engl J Med 2016;375:830–9. PMID:27424812 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1600693

413. Saag MS, Benson CA, Gandhi RT, et al. Antiretroviral drugs for treatment and prevention of HIV infection in adults: 2018 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel. JAMA 2018;320:379–96. PMID:30043070 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.8431

414. Seth P, Wang G, Sizemore E, Hogben M. HIV testing and HIV service delivery to populations at high risk attending sexually transmitted disease clinics in the United States, 2011–2013. Am J Public Health 2015;105:2374–81. PMID:26378854 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302778

415. Benton S, Smith J, Wang F, Heitgerd J, Belcher L, Patel H. HIV testing, diagnosis, and linkage to care among persons tested in select CDC-funded health care and non-health care settings, 2012–2017. Presented at the National HIV Prevention Conference, Atlanta, GA: March 18–21, 2019.

416. Pathela P, Braunstein SL, Schillinger JA, Shepard C, Sweeney M, Blank S. Men who have sex with men have a 140-fold higher risk for newly diagnosed HIV and syphilis compared with heterosexual men in New York City. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2011;58:408–16. PMID:21857351 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e318230e1ca

417. Chou R, Selph S, Dana T, et al. Screening for HIV: systematic review to update the 2005 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation. Ann Intern Med 2012;157:706–18. PMID:23165662 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-157-10-201211200-00007

418. Branson BM, Handsfield HH, Lampe MA, et al.; CDC. Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings. MMWR Recomm Rep 2006;55(No. RR-14). PMID:16988643

419. DiNenno EA, Prejean J, Irwin K, et al. Recommendations for HIV screening of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men—United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:830–2. PMID:28796758 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6631a3

420. CDC. HIV-2 infection surveillance—United States, 1987–2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011;60:985–8. PMID:21796096

421. Wawer MJ, Gray RH, Sewankambo NK, et al. Rates of HIV-1 transmission per coital act, by stage of HIV-1 infection, in Rakai, Uganda. J Infect Dis 2005;191:1403–9. PMID:15809897 https://doi.org/10.1086/429411

422. Pilcher CD, Eron JJ Jr, Vemazza PL, et al. Sexual transmission during the incubation period of primary HIV infection. JAMA 2001;286:1713–4. PMID:11594895 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.14.1713

423. Calabrese SK, Mayer KH. Providers should discuss U=U with all patients living with HIV. Lancet HIV 2019;6:e211–3. PMID:30772420 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30030-X

424. Gilbert P, Ciccarone D, Gansky SA, et al. Interactive “Video Doctor” counseling reduces drug and sexual risk behaviors among HIV-positive patients in diverse outpatient settings. PLoS One 2008;3:e1988. PMID:18431475 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001988

425. Aberg JA, Gallant JE, Ghanem KG, Emmanuel P, Zingman BS, Horberg MA; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Primary care guidelines for the management of persons infected with HIV: 2013 update by the HIV medicine association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2014;58:e1–34. PMID:24235263 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit665

426. DiCarlo RP, Martin DH. The clinical diagnosis of genital ulcer disease in men. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:292–8. PMID:9332527 https://doi.org/10.1086/514548

427. Lockett AE, Dance DA, Mabey DC, Drasar BS. Serum-free media for isolation of Haemophilus ducreyi. Lancet 1991;338:326. PMID:1677152 https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)90473-3

428. Lewis DA, Mitjà O. Haemophilus ducreyi: from sexually transmitted infection to skin ulcer pathogen. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2016;29:52–7. PMID:26658654 https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000226

429. Romero L, Huerfano C, Grillo-Ardila CF. Macrolides for treatment of Haemophilus ducreyi infection in sexually active adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;12:CD012492. PMID:29226307 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012492.pub2

430. Jessamine PG, Plummer FA, Ndinya Achola JO, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus, genital ulcers and the male foreskin: synergism in HIV-1 transmission. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 1990;69:181–6. PMID:2263893

431. Briggs GC. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2017.

432. Lewis DA. Epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of Haemophilus ducreyi—a disappearing pathogen? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014;12:687–96. PMID:24597521 https://doi.org/10.1586/14787210.2014.892414

433. Mitjà O, Lukehart SA, Pokowas G, et al. Haemophilus ducreyi as a cause of skin ulcers in children from a yaws-endemic area of Papua New Guinea: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Glob Health 2014;2:e235–41. PMID:25103064 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70019-1

434. Marks M, Chi KH, Vahi V, et al. Haemophilus ducreyi associated with skin ulcers among children, Solomon Islands. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20:1705–7. PMID:25271477 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2010.140573

435. Ghinai R, El-Duah P, Chi KH, et al. A cross-sectional study of ‘yaws’ in districts of Ghana which have previously undertaken azithromycin mass drug administration for trachoma control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015;9:e0003496. PMID:25632942 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003496

436. McQuillan G, Kruszon-Moran D, Flagg EW, Paulose-Ram R. Prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in persons aged 14–49: United States, 2015–2016. NCHS Data Brief 2018;304:1–8. PMID:29442994

437. Ryder N, Jin F, McNulty AM, Grulich AE, Donovan B. Increasing role of herpes simplex virus type 1 in first-episode anogenital herpes in heterosexual women and younger men who have sex with men, 1992–2006. Sex Transm Infect 2009;85:416–9. PMID:19273479 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2008.033902

438. Roberts CM, Pfister JR, Spear SJ. Increasing proportion of herpes simplex virus type 1 as a cause of genital herpes infection in college students. Sex Transm Dis 2003;30:797–800. PMID:14520181 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.OLQ.0000092387.58746.C7

439. Benedetti J, Corey L, Ashley R. Recurrence rates in genital herpes after symptomatic first-episode infection. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:847–54. PMID:7978697 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-121-11-199412010-00004

440. Engelberg R, Carrell D, Krantz E, Corey L, Wald A. Natural history of genital herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Sex Transm Dis 2003;30:174–7. PMID:12567178 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-200302000-00015

441. Masese L, Baeten JM, Richardson BA, et al. Changes in the contribution of genital tract infections to HIV acquisition among Kenyan high-risk women from 1993 to 2012. AIDS 2015;29:1077–85. PMID:26125141 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000646

442. Sam SS, Caliendo AM, Ingersoll J, Abdul-Ali D, Kraft CS. Performance evaluation of the Aptima HSV-1 and 2 assay for the detection of HSV in cutaneous and mucocutaneous lesion specimens. J Clin Virol 2018;99-100:1–4. PMID:29253834 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2017.12.006

443. Wald A, Huang ML, Carrell D, Selke S, Corey L. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA on mucosal surfaces: comparison with HSV isolation in cell culture. J Infect Dis 2003;188:1345–51. PMID:14593592 https://doi.org/10.1086/379043

444. Van Der Pol B, Warren T, Taylor SN, et al. Type-specific identification of anogenital herpes simplex virus infections by use of a commercially available nucleic acid amplification test. J Clin Microbiol 2012;50:3466–71. PMID:22875892 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01685-12

445. Binnicker MJ, Espy MJ, Duresko B, Irish C, Mandrekar J. Automated processing, extraction and detection of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2: a comparative evaluation of three commercial platforms using clinical specimens. J Clin Virol 2017;89:30–3. PMID:28226272 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2017.02.006

446. Teo JW, Chiang D, Jureen R, Lin RT. Clinical evaluation of a helicase-dependant amplification (HDA)-based commercial assay for the simultaneous detection of HSV-1 and HSV-2. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015;83:261–2. PMID:26302856 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.07.018

447. Gitman MR, Ferguson D, Landry ML. Comparison of Simplexa HSV 1 & 2 PCR with culture, immunofluorescence, and laboratory-developed TaqMan PCR for detection of herpes simplex virus in swab specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2013;51:3765–9. PMID:24006008 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01413-13

448. Corey L, Holmes KK. Genital herpes simplex virus infections: current concepts in diagnosis, therapy, and prevention. Ann Intern Med 1983;98:973–83. PMID:6344713 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-98-6-958

449. Caviness AC, Oelze LL, Saz UE, Greer JM, Demmler-Harrison GJ. Direct immunofluorescence assay compared to cell culture for the diagnosis of mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infections in children. J Clin Virol 2010;49:58–60. PMID:20620099 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2010.06.006

450. Song B, Dwyer DE, Mindel A. HSV type specific serology in sexual health clinics: use, benefits, and who gets tested. Sex Transm Infect 2004;80:113–7. PMID:15054171 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2003.006783

451. Whittington WL, Celum CL, Cent A, Ashley RL. Use of a glycoprotein G-based type-specific assay to detect antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 2 among persons attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. Sex Transm Dis 2001;28:99–104. PMID:11234793 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-200102000-00007

452. Zimet GD, Rosenthal SL, Fortenberry JD, et al. Factors predicting the acceptance of herpes simplex virus type 2 antibody testing among adolescents and young adults. Sex Transm Dis 2004;31:665–9. PMID:15502674 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.olq.0000143089.77493.c2

453. Turner KR, Wong EH, Kent CK, Klausner JD. Serologic herpes testing in the real world: validation of new type-specific serologic herpes simplex virus tests in a public health laboratory. Sex Transm Dis 2002;29:422–5. PMID:12170133 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-200207000-00011

454. Eing BR, Lippelt L, Lorentzen EU, et al. Evaluation of confirmatory strategies for detection of type-specific antibodies against herpes simplex virus type 2. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:407–13. PMID:11825950 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.40.2.407-413.2002

455. Golden MR, Ashley-Morrow R, Swenson P, Hogrefe WR, Handsfield HH, Wald A. Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) Western blot confirmatory testing among men testing positive for HSV-2 using the focus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Sex Transm Dis 2005;32:771–7. PMID:16314775 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.olq.0000175377.88358.f3

456. Morrow RA, Friedrich D, Meier A, Corey L. Use of “biokit HSV-2 Rapid Assay” to improve the positive predictive value of Focus HerpeSelect HSV-2 ELISA. BMC Infect Dis 2005;5:84. PMID:16225691 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-5-84

457. Ngo TD, Laeyendecker O, La H, Hogrefe W, Morrow RA, Quinn TC. Use of commercial enzyme immunoassays to detect antibodies to the herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein G in a low-risk population in Hanoi, Vietnam. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2008;15:382–4. PMID:18077617 https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00437-06

458. Agyemang E, Le QA, Warren T, et al. Performance of commercial enzyme-linked immunoassays for diagnosis of herpes simplex virus-1 and herpes simplex virus-2 infection in a clinical setting. Sex Transm Dis 2017;44:763–7. PMID:28876290 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000689

459. Morrow R, Friedrich D. Performance of a novel test for IgM and IgG antibodies in subjects with culture-documented genital herpes simplex virus-1 or -2 infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006;12:463–9. PMID:16643524 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01370.x

460. Ameli N, Bacchetti P, Morrow RA, et al. Herpes simplex virus infection in women in the WIHS: epidemiology and effect of antiretroviral therapy on clinical manifestations. AIDS 2006;20:1051–8. PMID:16603858 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000222078.75867.77

461. Bradley H, Markowitz LE, Gibson T, McQuillan GM. Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2—United States, 1999–2010. J Infect Dis 2014;209:325–33. PMID:24136792 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit458

462. Bernstein DI, Bellamy AR, Hook EW 3rd, et al. Epidemiology, clinical presentation, and antibody response to primary infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in young women. Clin Infect Dis 2013;56:344–51. PMID:23087395 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis891

463. Leone PA, Trottier S, Miller JM. Valacyclovir for episodic treatment of genital herpes: a shorter 3-day treatment course compared with 5-day Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:958–62. PMID:11880962 https://doi.org/10.1086/339326

464. Wald A, Carrell D, Remington M, Kexel E, Zeh J, Corey L. Two-day regimen of acyclovir for treatment of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:944–8. PMID:11880960 https://doi.org/10.1086/339325

465. Aoki FY, Tyring S, Diaz-Mitoma F, Gross G, Gao J, Hamed K. Single-day, patient-initiated famciclovir therapy for recurrent genital herpes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:8–13. PMID:16323085 https://doi.org/10.1086/498521

466. Chosidow O, Drouault Y, Leconte-Veyriac F, et al. Famciclovir vs. aciclovir in immunocompetent patients with recurrent genital herpes infections: a parallel-groups, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:818–24. PMID:11298543 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04139.x

467. Bodsworth NJ, Crooks RJ, Borelli S, et al.; International Valaciclovir HSV Study Group. Valaciclovir versus aciclovir in patient initiated treatment of recurrent genital herpes: a randomised, double blind clinical trial. Genitourin Med 1997;73:110–6. PMID:9215092

468. Fife KH, Barbarash RA, Rudolph T, Degregorio B, Roth R; The Valaciclovir International Herpes Simplex Virus Study Group. Valaciclovir versus acyclovir in the treatment of first-episode genital herpes infection. Results of an international, multicenter, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Sex Transm Dis 1997;24:481–6. PMID:9293612 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-199709000-00007

469. Diaz-Mitoma F, Sibbald RG, Shafran SD, Boon R, Saltzman RL; Collaborative Famciclovir Genital Herpes Research Group. Oral famciclovir for the suppression of recurrent genital herpes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998;280:887–92. PMID:9739972 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.280.10.887

470. Mertz GJ, Loveless MO, Levin MJ, et al.; Collaborative Famciclovir Genital Herpes Research Group. Oral famciclovir for suppression of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infection in women. A multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:343–9. PMID:9040303 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1997.00440240109016

471. Reitano M, Tyring S, Lang W, et al.; International Valaciclovir HSV Study Group. Valaciclovir for the suppression of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infection: a large-scale dose range-finding study. J Infect Dis 1998;178:603–10. PMID:9728526 https://doi.org/10.1086/515385

472. Romanowski B, Marina RB, Roberts JN; Valtrex HS230017 Study Group. Patients’ preference of valacyclovir once-daily suppressive therapy versus twice-daily episodic therapy for recurrent genital herpes: a randomized study. Sex Transm Dis 2003;30:226–31. PMID:12616141 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-200303000-00010

473. Corey L, Wald A, Patel R, et al.; Valacyclovir HSV Transmission Study Group. Once-daily valacyclovir to reduce the risk of transmission of genital herpes. N Engl J Med 2004;350:11–20. PMID:14702423 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa035144

474. Tyring SK, Baker D, Snowden W. Valacyclovir for herpes simplex virus infection: long-term safety and sustained efficacy after 20 years’ experience with acyclovir. J Infect Dis 2002;186(Suppl 1):S40–6. PMID:12353186 https://doi.org/10.1086/342966

475. Bartlett BL, Tyring SK, Fife K, et al. Famciclovir treatment options for patients with frequent outbreaks of recurrent genital herpes: the RELIEF trial. J Clin Virol 2008;43:190–5. PMID:18621575 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2008.06.004

476. Tronstein E, Johnston C, Huang ML, et al. Genital shedding of herpes simplex virus among symptomatic and asymptomatic persons with HSV-2 infection. JAMA 2011;305:1441–9. PMID:21486977 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.420

477. Bender Ignacio RA, Perti T, Magaret AS, et al. Oral and vaginal tenofovir for genital herpes simplex virus type 2 shedding in immunocompetent women: a double-blind, randomized, cross-over trial. J Infect Dis 2015;212:1949–56. PMID:26044291 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv317

478. Wald A, Selke S, Warren T, et al. Comparative efficacy of famciclovir and valacyclovir for suppression of recurrent genital herpes and viral shedding. Sex Transm Dis 2006;33:529–33. PMID:16540883 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.olq.0000204723.15765.91

479. Johnston C, Magaret A, Stern M, et al. Natural history of genital and oral herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) shedding after first episode genital HSV-1 infection. Sex Transm Infect 2019;95:A42.

480. Tang YW, Cleavinger PJ, Li H, Mitchell PS, Smith TF, Persing DH. Analysis of candidate-host immunogenetic determinants in herpes simplex virus-associated Mollaret’s meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:176–8. PMID:10619748 https://doi.org/10.1086/313616

481. Shalabi M, Whitley RJ. Recurrent benign lymphocytic meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:1194–7. PMID:17029141 https://doi.org/10.1086/508281

482. Landry ML, Greenwold J, Vikram HR. Herpes simplex type-2 meningitis: presentation and lack of standardized therapy. Am J Med 2009;122:688–91. PMID:19559173 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.02.017

483. Aurelius E, Franzen-Röhl E, Glimåker M, et al.; HSV-2 Meningitis Study Group. Long-term valacyclovir suppressive treatment after herpes simplex virus type 2 meningitis: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54:1304–13. PMID:22460966 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis031

484. Magawa S, Tanaka H, Furuhashi F, et al. A literature review of herpes simplex virus hepatitis in pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2020;33:1774–9. PMID:30235956 https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2018.1527311

485. Masadeh M, Shen H, Lee Y, et al. A fatal case of herpes simplex virus hepatitis in a pregnant patient. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2017;6:124–7. PMID:28580213 https://doi.org/10.5582/irdr.2017.01013

486. Martin ET, Krantz E, Gottlieb SL, et al. A pooled analysis of the effect of condoms in preventing HSV-2 acquisition. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:1233–40. PMID:19597073 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.177

487. Wald A, Langenberg AG, Krantz E, et al. The relationship between condom use and herpes simplex virus acquisition. Ann Intern Med 2005;143:707–13. PMID:16287791 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-143-10-200511150-00007

488. Wald A, Langenberg AG, Link K, et al. Effect of condoms on reducing the transmission of herpes simplex virus type 2 from men to women. JAMA 2001;285:3100–6. PMID:11427138 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.24.3100

489. Magaret AS, Mujugira A, Hughes JP, et al.; Partners in Prevention HSV/HIV Transmission Study Team. Effect of condom use on per-act HSV-2 transmission risk in HIV-1, HSV-2-discordant couples. Clin Infect Dis 2016;62:456–61. PMID:26578538

490. Mehta SD, Moses S, Agot K, et al. Medical male circumcision and herpes simplex virus 2 acquisition: posttrial surveillance in Kisumu, Kenya. J Infect Dis 2013;208:1869–76. PMID:23901089 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit371

491. Grund JM, Bryant TS, Jackson I, et al. Association between male circumcision and women’s biomedical health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet Glob Health 2017;5:e1113–22. PMID:29025633 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30369-8

492. Celum C, Morrow RA, Donnell D, et al.; Partners PrEP Study Team. Daily oral tenofovir and emtricitabine-tenofovir preexposure prophylaxis reduces herpes simplex virus type 2 acquisition among heterosexual HIV-1-uninfected men and women: a subgroup analysis of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2014;161:11–9. PMID:24979446 https://doi.org/10.7326/M13-2471

493. Abdool Karim SS, Abdool Karim Q, Gengiah TN. Tenofovir gel to prevent HSV-2 infection. N Engl J Med 2015;373:1980–1. PMID:26559584 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1410649

494. Marcus JL, Glidden DV, McMahan V, et al. Daily oral emtricitabine/tenofovir preexposure prophylaxis and herpes simplex virus type 2 among men who have sex with men. PLoS One 2014;9:e91513. PMID:24637511 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091513

495. Celum C, Hong T, Cent A, et al.; ACTG PEARLS/A5175 Team. Herpes simplex virus type 2 acquisition among HIV-1-infected adults treated with tenofovir disoproxyl fumarate as part of combination antiretroviral therapy: results from the ACTG A5175 PEARLS Study. J Infect Dis 2017;215:907–10. PMID:28453835 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix029

496. Gilbert LK, Wyand F. Genital herpes education and counselling: testing a one-page ‘FAQ’ intervention. Herpes 2009;15:51–6. PMID:19306603

497. Rosenthal SL, Zimet GD, Leichliter JS, et al. The psychosocial impact of serological diagnosis of asymptomatic herpes simplex virus type 2 Sex Transm Infect 2006;82:154–7, discussion 157–8. PMID:16581745 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2005.016311

498. Miyai T, Turner KR, Kent CK, Klausner J. The psychosocial impact of testing individuals with no history of genital herpes for herpes simplex virus type 2. Sex Transm Dis 2004;31:517–21. PMID:15480111 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.olq.0000137901.71284.6b

499. Ross K, Johnston C, Wald A. Herpes simplex virus type 2 serological testing and psychosocial harm: a systematic review. Sex Transm Infect 2011;87:594–600. PMID:21903980 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2011-050099

500. Henry RE, Wegmann JA, Hartle JE, Christopher GW. Successful oral acyclovir Ann Allergy 1993;70:386–8. PMID:8498729

501. Leeyaphan C, Surawan TM, Chirachanakul P, et al. Clinical characteristics of hypertrophic herpes simplex genitalis and treatment outcomes of imiquimod: a retrospective observational study. Int J Infect Dis 2015;33:165–70. PMID:25660091 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2015.02.002

502. Keller MJ, Huber A, Espinoza L, et al. Impact of herpes simplex virus type 2 and human immunodeficiency virus dual infection on female genital tract mucosal immunity and the vaginal microbiome. J Infect Dis 2019;220:852–61. PMID:31111902 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz203

503. Posavad CM, Wald A, Kuntz S, et al. Frequent reactivation of herpes simplex virus among HIV-1-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2004;190:693–6. PMID:15272395 https://doi.org/10.1086/422755

504. Tobian AA, Grabowski MK, Serwadda D, et al.; Rakai Health Sciences Program. Reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 2 after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2013;208:839–46. PMID:23812240 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit252

505. Mujugira A, Magaret AS, Celum C, et al.; Partners in Prevention HSV/HIV Transmission Study Team. Daily acyclovir to decrease herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) transmission from HSV-2/HIV-1 coinfected persons: a randomized controlled trial. J Infect Dis 2013;208:1366–74. PMID:23901094 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit333

506. Van Wagoner N, Geisler WM, Bachmann LH, Hook EW. The effect of valacyclovir on HIV and HSV-2 in HIV-infected persons on antiretroviral therapy with previously unrecognised HSV-2. Int J STD AIDS 2015;26:574–81. PMID:25147236 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462414546504

507. Reyes M, Shaik NS, Graber JM, et al.; Task Force on Herpes Simplex Virus Resistance. Acyclovir-resistant genital herpes among persons attending sexually transmitted disease and human immunodeficiency virus clinics. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:76–80. PMID:12523920 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.1.76

508. Safrin S, Crumpacker C, Chatis P, et al.; The AIDS Clinical Trials Group. A controlled trial comparing foscarnet with vidarabine for acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous herpes simplex in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1991;325:551–5. PMID:1649971 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199108223250805

509. Levin MJ, Bacon TH, Leary JJ. Resistance of herpes simplex virus infections to nucleoside analogues in HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39(Suppl 5):S248–57. PMID:15494896 https://doi.org/10.1086/422364

510. Tandon S, Singh J, Sinha S, Sharma DP. Recalcitrant hypertrophic herpes genitalis in HIV-infected patient successfully treated with topical imiquimod. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2017;30:e12479. PMID:28261899 https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.12479

511. Perkins N, Nisbet M, Thomas M. Topical imiquimod treatment of aciclovir-resistant herpes simplex disease: case series and literature review. Sex Transm Infect 2011;87:292–5. PMID:21406577 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2010.047431

512. McElhiney LF. Topical cidofovir for treatment of resistant viral infections. Int J Pharm Compd 2006;10:324–8. PMID:23974309

513. Erard V, Wald A, Corey L, Leisenring WM, Boeckh M. Use of long-term suppressive acyclovir after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: impact on herpes simplex virus (HSV) disease and drug-resistant HSV disease. J Infect Dis 2007;196:266–70. PMID:17570114 https://doi.org/10.1086/518938

514. Brown ZA, Selke S, Zeh J, et al. The acquisition of herpes simplex virus during pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1997;337:509–15. PMID:9262493 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199708213370801

515. Pinninti SG, Kimberlin DW. Maternal and neonatal herpes simplex virus infections. Am J Perinatol 2013;30:113–9. PMID:23303485 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1332802

516. Brown ZA, Benedetti J, Ashley R, et al. Neonatal herpes simplex virus infection in relation to asymptomatic maternal infection at the time of labor. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1247–52. PMID:1849612 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199105023241804

517. Brown ZA, Wald A, Morrow RA, Selke S, Zeh J, Corey L. Effect of serologic status and cesarean delivery on transmission rates of herpes simplex virus from mother to infant. JAMA 2003;289:203–9. PMID:12517231 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.2.203

518. Ahrens KA, Anderka MT, Feldkamp ML, Canfield MA, Mitchell AA, Werler MM; National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Antiherpetic medication use and the risk of gastroschisis: findings from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2007. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2013;27:340–5. PMID:23772935 https://doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12064

519. Stone KM, Reiff-Eldridge R, White AD, et al. Pregnancy outcomes following systemic prenatal acyclovir exposure: conclusions from the international acyclovir pregnancy registry, 1984–1999. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2004;70:201–7. PMID:15108247 https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.20013

520. Pasternak B, Hviid A. Use of acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir in the first trimester of pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. JAMA 2010;304:859–66. PMID:20736469 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1206

521. Sheffield JS, Sánchez PJ, Wendel GD Jr, et al. Placental histopathology of congenital syphilis. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:126–33. PMID:12100814

522. Watts DH, Brown ZA, Money D, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of acyclovir in late pregnancy for the reduction of herpes simplex virus shedding and cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:836–43. PMID:12634667 https://doi.org/10.1067/mob.2003.185

523. Scott LL, Hollier LM, McIntire D, Sanchez PJ, Jackson GL, Wendel GD Jr. Acyclovir suppression to prevent recurrent genital herpes at delivery. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2002;10:71–7. PMID:12530483 https://doi.org/10.1155/S1064744902000054

524. Pinninti SG, Angara R, Feja KN, et al. Neonatal herpes disease following maternal antenatal antiviral suppressive therapy: a multicenter case series. J Pediatr 2012;161:134–e1-3. PMID:22336576 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.12.053

525. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins. ACOG Practice Bulletin. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists. No. 82 June 2007. Management of herpes in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2007;109:1489–98. PMID:17569194 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000263902.31953.3e

526. Winer RL, Hughes JP, Feng Q, et al. Early natural history of incident, type-specific human papillomavirus infections in newly sexually active young women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20:699–707. PMID:21173170 https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-1108

527. Ahmed N, Pillay A, Lawler M, Bobat R, Archary M. Donovanosis causing lymphadenitis, mastoiditis, and meningitis in a child. Lancet 2015;385:2644. PMID:26122163 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60992-8

528. Arora AK, Kumaran MS, Narang T, Saikia UN, Handa S. Donovanosis and squamous cell carcinoma: the relationship conundrum! Int J STD AIDS 2017;28:411–4. PMID:27535727 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462416665996

529. Liverani CA, Lattuada D, Mangano S, et al. Hypertrophic donavanosis in a young pregnant woman. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2012;25:e81–3. PMID:22840941 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2011.10.002

530. Magalhães BM, Veasey JV, Mayor SAS, Lellis RF. Donovanosis in a child victim of sexual abuse: response to doxycycline treatment. An Bras Dermatol 2018;93:592–4. https://doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20187948

531. Marfatia YS, Menon DS, Jose S, Patel BK. Nonhealing genital ulcer in AIDS: a diagnostic dilemma! Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2016;37:197–200. PMID:27890958 https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7184.192130

532. Narang T, Kanwar AJ. Genital elephantiasis due to donovanosis: forgotten but not gone yet. Int J STD AIDS 2012;23:835–6. PMID:23155109 https://doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2012.012096

533. Pilani A, Vora R, Anjaneyan G. Granuloma inguinale mimicking as squamous cell carcinoma of penis. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2014;35:56–8. PMID:24958990 https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7184.132433

534. Ramdial PK, Sing Y, Ramburan A, et al. Infantile donovanosis presenting as external auditory canal polyps: a diagnostic trap. Am J Dermatopathol 2012;34:818–21. PMID:23169417 https://doi.org/10.1097/DAD.0b013e3182540ccb

535. Wahal SP, Tuli D. Donovanosis: an incidental finding on Pap test. J Cytol 2013;30:217–8. PMID:24130421 https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-9371.117638

536. Bowden FJ; National Donovanosis Eradication Advisory Committee. Donovanosis in Australia: going, going. Sex Transm Infect 2005;81:365–6. PMID:16199732 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2004.013227

537. Bright A. National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System surveillance report: sexually transmissible infections in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep 2015;39:E584–9. PMID:26779731

538. O’Farrell N. Sex Transm Infect 2002;78:452–7. PMID:12473810 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.78.6.452

539. Mabey D, Peeling RW. Lymphogranuloma venereum. Sex Transm Infect 2002;78:90–2. PMID:12081191 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.78.2.90

540. White JA. Manifestations and management of lymphogranuloma venereum. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009;22:57–66. PMID:19532081 https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e328320a8ae

541. de Vries HJ, Zingoni A, White JA, Ross JD, Kreuter A. 2013 European Guideline on the management of proctitis, proctocolitis and enteritis caused by sexually transmissible pathogens. Int J STD AIDS 2014;25:465–74. PMID:24352129 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462413516100

542. Ward H, Martin I, Macdonald N, et al. Lymphogranuloma venereum in the United kingdom. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:26–32. PMID:17143811 https://doi.org/10.1086/509922

543. Martin-Iguacel R, Llibre JM, Nielsen H, et al. Lymphogranuloma venereum proctocolitis: a silent endemic disease in men who have sex with men in industrialised countries. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010;29:917–25. PMID:20509036 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-010-0959-2

544. de Voux A, Kent JB, Macomber K, et al. Notes from the field: cluster of lymphogranuloma venereum cases among men who have sex with men—Michigan, August 2015–April 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:920–1. PMID:27583686 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6534a6

545. Pallawela SN, Sullivan AK, Macdonald N, et al. Clinical predictors of rectal lymphogranuloma venereum infection: results from a multicentre case-control study in the U.K. Sex Transm Infect 2014;90:269–74. PMID:24687130 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051401

546. de Vrieze NH, de Vries HJ. Lymphogranuloma venereum among men who have sex with men. An epidemiological and clinical review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014;12:697–704. PMID:24655220 https://doi.org/10.1586/14787210.2014.901169

547. Koper NE, van der Sande MA, Gotz HM, Koedijk FD; Dutch STI Clinics. Lymphogranuloma venereum among men who have sex with men in the Netherlands: regional differences in testing rates lead to underestimation of the incidence, 2006–2012. Euro Surveill 2013;18:20561. PMID:23987831 https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES20118.34.20561

548. Haar K, Dudareva-Vizule S, Wisplinghoff H, et al. Lymphogranuloma venereum in men screened for pharyngeal and rectal infection, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis 2013;19:488–92. PMID:23621949 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1903.121028

549. Riera-Monroig J, Fuertes de Vega I. Lymphogranuloma venereum presenting as an ulcer on the tongue. Sex Transm Infect 2019;95:169–70. PMID:30554142 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2018-053787

550. Andrada MT, Dhar JK, Wilde H. Oral lymphogranuloma venereum and cervical lymphadenopathy. Case report. Mil Med 1974;139:99–101. PMID:4204816 https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/139.2.99

551. Ilyas S, Richmond D, Burns G, et al. Orolabial lymphogranuloma venereum, Michigan, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2019;25:2112–4. PMID:31625852 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2511.190819

552. Kersh EN, Pillay A, de Voux A, Chen C. Laboratory processes for confirmation of lymphogranuloma venereum infection during a 2015 investigation of a cluster of cases in the United States. Sex Transm Dis 2017;44:691–4. PMID:28876314 https://doi.org/11097/OLQ.0000000000000667

553. CDC. Recommendations for the laboratory-based detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae—2014. MMWR Recomm Rep 2014;63(No. RR-2). PMID:24622331

554. Pathela P, Jamison K, Kornblum J, Quinlan T, Halse TA, Schillinger JA. Lymphogranuloma venereum: an increasingly common anorectal infection among men who have sex with men attending New York City sexual health clinics. Sex Transm Dis 2019;46:e14–7. PMID:30278027 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000921

555. Cohen S, Brosnan H, Kohn R, et al. P494 Diagnosis and management of lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) in a municipal STD clinic, San Francisco, 2016–18. Sex Transm Infect 2019;95(Suppl 1):A229.

556. Leeyaphan C, Ong JJ, Chow EP, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of doxycycline efficacy for rectal lymphogranuloma venereum in men who have sex with men. Emerg Infect Dis 2016;22:1778–84. PMID:27513890 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2210.160986

557. Cabello Úbeda A, Fernández Roblas R, García Delgado R, et al. Anorectal lymphogranuloma venereum in Madrid: a persistent emerging problem in men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Dis 2016;43:414–9. PMID:27322040 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000459

558. Simons R, Candfield S, French P, White JA. Observed treatment responses to short-course doxycycline therapy for rectal lymphogranuloma venereum in men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Dis 2018;45:406–8. PMID:29465660 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000772

559. Vall-Mayans M, Isaksson J, Caballero E, Sallés B, Herrmann B. Bubonic lymphogranuloma venereum with multidrug treatment failure. Int J STD AIDS 2014;25:306–8. PMID:24216037 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462413501158

560. Blanco JL, Fuertes I, Bosch J, et al. Effective treatment of lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) with 1g azithormycin administered weekly for 3 weeks in HIV-infected population. Presented at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunist Infections, Seattle, WA; February 23–26, 2015.

561. Kong FY, Rupasinghe TW, Simpson JA, et al. Pharmacokinetics of a single 1g dose of azithromycin in rectal tissue in men. PLoS One 2017;12:e0174372. PMID:28350806 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174372

562. Elgalib A, Alexander S, Tong CY, White JA. Seven days of doxycycline is an effective treatment for asymptomatic rectal Chlamydia trachomatis Int J STD AIDS 2011;22:474–7. PMID:21764781 https://doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2011.011134

563. Wormser GP, Wormser RP, Strle F, Myers R, Cunha BA. How safe is doxycycline for young children or for pregnant or breastfeeding women? Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2019;93:238–42. PMID:30442509 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.09.015

564. Towns JM, Leslie DE, Denham I, Azzato F, Fairley CK, Chen M. Painful and multiple anogenital lesions are common in men with Treponema pallidum PCR-positive primary syphilis without herpes simplex virus coinfection: a cross-sectional clinic-based study. Sex Transm Infect 2016;92:110–5. PMID:26378262 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2015-052219

565. Theel ES, Katz SS, Pillay A. Molecular and direct detection tests for Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum: a review of the literature, 1964–2017. Clin Infect Dis 2020;71(Suppl 1):S4–12. PMID:32578865 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa176

566. Tuddenham S, Katz SS, Ghanem KG. Syphilis laboratory guidelines: performance characteristics of nontreponemal antibody tests. Clin Infect Dis 2020;71(Suppl 1):S21–42. PMID:32578862 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa306

567. Park IU, Tran A, Pereira L, Fakile Y. Sensitivity and specificity of treponemal-specific tests for the diagnosis of syphilis. Clin Infect Dis 2020;71(Suppl 1):S13–20. PMID:32578866 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa349

568. Bristow CC, Klausner JD, Tran A. Clinical test performance of a rapid point-of-care syphilis treponemal antibody test: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2020;71(Suppl 1):S52–7. PMID:32578863 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa350

569. Nandwani R, Evans DT. Are you sure it’s syphilis? A review of false positive serology. Int J STD AIDS 1995;6:241–8. PMID:7548285 https://doi.org/10.1177/095646249500600404

570. Romanowski B, Sutherland R, Fick GH, Mooney D, Love EJ. Serologic response to treatment of infectious syphilis. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:1005–9. PMID:2029095 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-114-12-1005

571. CDC. Syphilis testing algorithms using treponemal tests for initial screening—four laboratories, New York City, 2005–2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2008;57:872–5. PMID:18701877

572. CDC. Discordant results from reverse sequence syphilis screening—five laboratories, United States, 2006–2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011;60:133–7. PMID:21307823

573. Ortiz-Lopez N, Diez M, Diaz O, Simon F, Diaz A. Epidemiological surveillance of congenital syphilis in Spain, 2000–2010. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012;31:988–90. PMID:22572752 https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e31825d3152

574. Ortiz DA, Shukla MR, Loeffelholz MJ. The traditional or reverse algorithm for diagnosis of syphilis: pros and cons. Clin Infect Dis 2020;71(Suppl 1):S43–51. PMID:32578864 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa307

575. Berry GJ, Loeffelholz MJ. Use of treponemal screening assay strength of signal to avoid unnecessary confirmatory testing. Sex Transm Dis 2016;43:737–40. PMID:27835625 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000524

576. Park IU, Chow JM, Bolan G, Stanley M, Shieh J, Schapiro JM. Screening for syphilis with the treponemal immunoassay: analysis of discordant serology results and implications for clinical management. J Infect Dis 2011;204:1297–304. PMID:21930610 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jir524

577. Loeffelholz MJ, Wen T, Patel JA. Analysis of bioplex syphilis IgG quantitative results in different patient populations. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2011;18:2005–6. PMID:21880852 https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.05335-11

578. Fakile YF, Jost H, Hoover KW, et al. Correlation of treponemal immunoassay signal strength values with reactivity of confirmatory treponemal testing. J Clin Microbiol 2017;56:e01165-17. PMID:29046410 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01165-17

579. Wong EH, Klausner JD, Caguin-Grygiel G, et al. Evaluation of an IgM/IgG sensitive enzyme immunoassay and the utility of index values for the screening of syphilis infection in a high-risk population. Sex Transm Dis 2011;38:528–32. PMID:21233789 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318205491a

580. Dai S, Chi P, Lin Y, et al. Improved reverse screening algorithm for Treponema pallidum antibody using signal-to-cutoff ratios from chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay. Sex Transm Dis 2014;41:29–34. PMID:24326578 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000066

581. Li Z, Feng Z, Liu P, Yan C. Screening for antibodies against Treponema pallidum with chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay: analysis of discordant serology results and clinical characterization. Ann Clin Biochem 2016;53:588–92. PMID:26680646 https://doi.org/10.1177/0004563215623806

582. Yen-Lieberman B, Daniel J, Means C, Waletzky J, Daly TM. Identification of false-positive syphilis antibody results using a semiquantitative algorithm. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2011;18:1038–40. PMID:21508162 https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.05066-11

583. Yimtae K, Srirompotong S, Lertsukprasert K. Otosyphilis: a review of 85 cases. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007;136:67–71. PMID:17210336 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2006.08.026

584. Gleich LL, Linstrom CJ, Kimmelman CP. Otosyphilis: a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. Laryngoscope 1992;102:1255–9. PMID:1307698 https://doi.org/10.1288/00005537-199211000-00010

585. Lukehart SA, Hook EW 3rd, Baker-Zander SA, Collier AC, Critchlow CW, Handsfield HH. Invasion of the central nervous system by Treponema pallidum: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Ann Intern Med 1988;109:855–62. PMID:3056164 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-109-11-855

586. Harding AS, Ghanem KG. The performance of cerebrospinal fluid treponemal-specific antibody tests in neurosyphilis: a systematic review. Sex Transm Dis 2012;39:291–7. PMID:22421696 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31824c0e62

587. Jaffe HW, Larsen SA, Peters M, Jove DF, Lopez B, Schroeter AL. Tests for treponemal antibody in CSF. Arch Intern Med 1978;138:252–5. PMID:343742 https://doi.org/10.1001/archint1978.03630260050016

588. Marra CM, Maxwell CL, Smith SL, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in patients with syphilis: association with clinical and laboratory features. J Infect Dis 2004;189:369–76. PMID:14745693 https://doi.org/10.1086/381227

589. CDC. Inadvertent use of Bicillin C-R to treat syphilis infection—Los Angeles, California, 1999–2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005;54:217–9. PMID:15758893

590. Butler T. The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction after antibiotic treatment of spirochetal infections: a review of recent cases and our understanding of pathogenesis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017;96:46–52. PMID:28077740 https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0434

591. Rolfs RT, Joesoef MR, Hendershot EF, et al.; The Syphilis and HIV Study Group. A randomized trial of enhanced therapy for early syphilis in patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1997;337:307–14. PMID:9235493 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199707313370504

592. Yang CJ, Lee NY, Chen TC, et al. One dose versus three weekly doses of benzathine penicillin G for patients co-infected with HIV and early syphilis: a multicenter, prospective observational study. PLoS One 2014;9:e109667. PMID:25286091 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109667

593. Ganesan A, Mesner O, Okulicz JF, et al.; Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program HIV/STI Working Group. A single dose of benzathine penicillin G is as effective as multiple doses of benzathine penicillin G for the treatment of HIV-infected persons with early syphilis. Clin Infect Dis 2015;60:653–60. PMID:25389249 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu888

594. Ghanem KG, Erbelding EJ, Wiener ZS, Rompalo AM. Serological response to syphilis treatment in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients attending sexually transmitted diseases clinics. Sex Transm Infect 2007;83:97–101. PMID:16943224 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2006.021402

595. Seña AC, Wolff M, Martin DH, et al. Predictors of serological cure and serofast state after treatment in HIV-negative persons with early syphilis. Clin Infect Dis 2011;53:1092–9. PMID:21998287 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir671

596. Zhang RL, Wang QQ, Zhang JP, Yang LJ. Molecular subtyping of Treponema pallidum and associated factors of serofast status in early syphilis patients: identified novel genotype and cytokine marker. PLoS One 2017;12:e0175477. PMID:28410389 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175477

597. Seña AC, Zhang XH, Li T, et al. A systematic review of syphilis serological treatment outcomes in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected persons: rethinking the significance of serological non-responsiveness and the serofast state after therapy. BMC Infect Dis 2015;15:479. PMID:26511465 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-1209-0

598. Tong ML, Lin LR, Liu GL, et al. Factors associated with serological cure and the serofast state of HIV-negative patients with primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary syphilis. PLoS One 2013;8:e70102. PMID:23894598 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070102

599. Seña AC, Wolff M, Behets F, et al. Response to therapy following retreatment of serofast early syphilis patients with benzathine penicillin. Clin Infect Dis 2013;56:420–2. PMID:23118269 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis918

600. Ghanem KG, Erbelding EJ, Cheng WW, Rompalo AM. Doxycycline compared with benzathine penicillin for the treatment of early syphilis. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:e45–9. PMID:16477545 https://doi.org/10.1086/500406

601. Wong T, Singh AE, De P. Primary syphilis: serological treatment response to doxycycline/tetracycline versus benzathine penicillin. Am J Med 2008;121:903–8. PMID:18823862 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.04.042

602. Hook EW 3rd, Martin DH, Stephens J, Smith BS, Smith K. A randomized, comparative pilot study of azithromycin versus benzathine penicillin G for treatment of early syphilis. Sex Transm Dis 2002;29:486–90. PMID:12172535 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-200208000-00010

603. Cao Y, Su X, Wang Q, et al. A multicenter study evaluating ceftriaxone and benzathine penicillin G as treatment agents for early syphilis in Jiangsu, China. Clin Infect Dis 2017;65:1683–8. PMID:29020150 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix611

604. Riedner G, Rusizoka M, Todd J, et al. Single-dose azithromycin versus penicillin G benzathine for the treatment of early syphilis. N Engl J Med 2005;353:1236–44. PMID:16177249 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa044284

605. Hook EW 3rd, Behets F, Van Damme K, et al. A phase III equivalence trial of azithromycin versus benzathine penicillin for treatment of early syphilis. J Infect Dis 2010;201:1729–35. PMID:20402591 https://doi.org/10.1086/652239

606. Lukehart SA, Godornes C, Molini BJ, et al. Macrolide resistance in Treponema pallidum in the United States and Ireland. N Engl J Med 2004;351:154–8. PMID:15247355 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa040216

607. Mitchell SJ, Engelman J, Kent CK, Lukehart SA, Godornes C, Klausner JD. Azithromycin-resistant syphilis infection: San Francisco, California, 2000–2004. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:337–45. PMID:16392078 https://doi.org/10.1086/498899

608. A2058G Prevalence Workgroup. Prevalence of the 23S rRNA A2058G point mutation and molecular subtypes in Treponema pallidum in the United States, 2007 to 2009. Sex Transm Dis 2012;39:794–8. PMID:23001267

609. Rolfs RT, Joesoef MR, Hendershot EF, et al.; The Syphilis and HIV Study Group. A randomized trial of enhanced therapy for early syphilis in patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1997;337:307–14. PMID:9235493 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199707313370504

610. Collart P, Poitevin M, Milovanovic A, Herlin A, Durel J. Kinetic study of serum penicillin concentrations after single doses of benzathine and benethamine penicillins in young and old people. Br J Vener Dis 1980;56:355–62. PMID:7448577 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.56.6.355

611. Hagdrup HK, Lange Wantzin G, Secher L, Rosdahl VT. Penicillin concentrations in serum following weekly injections of benzathine penicillin G. Chemotherapy 1986;32:99–101. PMID:3698728 https://doi.org/10.1159/000238397

612. Frentz G, Nielsen PB, Espersen F, Czartoryski A, Aastrup H. Penicillin concentrations in blood and spinal fluid after a single intramuscular injection of penicillin G benzathine. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1984;3:147–9. PMID:6723638 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02014334

613. Nathan L, Bawdon RE, Sidawi JE, Stettler RW, McIntire DM, Wendel GD Jr. Penicillin levels following the administration of benzathine penicillin G in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1993;82:338–42. PMID:8355931

614. Marra CM, Maxwell CL, Tantalo LC, Sahi SK, Lukehart SA. Normalization of serum rapid plasma reagin titer predicts normalization of cerebrospinal fluid and clinical abnormalities after treatment of neurosyphilis. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47:893–9. PMID:18715154 https://doi.org/10.1086/591534

615. Xiao Y, Tong ML, Lin LR, et al. Serological response predicts normalization of cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities at six months after treatment in HIV-negative neurosyphilis patients. Sci Rep 2017;7:9911. PMID:28855625 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10387-x

616. Hook EW 3rd, Baker-Zander SA, Moskovitz BL, Lukehart SA, Handsfield HH. Ceftriaxone therapy for asymptomatic neurosyphilis. Case report and Western blot analysis of serum and cerebrospinal fluid IgG response to therapy. Sex Transm Dis 1986;13(Suppl):185–8. PMID:3764632 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-198607000-00018

617. Shann S, Wilson J. Treatment of neurosyphilis with ceftriaxone. Sex Transm Infect 2003;79:415–6. PMID:14573840 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.79.5.415

618. Ahmed KA, Fox SJ, Frigas E, Park MA. Clinical outcome in the use of cephalosporins in pediatric patients with a history of penicillin allergy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012;158:405–10. PMID:22487723 https://doi.org/10.1159/000333553

619. Park MA, Koch CA, Klemawesch P, Joshi A, Li JT. Increased adverse drug reactions to cephalosporins in penicillin allergy patients with positive penicillin skin test. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2010;153:268–73. PMID:20484925 https://doi.org/10.1159/000314367

620. Novalbos A, Sastre J, Cuesta J, et al. Lack of allergic cross-reactivity to cephalosporins among patients allergic to penicillins. Clin Exp Allergy 2001;31:438–43. PMID:11260156 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.00992.x

621. Pichichero ME, Casey JR. Safe use of selected cephalosporins in penicillin-allergic patients: a meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007;136:340–7. PMID:17321857 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2006.10.007

622. Kingston AA, Vujevich J, Shapiro M, et al. Seronegative secondary syphilis in 2 patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Dermatol 2005;141:431–3. PMID:15837859 https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.141.4.431

623. CDC. Symptomatic early neurosyphilis among HIV-positive men who have sex with men—four cities, United States, January 2002–June 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2007;56:625–8. PMID:17597693

624. Ghanem KG, Moore RD, Rompalo AM, Erbelding EJ, Zenilman JM, Gebo KA. Neurosyphilis in a clinical cohort of HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS 2008;22:1145–51. PMID:18525260 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32830184df

625. Ghanem KG, Moore RD, Rompalo AM, Erbelding EJ, Zenilman JM, Gebo KA. Antiretroviral therapy is associated with reduced serologic failure rates for syphilis among HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47:258–65. PMID:18532887 https://doi.org/10.1086/589295

626. Tomkins A, Ahmad S, Cousins DE, Thng CM, Vilar FJ, Higgins SP. Screening for asymptomatic neurosyphilis in HIV patients after treatment of early syphilis: an observational study. Sex Transm Infect 2018;94:337–9. PMID:28196838 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2016-052938

627. Yang CJ, Chang SY, Hung CC. Sensitivity and specificity of lumbar puncture in HIV-infected patients with syphilis and no neurologic symptoms. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:162–3, author reply 162–3. PMID:19500029 https://doi.org/10.1086/599616

628. Marra CM, Boutin P, McArthur JC, et al. A pilot study evaluating ceftriaxone and penicillin G as treatment agents for neurosyphilis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:540–4. PMID:10722441 https://doi.org/10.1086/313725

629. Dowell ME, Ross PG, Musher DM, Cate TR, Baughn RE. Response of latent syphilis or neurosyphilis to ceftriaxone therapy in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Med 1992;93:481–8. PMID:1442850 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(92)90574-U

630. Smith NH, Musher DM, Huang DB, et al. Response of HIV-infected patients with asymptomatic syphilis to intensive intramuscular therapy with ceftriaxone or procaine Int J STD AIDS 2004;15:328–32. PMID:15117503 https://doi.org/10.1177/095646240401500511

631. Ahmed KA, Fox SJ, Frigas E, Park MA. Clinical outcome in the use of cephalosporins in pediatric patients with a history of penicillin allergy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012;158:405–10. PMID:22487723 https://doi.org/10.1159/000333553

632. Trivedi S, Williams C, Torrone E, Kidd S. National trends and reported risk factors among pregnant women with syphilis in the United States, 2012–2016. Obstet Gynecol 2019;133:27–32. PMID:30531570 https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003000

633. Biswas HH, Chew Ng RA, Murray EL, et al. Characteristics associated with delivery of an infant with congenital syphilis and missed opportunities for prevention—California, 2012 to 2014. Sex Transm Dis 2018;45:435–41. PMID:29465666 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000782

634. Slutsker JS, Hennessy RR, Schillinger JA. Factors contributing to congenital syphilis cases—New York City, 2010–2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018;67:1088–93. PMID:30286056 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6739a3

635. DiOrio D, Kroeger K, Ross A. Social vulnerability in congenital syphilis case mothers: qualitative assessment of cases in Indiana, 2014 to 2016. Sex Transm Dis 2018;45:447–51. PMID:29465662 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000783

636. Kimball A, Torrone E, Miele K, et al. Missed opportunities for prevention of congenital syphilis—United States, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:661–5. PMID:32497029 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6922a1

637. Park IU, Chow JM, Bolan G, Stanley M, Shieh J, Schapiro JM. Screening for syphilis with the treponemal immunoassay: analysis of discordant serology results and implications for clinical management. J Infect Dis 2011;204:1297–304. PMID:21930610 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jir524

638. Mmeje O, Chow JM, Davidson L, Shieh J, Schapiro JM, Park IU. Discordant syphilis immunoassays in pregnancy: perinatal outcomes and implications for clinical management. Clin Infect Dis 2015;61:1049–53. PMID:26063719 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ445

639. Alexander JM, Sheffield JS, Sanchez PJ, Mayfield J, Wendel GD Jr. Efficacy of treatment for syphilis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1999;93:5–8. PMID:9916946

640. Walker GJ. Antibiotics for syphilis diagnosed during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;(3):CD001143. PMID:11686978

641. Wendel GD Jr, Sheffield JS, Hollier LM, Hill JB, Ramsey PS, Sánchez PJ. Treatment of syphilis in pregnancy and prevention of congenital syphilis. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35(Suppl 2):S200–9. PMID:12353207 https://doi.org/10.1086/342108

642. Zhu L, Qin M, Du L, Xie RH, Wong T, Wen SW. Maternal and congenital syphilis in Shanghai, China, 2002 to 2006. Int J Infect Dis 2010;14(Suppl 3):e45–8. PMID:20137991 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2009.09.009

643. Hawkes S, Matin N, Broutet N, Low N. Effectiveness of interventions to improve screening for syphilis in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2011;11:684–91. PMID:21683653 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70104-9

644. Hollier LM, Harstad TW, Sanchez PJ, Twickler DM, Wendel GD Jr. Fetal syphilis: clinical and laboratory characteristics. Obstet Gynecol 2001;97:947–53. PMID:11384701

645. Rac MW, Bryant SN, McIntire DD, et al. Progression of ultrasound findings of fetal syphilis after maternal treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014;211:e1–6. PMID:24907700 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2014.05.049

646. Zhou P, Gu Z, Xu J, Wang X, Liao K. A study evaluating ceftriaxone as a treatment agent for primary and secondary syphilis in pregnancy. Sex Transm Dis 2005;32:495–8. PMID:16041252 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.olq.0000170443.70739.cd

647. Katanami Y, Hashimoto T, Takaya S, et al. Amoxicillin and ceftriaxone as treatment alternatives to penicillin for maternal syphilis. Emerg Infect Dis 2017;23:827–9. PMID:28418316 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2305.161936

648. Kestenbaum LA, Ebberson J, Zorc JJ, Hodinka RL, Shah SS. Defining cerebrospinal fluid white blood cell count reference values in neonates and young infants. Pediatrics 2010;125:257–64. PMID:20064869 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-1181

649. Shah SS, Ebberson J, Kestenbaum LA, Hodinka RL, Zorc JJ. Age-specific reference values for cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration in neonates and young infants. J Hosp Med 2011;6:22–7. PMID:20629018 https://doi.org/10.1002/jhm.711

650. Thomson J, Sucharew H, Cruz AT, et al.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee (PEM CRC) HSV Study Group. Cerebrospinal fluid reference values for young infants undergoing lumbar puncture. Pediatrics 2018;141:e20173405. PMID:29437883 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-3405

651. Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, Long SS, eds. Red book: 2018 report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 31st ed. Itasca, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2018.

652. Macy E, Contreras R. Adverse reactions associated with oral and parenteral use of cephalosporins: a retrospective population-based J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015;135:745–52.e5. PMID:25262461 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.062

653. Macy E, Vyles D. Who needs penicillin allergy testing? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018;121:523–9. PMID:30092265 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2018.07.041

654. Annè S, Reisman RE. Risk of administering cephalosporin antibiotics to patients with histories of penicillin allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1995;74:167–70. PMID:7697478

655. Albin S, Agarwal S. Prevalence and characteristics of reported penicillin allergy in an urban outpatient adult population. Allergy Asthma Proc 2014;35:489–94. PMID:25584917 https://doi.org/10.2500/aap.2014.35.3791

656. Blumenthal KG, Peter JG, Trubiano JA, Phillips EJ. Antibiotic allergy. Lancet 2019;393:183–98. PMID:30558872 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32218-9

657. Macy E, Poon K-Y T. Self-reported antibiotic allergy incidence and prevalence: age and sex effects. Am J Med 2009;122:e1–7. PMID:19635279 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.01.034

658. Shenoy ES, Macy E, Rowe T, Blumenthal KG. Evaluation and management of penicillin allergy: a review. JAMA 2019;321:188–99. PMID:30644987 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.19283

659. Gadde J, Spence M, Wheeler B, Adkinson NF Jr. Clinical experience with penicillin skin testing in a large inner-city STD clinic. JAMA 1993;270:2456–63. PMID:8230623 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1993.03510200062033

660. Macy E, Ngor EW. Safely diagnosing clinically significant penicillin allergy using only penicilloyl-poly-lysine, penicillin, and oral amoxicillin. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2013;1:258–63. PMID:24565482 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2013.02.002

661. Jares EJ, Sánchez-Borges M, Cardona-Villa R, et al.; Latin America Drug Allergy Interest Group. Multinational experience with hypersensitivity drug reactions in Latin America. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014;113:282–9. PMID:25065979 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2014.06.019

662. Macy E, Contreras R. Health care use and serious infection prevalence associated with penicillin “allergy” in hospitalized patients: A cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014;133:790–6. PMID:24188976 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.09.021

663. Blumenthal KG, Lu N, Zhang Y, Li Y, Walensky RP, Choi HK. Risk of meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile in patients with a documented penicillin allergy: population based matched cohort study. BMJ 2018;361:k2400. PMID:29950489 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2400

664. Blumenthal KG, Ryan EE, Li Y, Lee H, Kuhlen JL, Shenoy ES. The impact of a reported penicillin allergy on surgical site infection risk. Clin Infect Dis 2018;66:329–36. PMID:29361015 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix794

665. Tucker MH, Lomas CM, Ramchandar N, Waldram JD. Amoxicillin challenge without penicillin skin testing in evaluation of penicillin allergy in a cohort of Marine recruits. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2017;5:813–5. PMID:28341170 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.01.023

666. Goldberg A, Confino-Cohen R. Skin testing and oral penicillin challenge in patients with a history of remote penicillin allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008;100:37–43. PMID:18254480 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60402-4

667. Iammatteo M, Alvarez Arango S, Ferastraoaru D, et al. Safety and outcomes of oral graded challenges to amoxicillin without prior skin testing. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2019;7:236–43. PMID:29802906 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2018.05.008

668. Cook DJ, Barbara DW, Singh KE, Dearani JA. Penicillin skin testing in cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014;147:1931–5. PMID:24530197 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.01.019

669. McDanel DL, Azar AE, Dowden AM, et al. Screening for beta-lactam allergy in joint arthroplasty patients to improve surgical prophylaxis practice. J Arthroplasty 2017;32(9s):S101–8. PMID:28236547 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2017.01.012

670. Trubiano JA, Thursky KA, Stewardson AJ, et al. Impact of an integrated antibiotic allergy testing program on antimicrobial stewardship: a multicenter Clin Infect Dis 2017;65:166–74. PMID:28520865 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix244

671. Siew LQC, Li PH, Watts TJ, et al. Identifying low-risk beta-lactam allergy patients in a UK tertiary centre. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2019;7:2173–e1. PMID:30922992 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.03.015

672. Chen JR, Tarver SA, Alvarez KS, Tran T, Khan DA. A proactive approach to penicillin allergy testing in hospitalized patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2017;5:686–93. PMID:27888034 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2016.09.045

673. Leis JA, Palmay L, Ho G, et al. Point-of-care β-lactam allergy skin testing by antimicrobial stewardship programs: a pragmatic multicenter prospective evaluation. Clin Infect Dis 2017;65:1059–65. PMID:28575226 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix512

674. Banks TA, Tucker M, Macy E. Evaluating penicillin allergies without skin testing. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2019;19:27. PMID:30903298 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-019-0854-6

675. Pham MN, Ho HE, Desai M. Penicillin desensitization: treatment of syphilis in pregnancy in penicillin-allergic patients. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017;118:537–41. PMID:28477786 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2017.03.013

676. Sogn DD, Evans R 3rd, Shepherd GM, et al. Results of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Clinical Trial to test the predictive value of skin testing with major and minor penicillin derivatives in hospitalized adults. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:1025–32. PMID:1580706 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1992.00400170105020

677. Solensky R, Jacobs J, Lester M, et al. Penicillin allergy evaluation: a prospective, multicenter, open-label evaluation of a comprehensive penicillin skin test kit. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2019;7:1876–e3. PMID:30878711 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.02.040

678. Heil EL, Bork JT, Schmalzle SA, et al. Implementation of an infectious disease fellow-managed penicillin allergy skin testing service. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016;3:ofw155. PMID:27704011 https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofw155

679. du Plessis T, Walls G, Jordan A, Holland DJ. Implementation of a pharmacist-led penicillin allergy de-labelling service in a public hospital. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019;74:1438–46. PMID:30753497 https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dky575

680. Macy E, Blumenthal KG. Are cephalosporins safe for use in penicillin allergy without prior allergy evaluation? J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2018;6:82–9. PMID:28958745 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.07.033

681. Zagursky RJ, Pichichero ME. Cross-reactivity in β-lactam allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2018;6:72–e1. PMID:29017833 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.08.027

682. Blumenthal KG, Shenoy ES, Varughese CA, Hurwitz S, Hooper DC, Banerji A. Impact of a clinical guideline for prescribing antibiotics to inpatients reporting penicillin or cephalosporin allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015;115:294–e2. PMID:26070805 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2015.05.011

683. Kuruvilla M, Wolf F, Sexton M, Wiley Z, Thomas J. Perioperative use of cefazolin without preliminary skin testing in patients with reported penicillin allergy. Surgery 2019;165:486–96. PMID:30001827 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2018.05.054

684. Lee P, Shanson D. Results of a UK survey of fatal anaphylaxis after oral amoxicillin. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;60:1172–3. PMID:17761735 https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkm315

685. Blumenthal KG, Shenoy ES, Wolfson AR, et al. Addressing inpatient beta-lactam allergies: a multihospital implementation. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2017;5:616–e7. PMID:28483315 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.02.019

686. Mustafa SS, Conn K, Ramsey A. Comparing direct challenge to penicillin skin testing for the outpatient evaluation of penicillin allergy: a randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2019;7:2163–70. PMID:31170542 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.05.037

687. Chastain DB, Hutzley VJ, Parekh J, Alegro JVG. Antimicrobial desensitization: a review of published protocols. Pharmacy (Basel) 2019;7:112. PMID:31405062 https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7030112

688. Wendel GD Jr, Stark BJ, Jamison RB, Molina RD, Sullivan TJ. Penicillin allergy and desensitization in serious infections during pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1985;312:1229–32. PMID:3921835 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198505093121905

689. Borish L, Tamir R, Rosenwasser LJ. Intravenous desensitization to beta-lactam antibiotics. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987;80:314–9. PMID:3040836 https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(87)90037-6

690. Legere HJ 3rd, Palis RI, Rodriguez Bouza T, Uluer AZ, Castells MC. A safe protocol for rapid desensitization in patients with cystic fibrosis and antibiotic J Cyst Fibros 2009;8:418–24. PMID:19740711 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcf.2009.08.002

691. Manhart LE, Holmes KK, Hughes JP, Houston LS, Totten PA. Mycoplasma genitalium among young adults in the United States: an emerging sexually transmitted infection. Am J Public Health 2007;97:1118–25. PMID:17463380 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.074062

692. Ross JDC, Jensen JS. Mycoplasma genitalium as a sexually transmitted infection: implications for screening, testing, and treatment. Sex Transm Infect 2006;82:269–71. PMID:16877571 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2005.017368

693. Taylor-Robinson D, Gilroy CB, Thomas BJ, Hay PE. Mycoplasma genitalium in chronic non-gonococcal urethritis. Int J STD AIDS 2004;15:21–5. PMID:14769166 https://doi.org/10.1258/095646204322637209

694. Dupin N, Bijaoui G, Schwarzinger M, et al. Detection and quantification of Mycoplasma genitalium in male patients with urethritis. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:602–5. PMID:12905147 https://doi.org/10.1086/376990

695. Krieger JN, Riley DE, Roberts MC, Berger RE. Prokaryotic DNA sequences in patients with chronic idiopathic prostatitis. J Clin Microbiol 1996;34:3120–8. PMID:8940458 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.34.12.3120-3128.1996

696. le Roux MC, Hoosen AA. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma genitalium infection in South African men with and without symptoms of urethritis. Sex Transm Dis 2017;44:17–20. PMID:27898565 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000540

697. Bachmann LH, Kirkcaldy RD, Geisler WM, et al.; the MAGNUM Laboratory Working Group. Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium infection, antimicrobial resistance mutations and symptom resolution following treatment of urethritis. Clin Infect Dis 2020;71:e624–32. PMID:32185385 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa293

698. Nye MB, Schwebke JR, Body BA. Comparison of APTIMA Trichomonas vaginalis transcription-mediated amplification to wet mount microscopy, culture, and polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of trichomoniasis in men and women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;200:e1–7. PMID:19185101 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2008.10.005

699. Bradshaw CS, Tabrizi SN, Read TR, et al. Etiologies of nongonococcal urethritis: bacteria, viruses, and the association with orogenital exposure. J Infect Dis 2006;193:336–45. PMID:16388480 https://doi.org/10.1086/499434

700. Dombrowski JC, Harrington RD, Golden MR. Evidence for the long-term stability of HIV transmission-associated sexual behavior after HIV diagnosis. Sex Transm Dis 2013;40:41–5. PMID:23254116 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3182753327

701. Rane VS, Fairley CK, Weerakoon A, et al. Characteristics of acute nongonococcal urethritis in men differ by sexual preference. J Clin Microbiol 2014;52:2971–6. PMID:24899041 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00899-14

702. Pond MJ, Nori AV, Witney AA, Lopeman RC, Butcher PD, Sadiq ST. High prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium in nongonococcal urethritis: the need for routine testing and the inadequacy of current treatment options. Clin Infect Dis 2014;58:631–7. PMID:24280088 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit752

703. Khatib N, Bradbury C, Chalker V, et al. Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum in men with urethritis attending an urban sexual health clinic. Int J STD AIDS 2015;26:388–92. PMID:24925897 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462414539464

704. Cox C, McKenna JP, Watt AP, Coyle PV. Ureaplasma parvum and Mycoplasma genitalium are found to be significantly associated with microscopy-confirmed urethritis in a routine genitourinary medicine setting. Int J STD AIDS 2016;27:861–7. PMID:26378187 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462415597620

705. Li Y, Su X, Le W, et al. Mycoplasma genitalium in symptomatic male urethritis: macrolide use is associated with increased resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2020;70:805–10. PMID:30972419 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz294

706. Ito S, Hanaoka N, Shimuta K, et al. Male non-gonococcal urethritis: from microbiological etiologies to demographic and clinical features. Int J Urol 2016;23:325–31. PMID:26845624 https://doi.org/10.1111/iju.13044

707. Horner P, Donders G, Cusini M, Gomberg M, Jensen JS, Unemo M. Should we be testing for urogenital Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum in men and women?—A position statement from the European STI Guidelines Editorial Board. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018;32:1845–51. PMID:29924422 https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15146

708. van der Veer C, van Rooijen MS, Himschoot M, de Vries HJ, Bruisten SM. Trichomonas vaginalis and Mycoplasma genitalium: age-specific prevalence and disease burden in men attending a sexually transmitted infections clinic in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Sex Transm Infect 2016;92:83–5. PMID:26283740 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2015-052118

709. Seike K, Maeda S, Kubota Y, Tamaki M, Yasuda M, Deguchi T. Prevalence and morbidity of urethral Trichomonas vaginalis in Japanese men with or without urethritis. Sex Transm Infect 2013;89:528–30. PMID:23349337 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2012-050702

710. Napierala M, Munson E, Wenten D, et al. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium from male primary urine specimens: an epidemiologic dichotomy with Trichomonas vaginalis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015;82:194–8. PMID:25934156 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.03.016

711. Sviben M, Missoni EM, Meštrović T, Vojnović G, Galinović GM. Epidemiology and laboratory characteristics of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in Croatian men with and without urethritis syndrome: a case-control study. Sex Transm Infect 2015;91:360–4. PMID:25568091 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2014-051771

712. Rietmeijer CA, Mungati M, Machiha A, et al. The etiology of male urethral discharge in Zimbabwe: results from the Zimbabwe STI Etiology Study. Sex Transm Dis 2018;45:56–60. PMID:29240635 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000696

713. Bazan JA, Peterson AS, Kirkcaldy RD, et al. Notes from the field: increase in Neisseria meningitidis-associated urethritis among men at two sentinel clinics—Columbus, Ohio, and Oakland County, Michigan, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:550–2. PMID:27254649 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6521a5

714. Jannic A, Mammeri H, Larcher L, et al. Orogenital transmission of Neisseria meningitidis causing acute urethritis in men who have sex with men. Emerg Infect Dis 2019;25:175–6. PMID:30561300 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2501.171102

715. Hayakawa K, Itoda I, Shimuta K, Takahashi H, Ohnishi M. Urethritis caused by novel Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W in man who has sex with men, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20:1585–7. PMID:25154021 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2009.140349

716. Bazan JA, Tzeng YL, Stephens DS, et al. Repeat episodes of symptomatic urethritis due to a uropathogenic meningococcal clade. Sex Transm Dis 2020;47:e1–4. PMID:31651709 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001079

717. Ong JJ, Morton AN, Henzell HR, et al. Clinical characteristics of herpes simplex virus urethritis compared with chlamydial urethritis among men. Sex Transm Dis 2017;44:121–5. PMID:28079748 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000547

718. Avolio M, De Rosa R, Modolo ML, Stano P, Camporese A. When should adenoviral non-gonococcal urethritis be suspected? Two case reports. New Microbiol 2014;37:109–12. PMID:24531179

719. You C, Hamasuna R, Ogawa M, et al. The first report: an analysis of bacterial flora of the first voided urine specimens of patients with male urethritis using the 16S ribosomal RNA gene-based clone library method. Microb Pathog 2016;95:95–100. PMID:27013259 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2016.02.022

720. Deguchi T, Ito S, Hatazaki K, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated from the urethra of men with acute urethritis and/or epididymitis. J Infect Chemother 2017;23:804–7. PMID:28619239 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2017.05.009

721. Ito S, Hatazaki K, Shimuta K, et al. Haemophilus influenzae isolated from men with acute urethritis: its pathogenic roles, responses to antimicrobial chemotherapies, and antimicrobial susceptibilities. Sex Transm Dis 2017;44:205–10. PMID:28282645 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000573

722. Horie K, Ito S, Hatazaki K, et ‘Haemophilus quentini’ in the urethra of men complaining of urethritis symptoms. J Infect Chemother 2018;24:71–4. PMID:28889986 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2017.08.007

723. Frølund M, Falk L, Ahrens P, Jensen JS. Detection of ureaplasmas and bacterial vaginosis associated bacteria and their association with non-gonococcal urethritis in men. PLoS One 2019;14:e0214425. PMID:30946763 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214425

724. Deza G, Martin-Ezquerra G, Gómez J, Villar-García J, Supervia A, Pujol RM. Isolation of Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae in urethral exudates from men with acute urethritis: a descriptive study of 52 cases. Sex Transm Infect 2016;92:29–31. PMID:26139207 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2015-052135

725. Magdaleno-Tapial J, Valenzuela-Oñate C, Giacaman-von der Weth MM, et al. Haemophilus species isolated in urethral exudates as a possible causative agent in acute urethritis: a study of 38 cases. Actas Dermosifiliogr 2019;110:38–42. PMID:30390917 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adengl.2018.11.011

726. Abdolrasouli A, Roushan A. Corynebacterium propinquum associated with acute, nongonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Dis 2013;40:829–31. PMID:24275738 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000027

727. Ongrádi J, Stercz B, Kövesdi V, Nagy K, Chatlynne L. Isolation of Kurthia gibsonii from non-gonorrheal urethritis: implications for the pathomechanism upon surveying the literature. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2014;61:79–87. PMID:24631755 https://doi.org/10.1556/AMicr.61.2014.1.8

728. Gherardi G, Di Bonaventura G, Pompilio A, Savini V. Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum causing genitourinary tract infection: case report and review of the literatur IDCases 2015;2:56–8. PMID:26793456 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2015.03.001

729. Meštrović T. A microbial game of whack-a-mole: clinical case series of the urethral uncloaking phenomenon caused by Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum in men treated for Chlamydia trachomatis Infection 2019;47:121–4. PMID:30168068 https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-018-1211-8

730. Frikh M, El Yaagoubi I, Lemnouer A, Elouennass M. Urethritis due to corynebacterium striatum: an emerging germ. Tunis Med 2015;93:43–4. PMID:25955369

731. Babaeer AA, Nader C, Iacoviello V, Tomera K. Necrotizing urethritis due to Aerococcus urinae. Case Rep Urol 2015;2015:136147. PMID:26171271 https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/136147

732. Grandolfo M, Vestita M, Bonamonte D, Filoni A. Acute urethritis and balonoposthitis associated to Neisseria elongata. Sex Transm Dis 2016;43:778–9. PMID:27832027 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000532

733. Frølund M, Lidbrink P, Wikström A, Cowan S, Ahrens P, Jensen JS. Urethritis-associated pathogens in urine from men with non-gonococcal urethritis: a case-control study. Acta Derm Venereol 2016;96:689–94. PMID:26658669 https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-2314

734. Chambers LC, Morgan JL, Lowens MS, et al. Cross-sectional study of urethral exposures at last sexual episode associated with non-gonococcal urethritis among STD clinic patients. Sex Transm Infect 2019;95:212–8. PMID:30181326 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2018-053634

735. Manhart LE, Khosropour CM, Liu C, et al. Bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria in men: association of Leptotrichia/Sneathia with nongonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Dis 2013;40:944–9. PMID:24220356 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000054

736. Ashraf J, Radford AR, Turner A, Subramaniam R. Preliminary experience with instillation of triamcinolone acetonide into the urethra for idiopathic urethritis: a prospective pilot study. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2017;27:1217–21. PMID:29023188 https://doi.org/10.1089/lap.2017.0064

737. Taylor SN, DiCarlo RP, Martin DH. Comparison of methylene blue/gentian violet stain to Gram’s stain for the rapid diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in men. Sex Transm Dis 2011;38:995–6. PMID:21992973 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318225f7c2

738. Rietmeijer CA, Mettenbrink CJ. Recalibrating the Gram stain diagnosis of male urethritis in the era of nucleic acid amplification Sex Transm Dis 2012;39:18–20. PMID:22183839 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3182354da3

739. Geisler WM, Yu S, Hook EW 3rd. Chlamydial and gonococcal infection in men without polymorphonuclear leukocytes on Gram stain: implications for diagnostic approach and management. Sex Transm Dis 2005;32:630–4. PMID:16205305 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.olq.0000175390.45315.a1

740. Gottesman T, Yossepowitch O, Samra Z, Rosenberg S, Dan M. Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in men with urethritis and in high risk asymptomatic males in Tel Aviv: a prospective study. Int J STD AIDS 2017;28:127–32. PMID:26826161 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462416630675

741. Kim HJ, Park JK, Park SC, et al. The prevalence of causative organisms of community-acquired urethritis in an age group at high risk for sexually transmitted infections in Korean soldiers. J R Army Med Corps 2017;163:20–2. PMID:26607860 https://doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2015-000488

742. Libois A, Hallin M, Crucitti T, Delforge M, De Wit S. Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in men with urethritis in a large public hospital in Brussels, Belgium: an observational, cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2018;13:e0196217. PMID:29698421 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196217

743. Bachmann LH, Manhart LE, Martin DH, et al. Advances in the understanding and treatment of male urethritis. Clin Infect Dis 2015;61(Suppl 8):S763–9. PMID:26602615 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ755

744. Samaraweera GR, Garcia K, Druce J, et al. Characteristics of adenovirus urethritis among heterosexual men and men who have sex with men: a review of clinical cases. Sex Transm Infect 2016;92:172–4. PMID:26574571 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2015-052243

745. Horner P, Blee K, O’Mahony C, Muir P, Evans C, Radcliffe K; Clinical Effectiveness Group of the British Association for Sexual Health and HIV. 2015 UK National Guideline on the management of non-gonococcal urethritis. Int J STD AIDS 2016;27:85–96. PMID:26002319 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462415586675

746. Sarier M, Sepin N, Duman I, et al. Microscopy of Gram-stained urethral smear in the diagnosis of urethritis: which threshold value should be selected? Andrologia 2018;50:e13143. PMID:30238498 https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13143

747. Sarier M, Kukul E. Classification of non-gonococcal urethritis: a review. Int Urol Nephrol 2019;51:901–7. PMID:30953260 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-019-02140-2

748. Kong FY, Tabrizi SN, Law M, et al. Azithromycin versus doxycycline for the treatment of genital chlamydia infection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59:193–205. PMID:24729507 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu220

749. Páez-Canro C, Alzate JP, González LM, Rubio-Romero JA, Lethaby A, Gaitán HG. Antibiotics for treating urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in men and non-pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019;1:CD010871. PMID:30682211 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010871.pub2

750. McIver R, Jalocon D, McNulty A, et al. Men who have sex with men with Mycoplasma genitalium-positive nongonococcal urethritis are more likely to have macrolide resistant strains than men with only female partners: a prospective study. Sex Transm Dis 2019;46:513–7. PMID:31295218 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001009

751. Lau A, Bradshaw CS, Lewis D, et al. The efficacy of azithromycin for the treatment of genital Mycoplasma genitalium: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2015;61:1389–99. PMID:26240201 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ644

752. Horner P. Mycoplasma genitalium nongonococcal urethritis is likely to increase in men who have sex with men who practice unsafe sex: what should we do? Sex Transm Dis 2019;46:518–20. PMID:31295219 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001030

753. Hosenfeld CB, Workowski KA, Berman S, et al. Repeat infection with Chlamydia and gonorrhea among females: a systematic review of the literature. Sex Transm Dis 2009;36:478–89. PMID:19617871 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181a2a933

754. Fung M, Scott KC, Kent CK, Klausner JD. Chlamydial and gonococcal reinfection among men: a systematic review of data to evaluate the need for retesting. Sex Transm Infect 2007;83:304–9. PMID:17166889 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2006.024059

755. Kissinger PJ, White S, Manhart LE, et al. Azithromycin treatment failure for Chlamydia trachomatis among heterosexual men with nongonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Dis 2016;43:599–602. PMID:27631353 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000489

756. Schwebke JR, Rompalo A, Taylor S, et al. Re-evaluating the treatment of nongonococcal urethritis: emphasizing emerging pathogens—a randomized clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:163–70. PMID:21288838 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciq074

757. Manhart LE, Khosropour CM, Gillespie CW, Lowens MS, Golden MR, Totten PA. 3 Treatment outcomes for persistent Mycoplasma genitalium-associated NGU: evidence of moxifloxacin treatment failures. Sex Transm Infect 2013;89(Suppl 1):A29. https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0091

758. Romano SS, Jensen JS, Lowens MS, et al. Long duration of asymptomatic Mycoplasma genitalium infection after syndromic treatment for nongonococcal urethritis. Clin Infect Dis 2019;69:113–20. PMID:30281079 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy843

759. Read TRH, Fairley CK, Murray GL, et al. Outcomes of resistance-guided sequential treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium infections: a prospective evaluation. Clin Infect Dis 2019;68:554–60. PMID:29873691 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy477

760. Dowe G, Smikle M, King SD, Baum M, Chout R, Williams Y. Symptomatic and asymptomatic chlamydial non-gonococcal urethritis in Jamaica: the potential for HIV transmission. Int J STD AIDS 2000;11:187–90. PMID:10726944 https://doi.org/10.1258/0956462001915507

761. Lusk MJ, Garden FL, Rawlinson WD, Naing ZW, Cumming RG, Konecny P. Cervicitis aetiology and case definition: a study in Australian women attending sexually transmitted infection clinics. Sex Transm Infect 2016;92:175–81. PMID:26586777 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2015-052332

762. Lusk MJ, Konecny P. Cervicitis: a review. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2008;21:49–55. PMID:18192786

763. Marrazzo JM, Martin DH. Management of women with cervicitis. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44(Suppl 3):S102–10. PMID:17342663 https://doi.org/10.1086/511423

764. Manavi K, Young H, Clutterbuck D. Sensitivity of microscopy for the rapid diagnosis of gonorrhoea in men and women and the role of gonorrhoea serovars. Int J STD AIDS 2003;14:390–4. PMID:12816666 https://doi.org/10.1258/095646203765371277

765. Lillis RA, Martin DH, Nsuami MJ. Mycoplasma genitalium infections in women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic in New Orleans. Clin Infect Dis 2019;69:459–65. PMID:30351348 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy922

766. Lis R, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Manhart LE. Mycoplasma genitalium infection and female reproductive tract disease: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2015;61:418–26. PMID:25900174 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ312

767. Oliphant J, Azariah S. Cervicitis: limited clinical utility for the detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in a cross-sectional study of women attending a New Zealand sexual health clinic. Sex Health 2013;10:263–7. PMID:23702105 https://doi.org/10.1071/SH12168

768. Sethi S, Rajkumari N, Dhaliwal L, Roy A. 294 Association of Mycoplasma genitalium with cervicitis in North Indian women attending gynecologic clinics. Sex Transm Infect 2013;89(Suppl 1):A240–1. https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0749

769. Taylor SN, Lensing S, Schwebke J, et al. Prevalence and treatment outcome of cervicitis of unknown etiology. Sex Transm Dis 2013;40:379–85. PMID:23588127 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31828bfcb1

770. Mobley VL, Hobbs MM, Lau K, Weinbaum BS, Getman DK, Seña AC. Mycoplasma genitalium infection in women attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic: diagnostic specimen type, coinfections, and predictors. Sex Transm Dis 2012;39:706–9. PMID:22902666 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318255de03

771. Marrazzo JM, Wiesenfeld HC, Murray PJ, et al. Risk factors for cervicitis among women with bacterial vaginosis. J Infect Dis 2006;193:617–24. PMID:16453256 https://doi.org/10.1086/500149

772. Gaydos C, Maldeis NE, Hardick A, Hardick J, Quinn TC. Mycoplasma genitalium as a contributor to the multiple etiologies of cervicitis in women attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. Sex Transm Dis 2009;36:598–606. PMID:19704398 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181b01948

773. Clark LR, Atendido M. Group B streptococcal vaginitis in postpubertal adolescent girls. J Adolesc Health 2005;36:437–40. PMID:15837348 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealt2004.03.009

774. Hester EE, Middleman AB. A clinical conundrum: chronic cervicitis. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2019;32:342–4. PMID:30582974 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2018.12.004

775. Liu L, Cao G, Zhao Z, Zhao F, Huang Y. High bacterial loads of Ureaplasma may be associated with non-specific cervicitis. Scand J Infect Dis 2014;46:637–41. PMID:25017795 https://doi.org/10.3109/00365548.2014.922696

776. Leli C, Mencacci A, Latino MA, et al. Prevalence of cervical colonization by Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium in childbearing age women by a commercially available multiplex real-time PCR: an Italian observational multicentre study. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2018;51:220–5. PMID:28711440 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2017.05.004

777. Manhart LE. Has the time come to systematically test for Mycoplasma genitalium? Sex Transm Dis 2009;36:607–8. PMID:19734818 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181b9d825

778. Liu HL, Chen CM, Pai LW, Hwu YJ, Lee HM, Chung YC. Comorbidity profiles among women with postcoital bleeding: a nationwide health insurance database. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2017;295:935–41. PMID:28246983 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-017-4327-7

779. Coleman JS, Hitti J, Bukusi EA, et al. Infectious correlates of HIV-1 shedding in the female upper and lower genital tracts. AIDS 2007;21:755–9. PMID:17413697 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e328012b838

780. Johnson LF, Lewis DA. The effect of genital tract infections on HIV-1 shedding in the genital tract: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Dis 2008;35:946–59. PMID:18685546 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181812d15

781. McClelland RS, Wang CC, Mandaliya K, et al. Treatment of cervicitis is associated with decreased cervical shedding of HIV-1. AIDS 2001;15:105–10. PMID:11192850 https://doi.org/10.1097/00002030-200101050-00015

782. Gatski M, Martin DH, Theall K, et al. Mycoplasma genitalium infection among HIV-positive women: prevalence, risk factors and association with vaginal shedding. Int J STD AIDS 2011;22:155–9. PMID:21464453 https://doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2010.010320

783. Gitau RW, Graham SM, Masese LN, et al. Effect of acquisition and treatment of cervical infections on HIV-1 shedding in women on antiretroviral AIDS 2010;24:2733–7. PMID:20871388 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833f9f43

784. Kreisel KM, Weston EJ, St Cyr SB, Spicknall IH. Estimates of the prevalence and incidence of chlamydia and gonorrhea among US men and women, 2018. Sex Transm Dis 2021;48:222–31. PMID:33492094 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001382

785. Aghaizu A, Reid F, Kerry S, et al. Frequency and risk factors for incident and redetected Chlamydia trachomatis infection in sexually active, young, multi-ethnic women: a community based cohort study. Sex Transm Infect 2014;90:524–8. PMID:25100744 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2014-051607

786. Scholes D, Satterwhite CL, Yu O, Fine D, Weinstock H, Berman S. Long-term trends in Chlamydia trachomatis infections and related outcomes in a U.S. managed care population. Sex Transm Dis 2012;39:81–8. PMID:22249294 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31823e3009

787. Kamwendo F, Forslin L, Bodin L, Danielsson D. Decreasing incidences of gonorrhea- and chlamydia-associated acute pelvic inflammatory disease. A 25-year study from an urban area of central Sweden. Sex Transm Dis 1996;23:384–91. PMID:8885069 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-199609000-00007

788. Rietmeijer CA, Hopkins E, Geisler WM, Orr DP, Kent CK. Chlamydia trachomatis positivity rates among men tested in selected venues in the United States: a review of the recent literature. Sex Transm Dis 2008;35(Suppl):S8–18. PMID:18449072 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31816938ba

789. Gift TL, Blake DR, Gaydos CA, Marrazzo JM. The cost-effectiveness of screening men for Chlamydia trachomatis: a review of the literature. Sex Transm Dis 2008;35(Suppl):S51–60. PMID:18520977 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181723dba

790. Gift TL, Gaydos CA, Kent CK, et The program cost and cost-effectiveness of screening men for Chlamydia to prevent pelvic inflammatory disease in women. Sex Transm Dis 2008;35(Suppl):S66–75. PMID:18830137 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31818b64ac

791. Gopalappa C, Huang YL, Gift TL, Owusu-Edusei K, Taylor M, Gales V. Cost-effectiveness of screening men in Maricopa County jails for chlamydia and gonorrhea to avert infections in women. Sex Transm Dis 2013;40:776–83. PMID:24275727 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000023

792. Masek BJ, Arora N, Quinn N, et al. Performance of three nucleic acid amplification tests for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by use of self-collected vaginal swabs obtained via an Internet-based screening program. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47:1663–7. PMID:19386838 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02387-08

793. Knox J, Tabrizi SN, Miller P, et al. Evaluation of self-collected samples in contrast to practitioner-collected samples for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis by polymerase chain reaction among women living in remote areas. Sex Transm Dis 2002;29:647–54. PMID:12438900 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-200211000-00006

794. Schachter J, Chernesky MA, Willis DE, et al. Vaginal swabs are the specimens of choice when screening for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: results from a multicenter evaluation of the APTIMA assays for both infections. Sex Transm Dis 2005;32:725–8. PMID:16314767 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.olq.0000190092.59482.96

795. Doshi JS, Power J, Allen E. Acceptability of chlamydia screening using self-taken vaginal swabs. Int J STD AIDS 2008;19:507–9. PMID:18663033 https://doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2008.008056

796. Chernesky MA, Jang D, Portillo E, et al. Self-collected swabs of the urinary meatus diagnose more Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections than first catch urine from men. Sex Transm Infect 2013;89:102–4. PMID:23024224 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2012-050573

797. Dize L, Barnes P Jr, Barnes M, et al. Performance of self-collected penile-meatal swabs compared to clinician-collected urethral swabs for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Mycoplasma genitalium by nucleic acid amplification assays. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016;86:131–5. PMID:27497595 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.07.018

798. Berry L, Stanley B. Comparison of self-collected meatal swabs with urine specimens for the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in men. J Med Microbiol 2017;66:134–6. PMID:28068218 https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.000428

799. Chernesky M, Freund GG, Hook E 3rd, Leone P, D’Ascoli P, Martens M. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in North American women by testing SurePath liquid-based Pap specimens in APTIMA assays. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45:2434–8. PMID:17581931 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00013-07

800. Schachter J, Moncada J, Liska S, Shayevich C, Klausner JD. Nucleic acid amplification tests in the diagnosis of chlamydial and gonococcal infections of the oropharynx and rectum in men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Dis 2008;35:637–42. PMID:18520976 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31817bdd7e

801. Mimiaga MJ, Mayer KH, Reisner SL, et al. Asymptomatic gonorrhea and chlamydial infections detected by nucleic acid amplification tests among Boston area men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Dis 2008;35:495–8. PMID:18354345 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31816471ae

802. Bachmann LH, Johnson RE, Cheng H, Markowitz LE, Papp JR, Hook EW 3rd. Nucleic acid amplification tests for diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae oropharyngeal infections. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47:902–7. PMID:19193848 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01581-08

803. Bachmann LH, Johnson RE, Cheng H, et al. Nucleic acid amplification tests for diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis rectal infections. J Clin Microbiol 2010;48:1827–32. PMID:20335410 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02398-09

804. Cosentino LA, Danby CS, Rabe LK, et al. Use of nucleic acid amplification testing for diagnosis of extragenital sexually transmitted infections. J Clin Microbiol 2017;55:2801–7. PMID:28679521 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00616-17

805. Food and Drug Administration. Microbiology Devices Panel of the Medical Devices Advisory Committee meeting annoucement [Internet]. Silver Spring, MD: US Department of Agriculture, Food and Drug Administration; 2019. https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/march-8-2019-microbiology-devices-panel-medical-devices-advisory-committee-meeting-announcement#event-materials

806. Sexton ME, Baker JJ, Nakagawa K, et al. How reliable is self-testing for gonorrhea and chlamydia among men who have sex with men? J Fam Pract 2013;62:70–8. PMID:23405376

807. Herbst de Cortina S, Bristow CC, Joseph Davey D, Klausner JD. A systematic review of point of care testing for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2016;2016:4386127. Epub May 26, 2016. PMID:27313440 https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4386127

808. Rivard KR, Dumkow LE, Draper HM, Brandt KL, Whalen DW, Egwuatu NE. Impact of rapid diagnostic testing for chlamydia and gonorrhea on appropriate antimicrobial utilization in the emergency department. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2017;87:175–9. PMID:27836225 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.10.019

809. Wingrove I, McOwan A, Nwokolo N, Whitlock G. Diagnostics within the clinic to test for gonorrhoea and chlamydia reduces the time to treatment: a service evaluation. Sex Transm Infect 2014;90:474. PMID:25118322 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2014-051580

810. Geisler WM, Wang C, Morrison SG, Black CM, Bandea CI, Hook EW 3rd. The natural history of untreated Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the interval between screening and returning for treatment. Sex Transm Dis 2008;35:119–23. PMID:17898680 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318151497d

811. Dukers-Muijrers NHTM, Wolffs PFG, De Vries H, et Treatment effectiveness of azithromycin and doxycycline in uncomplicated rectal and vaginal Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women: a multicentre observational study (FemCure). Clin Infect Dis 2019;69:1946–54. PMID:30689759 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz050

812. Dombrowski JC, Wierzbicki MR, Newman LM, et al. Doxycycline versus azithromycin for the treatment of rectal chlamydia in men who have sex with men: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2021;ciab153. PMID:33606009 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab153

813. Dukers-Muijrers NH, Schachter J, van Liere GA, Wolffs PF, Hoebe CJ. What is needed to guide testing for anorectal and pharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in women and men? Evidence and opinion. BMC Infect Dis 2015;15:533. PMID:26576538 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-1280-6

814. Marcus JL, Kohn RP, Barry PM, Philip SS, Bernstein KT. Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmission from the female oropharynx to the male urethra. Sex Transm Dis 2011;38:372–3. PMID:21183864 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3182029008

815. Manavi K, Hettiarachchi N, Hodson J. Comparison of doxycycline with azithromycin in treatment of pharyngeal chlamydia infection. Int J STD AIDS 2016;27:1303–8. PMID:26511655 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462415614723

816. Rank RG, Yeruva L. An alternative scenario to explain rectal positivity in Chlamydia-infected individuals. Clin Infect Dis 2015;60:1585–6. PMID:25648236 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ079

817. Geisler WM, Koltun WD, Abdelsayed N, et al. Safety and efficacy of WC2031 versus vibramycin for the treatment of uncomplicated urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, multicenter trial. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55:82–8. PMID:22431798 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis291

818. Renault CA, Israelski DM, Levy V, Fujikawa BK, Kellogg TA, Klausner JD. Time to clearance of Chlamydia trachomatis ribosomal RNA in women treated for chlamydial infection. Sex Health 2011;8:69–73. PMID:21371385 https://doi.org/10.1071/SH10030

819. Lazenby GB, Korte JE, Tillman S, Brown FK, Soper DE. A recommendation for timing of repeat Chlamydia trachomatis test following infection and treatment in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Int J STD AIDS 2017;28:902–9. PMID:27864473 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462416680438

820. Dunne EF, Chapin JB, Rietmeijer CA, et al. Rate and predictors of repeat Chlamydia trachomatis infection among men. Sex Transm Dis 2008;35(Suppl):S40–4. PMID:18520978 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31817247b2

821. Kjaer HO, Dimcevski G, Hoff G, Olesen F, Ostergaard L. Recurrence of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection evaluated by mailed samples obtained at home: 24 weeks’ prospective follow up study. Sex Transm Infect 2000;76:169–72. PMID:10961191 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.76.3.169

822. Whittington WL, Kent C, Kissinger P, et Determinants of persistent and recurrent Chlamydia trachomatis infection in young women: results of a multicenter cohort study. Sex Transm Dis 2001;28:117–23. PMID:11234786 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-200102000-00011

823. Kapil R, Press CG, Hwang ML, Brown L, Geisler WM. Investigating the epidemiology of repeat Chlamydia trachomatis detection after treatment by using trachomatis OmpA genotyping. J Clin Microbiol 2015;53:546–9. PMID:25472488 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02483-14

824. Jacobson GF, Autry AM, Kirby RS, Liverman EM, Motley RU. A randomized controlled trial comparing amoxicillin and azithromycin for the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:1352–6. PMID:11408852 https://doi.org/10.1067/mob.2001.115050

825. Kacmar J, Cheh E, Montagno A, Peipert JF. A randomized trial of azithromycin versus amoxicillin for the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2001;9:197–202. PMID:11916175 https://doi.org/10.1155/S1064744901000321

826. Rahangdale L, Guerry S, Bauer HM, et al. An observational cohort study of Chlamydia trachomatis treatment in pregnancy. Sex Transm Dis 2006;33:106–10. PMID:16432482 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.olq.0000187226.32145.ea

827. Aggarwal A, Spitzer RF, Caccia N, Stephens D, Johnstone J, Allen L. Repeat screening for sexually transmitted infection in adolescent obstetric patients. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2010;32:956–61. PMID:21176304 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1701-2163(16)34683-7

828. Phillips Campbell R, Kintner J, Whittimore J, Schoborg RV. Chlamydia muridarum enters a viable but non-infectious state in amoxicillin-treated BALB/c mice. Microbes Infect 2012;14:1177–85. PMID:22943883 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2012.07.017

829. Wyrick PB. Chlamydia trachomatis persistence in vitro: an overview. J Infect Dis 2010;201(Suppl 2):S88–95. PMID:20470046 https://doi.org/10.1086/652394

830. Fan H, Li L, Wijlaars L, Gilbert RE. Associations between use of macrolide antibiotics during pregnancy and adverse child outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2019;14:e0212212. PMID:30779772 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212212

831. Fan H, Gilbert R, O’Callaghan F, Li L. Associations between macrolide antibiotics prescribing during pregnancy and adverse child outcomes in the UK: population based cohort study. BMJ 2020;368:m331. Erratum in: BMJ 2020;368:m766. PMID:32075790 https://doorg/10.1136/bmj.m331

832. Mallah N, Tohidinik HR, Etminan M, Figueiras A, Takkouche B. Prenatal exposure to macrolides and risk of congenital malformations: a meta-analysis. Drug Saf 2020;43:211–21. PMID:31721138 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-019-00884-5

833. Hammerschlag MR, Cummings C, Roblin PM, Williams TH, Delke I. Efficacy of neonatal ocular prophylaxis for the prevention of chlamydial and gonococcal conjunctivitis. N Engl J Med 1989;320:769–72. PMID:2922026 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198903233201204

834. Zikic A, Schünemann H, Wi T, Lincetto O, Broutet N, Santesso N. Treatment of neonatal chlamydial conjunctivitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2018;7:e107–15. PMID:30007329 https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piy060

835. Hammerschlag MR, Chandler JW, Alexander ER, English M, Koutsky L. Longitudinal studies on chlamydial infections in the first year of life. Pediatr Infect Dis 1982;1:395–401. PMID:7163029 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198211000-00007

836. Beem MO, Saxon E, Tipple MA. Treatment of chlamydial pneumonia of infancy. Pediatrics 1979;63:198–203. PMID:440807

837. Brownell AD, Shapiro RA, Hammerschlag MR. Caution is required when using non-Food and Drug Administration-cleared assays to diagnose sexually transmitted infections in children. J Pediatr 2019;206:280–2. PMID:30466791 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.10.038

838. Kreisel KM, Spicknall IH, Gargano JW, et al. Sexually transmitted infections among US women and men: prevalence and incidence estimates, 2018. Sex Transm Dis 2021;48:208–14. PMID:33492089 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001355

839. Lunny C, Taylor D, Hoang L, et al. Self-collected versus clinician-collected sampling for chlamydia and gonorrhea screening: a systemic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015;10:e0132776. PMID:26168051 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132776

840. Schick V, Van Der Pol B, Dodge B, Baldwin A, Fortenberry JD. A mixed methods approach to assess the likelihood of testing for STI using self-collected samples among behaviourally bisexual women. Sex Transm Infect 2015;91:329–33. PMID:25637328 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2014-051842

841. Mustanski B, Feinstein BA, Madkins K, Sullivan P, Swann G. Prevalence and risk factors for rectal and urethral sexually transmitted infections from self-collected samples among young men who have sex with men participating in the Keep It Up! 2.0 randomized controlled trial. Sex Transm Dis 2017;44:483–8. PMID:28703727 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000636

842. Salow KR, Cohen AC, Bristow CC, McGrath MR, Klausner JD. Comparing mail-in self-collected specimens sent via United States Postal Service versus clinic-collected specimens for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in extra-genital sites. PLoS One 2017;12:e0189515. PMID:29240781 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189515

843. Drake C, Barenfanger J, Lawhorn J, Verhulst S. Comparison of Easy-Flow Copan Liquid Stuart’s and Starplex Swab transport systems for recovery of fastidious aerobic bacteria. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:1301–3. PMID:15750099 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.3.1301-1303.2005

844. Wade JJ, Graver MA. Survival of six auxotypes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in transport media. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:1720–1. PMID:12682168 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.41.4.1720-1721.2003

845. Arbique JC, Forward KR, LeBlanc J. Evaluation of four commercial transport media for the survival of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2000;36:163–8. PMID:10729658 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0732-8893(99)00134-0

846. Hook EW 3rd, Kirkcaldy RD. A brief history of evolving diagnostics and therapy for gonorrhea: lessons learned. Clin Infect Dis 2018;67:1294–9. PMID:29659749 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy271

847. Unemo M, Shafer WM. Future treatment of gonorrhea—novel emerging drugs are essential and in progress? Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2015;20:357–60. PMID:25907334 https://doi.org/10.1517/14728214.2015.1039981

848. Sánchez-Busó L, Golparian D, Corander J, et al. The impact of antimicrobials on gonococcal evolution. Nat Microbiol 2019;4:1941–50. PMID:31358980 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-019-0501-y

849. Schwarcz SK, Zenilman JM, Schnell D, et al. National surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project. JAMA 1990;264:1413–7. PMID:2144026 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1990.03450110059027

850. CDC. Update to CDC’s sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006: fluoroquinolones no longer recommended for treatment of gonococcal infections. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2007;56:332–6. PMID:17431378

851. CDC. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2013. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2014. https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/archive/Surv2013-Print.pdf

852. Muratani T, Akasaka S, Kobayashi T, et al. Outbreak of cefozopran (penicillin, oral cephems, and aztreonam)-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Japan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:3603–6. PMID:11709349 https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.45.12.3603-3606.2001

853. Yokoi S, Deguchi T, Ozawa T, et al. Threat to cefixime treatment for gonorrhea. Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13:1275–7. PMID:17953118

854. Lo JY, Ho KM, Leung AO, et al. Ceftibuten resistance and treatment failure of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:3564–7. PMID:18663018 https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00198-08

855. Deguchi T, Yasuda M, Yokoi S, et al. Treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis by double-dosing of 200 mg cefixime at a 6-h interval. J Infect Chemother 2003;9:35–9. PMID:12673405 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10156-002-0204-8

856. Unemo M, Golparian D, Hestner A. Ceftriaxone treatment failure of pharyngeal gonorrhoea verified by international recommendations, Sweden, July 2010. Euro Surveill 2011;16:19792. PMID:21329645

857. Unemo M, Golparian D, Syversen G, Vestrheim DF, Moi H. Two cases of verified clinical failures using internationally recommended first-line cefixime for gonorrhoea treatment, Norway, 2010. Euro Surveill 2010;15:19721. PMID:21144442 https://doi.org/10.2807/ese.15.47.19721-en

858. Unemo M, Golparian D, Potočnik M, Jeverica S. Treatment failure of pharyngeal gonorrhoea with internationally recommended first-line ceftriaxone verified in Slovenia, September 2011. Euro Surveill 2012;17:20200. PMID:22748003

859. Ison CA, Hussey J, Sankar KN, Evans J, Alexander S. Gonorrhoea treatment failures to cefixime and azithromycin in England, 2010. Euro Surveill 2011;16:19833. PMID:21492528

860. Forsyth S, Penney P, Rooney G. Cefixime-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the UK: a time to reflect on practice and recommendations. Int J STD AIDS 2011;22:296–7. PMID:21571983 https://doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2009.009191

861. Lewis DA, Sriruttan C, Müller EE, et al. Phenotypic and genetic characterization of the first two cases of extended-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in South Africa and association with cefixime treatment failure. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013;68:1267–70. PMID:23416957 https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkt034

862. Ota KV, Fisman DN, Tamari IE, et al. Incidence and treatment outcomes of pharyngeal Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infections in men who have sex with men: a 13-year retrospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:1237–43. PMID:19323630 https://doi.org/10.1086/597586

863. Allen VG, Mitterni L, Seah C, et al. Neisseria gonorrhoeae treatment failure and susceptibility to cefixime in Toronto, Canada. JAMA 2013;309:163–70. PMID:23299608 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.176575

864. Chen MY, Stevens K, Tideman R, et al. Failure of 500 mg of ceftriaxone to eradicate pharyngeal gonorrhoea, Australia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013;68:1445–7. PMID:23390207 https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkt017

865. Tapsall J, Read P, Carmody C, et al. Two cases of failed ceftriaxone treatment in pharyngeal gonorrhoea verified by molecular microbiological methods. J Med Microbiol 2009;58:683–7. PMID:19369534 https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.007641-0

866. Ohnishi M, Saika T, Hoshina S, et al. Ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:148–9. PMID:21192886 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1701.100397

867. Unemo M, Golparian D, Nicholas R, Ohnishi M, Gallay A, Sednaoui P. High-level cefixime- and ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in France: novel penA mosaic allele in a successful international clone causes treatment failure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56:1273–80. PMID:22155830 https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.05760-11

868. CDC. Update to CDC’s sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010: oral cephalosporins no longer a recommended treatment for gonococcal infections. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;61:590–4. PMID:22874837

869. Wind CM, de Vries E, Schim van der Loeff MF, et al. Decreased azithromycin susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in patients recently treated with azithromycin. Clin Infect Dis 2017;65:37–45. PMID:28510723 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix249

870. Kong FYS, Horner P, Unemo M, Hocking JS. Pharmacokinetic considerations regarding the treatment of bacterial sexually transmitted infections with azithromycin: a review. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019;74:1157–66. PMID:30649333 https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dky548

871. CDC. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2019. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/threats-report/2019-ar-threats-report-508.pdf

872. St Cyr S, Barbee L, Workowski KA, et al. Update to CDC’s treatment guidelines for gonococcal infection, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:1911–6. PMID:33332296 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6950a6

873. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: twentieth informational supplement. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute document M100-S20. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2010.

874. CDC. Cephalosporin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae public health response plan. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2012. https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/Ceph-R-ResponsePlanJuly30-20pdf

875. Poncin T, Merimeche M, Braille A, et al. Two cases of multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae related to travel in south-eastern Asia, France, June 2019. Euro Surveill 2019;24:1900528. PMID:31507264 https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.36.1900528

876. Carnicer-Pont D, Smithson A, Fina-Homar E, Bastida MT; Gonococcus Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Working Group. First cases of Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistant to ceftriaxone in Catalonia, Spain, May 2011. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2012;30:218–9. PMID:22244992 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2011.11.010

877. Cámara J, Serra J, Ayats J, et al. Molecular characterization of two high-level ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates detected in Catalonia, Spain. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012;67:1858–60. PMID:22566592 https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dks162

878. Eyre DW, Sanderson ND, Lord E, et al. Gonorrhoea treatment failure caused by a Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain with combined ceftriaxone and high-level azithromycin resistance, England, February 2018. Euro Surveill 2018;23:1800323. PMID:29991383 https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.27.1800323

879. Fifer H, Hughes G, Whiley D, Lahra MM. Lessons learnt from ceftriaxone-resistant gonorrhoea in the UK and Australia. Lancet Infect Dis 2020;20:276–8. PMID:32112753 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30055-4

880. Chisholm SA, Mouton JW, Lewis DA, Nichols T, Ison CA, Livermore DM. Cephalosporin MIC creep among gonococci: time for a pharmacodynamic rethink? J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65:2141–8. PMID:20693173 https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkq289

881. Connolly KL, Eakin AE, Gomez C, Osborn BL, Unemo M, Jerse AE. Pharmacokinetic data are predictive of in vivo efficacy for cefixime and ceftriaxone against susceptible and resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains in the gonorrhea mouse model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019;63:e01644-18. PMID:30642924 https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01644-18

882. Blondeau JM, Hansen G, Metzler K, Hedlin P. The role of PK/PD parameters to avoid selection and increase of resistance: mutant prevention concentration. J Chemother 2004;16(Suppl 3):1–19. PMID:15334827 https://doi.org/10.1080/1120009X.2004.11782371

883. Moran JS, Levine WC. Drugs of choice for the treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal infections. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20(Suppl 1):S47–65. PMID:7795109 https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/20.Supplement_1.S47

884. Unemo M, Golparian D, Eyre DW. Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and treatment of gonorrhea. Methods Mol Biol 2019;1997:37–58. PMID:31119616 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9496-0_3

885. Kirkcaldy RD, Weinstock HS, Moore PC, et al. The efficacy and safety of gentamicin plus azithromycin and gemifloxacin plus azithromycin as treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59:1083–91. PMID:25031289 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu521

886. Ross JDC, Brittain C, Cole M, et al.; G-ToG trial team. Gentamicin compared with ceftriaxone for the treatment of gonorrhoea (G-ToG): a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2019;393:2511–20. PMID:31056291 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32817-4

887. Singh V, Bala M, Bhargava A, Kakran M, Bhatnagar R. In vitro efficacy of 21 dual antimicrobial combinations comprising novel and currently recommended combinations for treatment of drug resistant gonorrhoea in future era. PLoS One 2018;13:e0193678. PMID:29509792 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193678

888. Mayer KH, Klausner JD, Handsfield HH. Intersecting epidemics and educable moments: sexually transmitted disease risk assessment and screening in men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Dis 2001;28:464–7. PMID:11473219 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-200108000-00008

889. Linhart Y, Shohat T, Amitai Z, et al. Sexually transmitted infections among brothel-based sex workers in Tel-Aviv area, Israel: high prevalence of pharyngeal gonorrh Int J STD AIDS 2008;19:656–9. PMID:18824615 https://doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2008.008127

890. Johnson Jones ML, Chapin-Bardales J, Bizune D, et ; National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Sexually Transmitted Infection Study Group. Extragenital chlamydia and gonorrhea among community venue-attending men who have sex with men—five cities, United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:321–5. PMID:30973847 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6814a1

891. Chow EP, Williamson DA, Fortune R, et Prevalence of genital and oropharyngeal chlamydia and gonorrhoea among female sex workers in Melbourne, Australia, 2015–2017: need for oropharyngeal testing. Sex Transm Infect 2019;95:398–401. PMID:31113904 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2018-053957

892. Cornelisse VJ, Williamson D, Zhang L, et al. Evidence for a new paradigm of gonorrhoea transmission: cross-sectional analysis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections by anatomical site in both partners in 60 male couples. Sex Transm Infect 2019;95:437–42. PMID:30996106 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2018-053803

893. Kissinger PJ, Reilly K, Taylor SN, Leichliter JS, Rosenthal S, Martin DH. Early repeat Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among heterosexual men. Sex Transm Dis 2009;36:498–500. PMID:19617870 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181a4d147

894. Berenger BM, Demczuk W, Gratrix J, Pabbaraju K, Smyczek P, Martin I. Genetic characterization and enhanced surveillance of ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain, Alberta, Canada, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2019;25:1660–7. PMID:31407661 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2509.190407

895. Rob F, Klubalová B, Nyčová E, Hercogová J, Unemo M. Gentamicin 240 mg plus azithromycin 2 g vs. ceftriaxone 500 mg plus azithromycin 2 g for treatment of rectal and pharyngeal gonorrhoea: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020;26:207–12. PMID:31419483 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2019.08.004

896. Romano A, Gaeta F, Valluzzi RL, Caruso C, Rumi G, Bousquet PJ. IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to cephalosporins: cross-reactivity and tolerability of penicillins, monobactams, and carbapenems. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;126:994–9. PMID:20888035 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.06.052

897. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Obstetric Practice. Committee opinion No. 717: sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin, and risk of birth defects. Obstet Gynecol 2017;130:e150–2. PMID:28832488 https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002300

898. Haimovici R, Roussel TJ. Treatment of gonococcal conjunctivitis with single-dose intramuscular ceftriaxone. Am J Ophthalmol 1989;107:511–4. PMID:2496606 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(89)90495-9

899. Bleich AT, Sheffield JS, Wendel GD Jr, Sigman A, Cunningham FG. Disseminated gonococcal infection in women. Obstet Gynecol 2012;119:597–602. PMID:22353959 https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e318244eda9

900. Belkacem A, Caumes E, Ouanich J, et al.; Working Group FRA-DGI. Changing patterns of disseminated gonococcal infection in France: cross-sectional data 2009–2011. Sex Transm Infect 2013;89:613–5. PMID:23920397 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051119

901. Birrell JM, Gunathilake M, Singleton S, Williams S, Krause V. Characteristics and impact of disseminated gonococcal infection in the “Top End” of Australia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019;101:753–60. PMID:31392956 https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.19-0288

902. Crew PE, Abara WE, McCulley L, et al. Disseminated gonococcal infections in patients receiving eculizumab: a case series. Clin Infect Dis 2019;69:596–600. PMID:30418536 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy958

903. Curry SJ, Krist AH, Owens DK, et al.; US Preventive Services Task Force. Ocular prophylaxis for gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum: US Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. JAMA 2019;321:394–8. PMID:30694327 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.21367

904. Kreisel K, Weston E, Braxton J, Llata E, Torrone E. Keeping an eye on chlamydia and gonorrhea conjunctivitis in infants in the United States, 2010–2015. Sex Transm Dis 2017;44:356–8. PMID:28499285 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000613

905. Scott WJ, Eck CD. Povidone-iodine and ophthalmia neonatorum. Ophthalmology 2012;119:653– PMID:22385492 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.11.037

906. David M, Rumelt S, Weintraub Z. Efficacy comparison between povidone iodine 2.5% and tetracycline 1% in prevention of ophthalmia neonatorum. Ophthalmology 2011;118:1454–8. PMID:21439642 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.12.003

907. Binenbaum G, Bruno CJ, Forbes BJ, et al. Periocular ulcerative dermatitis associated with gentamicin ointment prophylaxis in newborns. J Pediatr 2010;156:320–1. PMID:20105641 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.11.060

908. Nathawad R, Mendez H, Ahmad A, et al. Severe ocular reactions after neonatal ocular prophylaxis with gentamicin ophthalmic ointment. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011;30:175–6. PMID:20885334 https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e3181f6c2e5

909. Taylor-Robinson D, Jensen JS. Mycoplasma genitalium: from chrysalis to multicolored butterfly. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011;24:498–514. PMID:21734246 https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00006-11

910. Seña AC, Lensing S, Rompalo A, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Trichomonas vaginalis infections in men with nongonococcal urethritis: predictors and persistence after therapy. J Infect Dis 2012;206:357–65. PMID:22615318 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis356

911. Huppert JS, Mortensen JE, Reed JL, Kahn JA, Rich KD, Hobbs MM. Mycoplasma genitalium detected by transcription-mediated amplification is associated with Chlamydia trachomatis in adolescent women. Sex Transm Dis 2008;35:250–4. PMID:18490867 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31815abac6

912. Mena L, Wang X, Mroczkowski TF, Martin DH. Mycoplasma genitalium infections in asymptomatic men and men with urethritis attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic in New Orleans. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:1167–73. PMID:12410476 https://doi.org/10.1086/343829

913. Falk L. The overall agreement of proposed definitions of mucopurulent cervicitis in women at high risk of Chlamydia infection. Acta Derm Venereol 2010;90:506–11. PMID:20814628 https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-0924

914. Anagrius C, Loré B, Jensen JS. Mycoplasma genitalium: prevalence, clinical significance, and transmission. Sex Transm Infect 2005;81:458–62. PMID:16326846 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2004.012062

915. Manhart LE, Critchlow CW, Holmes KK, et al. Mucopurulent cervicitis and Mycoplasma genitalium. J Infect Dis 2003;187:650–7. PMID:12599082 https://doi.org/10.1086/367992

916. Lusk MJ, Konecny P, Naing ZW, Garden FL, Cumming RG, Rawlinson WD. Mycoplasma genitalium is associated with cervicitis and HIV infection in an urban Australian STI clinic population. Sex Transm Infect 2011;87:107–9. PMID:21071566 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2010.045138

917. Dehon PM, McGowin CL. The immunopathogenesis of Mycoplasma genitalium infections in women: a narrative review. Sex Transm Dis 2017;44:428–32. PMID:28608793 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000621

918. Bjartling C, Osser S, Persson K. The association between Mycoplasma genitalium and pelvic inflammatory disease after termination of pregnancy. BJOG 2010;117:361–4. PMID:20015303 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02455.x

919. Bjartling C, Osser S, Persson K. Mycoplasma genitalium in cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease among women at a gynecologic outpatient service. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012;206:e1–8. PMID:22483084 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2012.02.036

920. Taylor BD, Zheng X, O’Connell CM, Wiesenfeld HC, Hillier SL, Darville T. Risk factors for Mycoplasma genitalium endometritis and incident infection: a secondary data analysis of the T cell Response Against Chlamydia (TRAC) Study. Sex Transm Infect 2018;94:414–20. PMID:29563165 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053376

921. Cohen CR, Mugo NR, Astete SG, et al. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in women with laparoscopically diagnosed acute salpingitis. Sex Transm Infect 2005;81:463–6. PMID:16326847 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2005.015701

922. Haggerty CL, Totten PA, Astete SG, Ness RB. Mycoplasma genitalium among women with nongonococcal, nonchlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2006;2006:30184. PMID:17485798 https://doi.org/10.1155/IDOG/2006/30184

923. Short VL, Totten PA, Ness RB, Astete SG, Kelsey SF, Haggerty CL. Clinical presentation of Mycoplasma genitalium infection versus Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection among women with pelvic inflammatory disease. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:41–7. PMID:19025498 https://doi.org/10.1086/594123

924. Simms I, Eastick K, Mallinson H, et al. Associations between Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Sex Transm Infect 2003;79:154–6. PMID:12690141 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.79.2.154

925. Oakeshott P, Aghaizu A, Hay P, et al. Is Mycoplasma genitalium in women the “New Chlamydia?” A community-based prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51:1160–6. PMID:20942656 https://doi.org/10.1086/656739

926. Wiesenfeld HC, Hillier SL, Meyn L, et al. Mycoplasma genitalium—is it a pathogen in acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)? Sex Transm Infect 2013;89(Suppl 1):A34. https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0106

927. Møller BR, Taylor-Robinson D, Furr PM, Freundt EA. Acute upper genital-tract disease in female monkeys provoked experimentally by Mycoplasma genitalium. Br J Exp Pathol 1985;66:417–26. PMID:4027175

928. Wiesenfeld HC, Manhart LE. Mycoplasma genitalium in women: current knowledge and research priorities for this recently emerged pathogen. J Infect Dis 2017;216(suppl_2):S389–95.

929. Clausen HF, Fedder J, Drasbek M, et al. Serological investigation of Mycoplasma genitalium in infertile women. Hum Reprod 2001;16:1866–74. PMID:11527890 https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/16.9.1866

930. Svenstrup HF, Fedder J, Kristoffersen SE, Trolle B, Birkelund S, Christiansen G. Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis, and tubal factor infertility—a prospective study. Fertil Steril 2008;90:513–20. PMID:17548070 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.12.056

931. Idahl A, Jurstrand M, Olofsson JI, Fredlund H. Mycoplasma genitalium serum antibodies in infertile couples and fertile women. Sex Transm Infect 2015;91:589–91. PMID:25921018 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2015-052011

932. Edwards RK, Ferguson RJ, Reyes L, Brown M, Theriaque DW, Duff P. Assessing the relationship between preterm delivery and various microorganisms recovered from the lower genital tract. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2006;19:357–63. PMID:16801313 https://doi.org/10.1080/00207170600712071

933. Vandepitte J, Bukenya J, Hughes P, et al. Clinical characteristics associated with Mycoplasma genitalium infection among women at high risk of HIV and other STI in Uganda. Sex Transm Dis 2012;39:487–91. PMID:22592838 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31824b1cf3

934. Rowlands S, Danielewski JA, Tabrizi SN, Walker SP, Garland SM. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in midtrimester pregnancies using molecular microbiology. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;217:e1–5. PMID:28268197 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.02.051

935. Jurstrand M, Jensen JS, Magnuson A, Kamwendo F, Fredlund H. A serological study of the role of Mycoplasma genitalium in pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregna Sex Transm Infect 2007;83:319–23. PMID:17475688 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2007.024752

936. Ashshi AM, Batwa SA, Kutbi SY, Malibary FA, Batwa M, Refaat B. Prevalence of 7 sexually transmitted organisms by multiplex real-time PCR in Fallopian tube specimens collected from Saudi women with and without ectopic pregnancy. BMC Infect Dis 2015;15:569. PMID:26666587 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-1313-1

937. Bissessor M, Tabrizi SN, Bradshaw CS, et The contribution of Mycoplasma genitalium to the aetiology of sexually acquired infectious proctitis in men who have sex with men. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016;22:260–5. PMID:26686807 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.11.016

938. Ong JJ, Aung E, Read TRH, et al. Clinical characteristics of anorectal Mycoplasma genitalium infection and microbial cure in men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Dis 2018;45:522–6. PMID:29465653 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000793

939. Read TRH, Murray GL, Danielewski JA, et symptoms, sites, and significance of Mycoplasma genitalium in men who have sex with men. Emerg Infect Dis 2019;25:719–27. PMID:30882306 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2504.181258

940. Cina M, Baumann L, Egli-Gany D, et al. Mycoplasma genitalium incidence, persistence, concordance between partners and progression: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect 2019;95:328–35. PMID:31055469 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2018-053823

941. Baumann L, Cina M, Egli-Gany D, et al. Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in different population groups: systematic review andmeta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect 2018;94:255–62. PMID:29440466 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053384

942. Vandepitte J, Weiss HA, Bukenya J, et al. Association between Mycoplasma genitalium infection and HIV acquisition among female sex workers in Uganda: evidence from a nested case-control study. Sex Transm Infect 2014;90:545–9. PMID:24687129 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051467

943. Ferré VM, Ekouevi DK, Gbeasor-Komlanvi FA, et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus, human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Togo: a national cross-sectional survey. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019;25:e1–7. PMID:31051265 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2019.04.015

944. Mavedzenge SN, Van Der Pol B, Weiss HA, et al. The association between Mycoplasma genitalium and HIV-1 acquisition in African women. AIDS 2012;26:617–24. PMID:22210630 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834ff690

945. Salado-Rasmussen K, Jensen JS. Mycoplasma genitalium testing pattern and macrolide resistance: a Danish nationwide retrospective survey. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59:24–30. PMID:24729494 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu217

946. Wold C, Sorthe J, Hartgill U, Olsen AO, Moghaddam A, Reinton N. Identification of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium using real-time PCR. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015;29:1616–20. PMID:25622510 https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.12963

947. Gesink D, Racey CS, Seah C, et al. Mycoplasma genitalium in Toronto, Ont: estimates of prevalence and macrolide resistance. Can Fam Physician 2016;62:e96–101. PMID:27331225

948. Kristiansen GQ, Lisby JG, Schønning K. 5’ nuclease genotyping assay for identification of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2016;54:1593–7. PMID:27053672 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00012-16

949. Braam JF, Slotboom B, Van Marm S, et al. High prevalence of the A2058T macrolide resistance-associated mutation in Mycoplasma genitalium strains from the Netherlands. J Antimicrob Chemother 2017;72:1529–30. PMID:28158595 https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw584

950. Murray GL, Bradshaw CS, Bissessor M, et al. Increasing macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance in Mycoplasma genitalium. Emerg Infect Dis 2017;23:809–12. PMID:28418319 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2305.161745

951. Chernesky MA, Jang D, Martin I, et al.; Canadian MG Study Group. Mycoplasma genitalium antibiotic resistance-mediating mutations in Canadian women with or without Chlamydia trachomatis Sex Transm Dis 2017;44:433–5. PMID:28608794 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000617

952. Barberá MJ, Fernández-Huerta M, Jensen JS, Caballero E, Andreu A. Mycoplasma genitalium macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance: prevalence and risk factors among a 2013–2014 cohort of patients in Barcelona, Spain. Sex Transm Dis 2017;44:457–62. PMID:28703723 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000631

953. Sweeney EL, Trembizki E, Bletchly C, et al. Levels of Mycoplasma genitalium antimicrobial resistance differ by both region and gender in the state of Queensland, Australia: implications for treatment guidelines. J Clin Microbiol 2019;57:e01555-18. PMID:30602443 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01555-18

954. Bissessor M, Tabrizi SN, Twin J, et al. Macrolide resistance and azithromycin failure in a Mycoplasma genitalium-infected cohort and response of azithromycin failures to alternative antibiotic regimens. Clin Infect Dis 2015;60:1228–36. PMID:25537875 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu1162

955. Piñeiro L, Idigoras P, de la Caba I, López-Olaizola M, Cilla G. Guided antibiotic therapy for Mycoplasma genitalium infections: analysis of mutations associated with resistance to macrolides and fluoroquinolones [Spanish]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2019;37:394–7. PMID:30396750

956. Dionne-Odom J, Geisler WM, Aaron KJ, et al. High prevalence of multidrug-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium in human immunodeficiency virus-infected men who have sex with men in Alabama. Clin Infect Dis 2018;66:796–8. PMID:29028993 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix853

957. Pitt R, Fifer H, Woodford N, Alexander S. Detection of markers predictive of macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance in Mycoplasma genitalium from patients attending sexual health services in England. Sex Transm Infect 2018;94:9–13. PMID:28717051 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053164

958. Unemo M, Salado-Rasmussen K, Hansen M, et al. Clinical and analytical evaluation of the new Aptima Mycoplasma genitalium assay, with data on genitalium prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in M. genitalium in Denmark, Norway and Sweden in 2016. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018;24:533–9. PMID:28923377 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2017.09.006

959. Anderson T, Coughlan E, Werno A. Mycoplasma genitalium macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance detection and clinical implications in a selected cohort in New Zealand. J Clin Microbiol 2017;55:3242–8. PMID:28878004 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01087-17

960. Shimada Y, Deguchi T, Nakane K, et al. Emergence of clinical strains of Mycoplasma genitalium harbouring alterations in ParC associated with fluoroquinolone resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010;36:255–8. PMID:20580532 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.05.011

961. Muller EE, Mahlangu MP, Lewis DA, Kularatne RS. Macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance-associated mutations in Mycoplasma genitalium in Johannesburg, South Africa, 2007–2014. BMC Infect Dis 2019;19:148. PMID:30760230 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3797-6

962. Chambers LC, Jensen JS, Morgan JL, et al. Lack of association between the S83I ParC mutation in Mycoplasma genitalium and treatment outcomes among men who have sex with men with nongonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Dis 2019;46:805–9. PMID:31259853 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001035

963. Durukan D, Read TRH, Murray G, et al. Resistance-guided antimicrobial therapy using doxycycline-moxifloxacin and doxycycline-2.5g azithromycin for the treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium infection: efficacy and tolerability. Clin Infect Dis 2020;71:1461–8. PMID:31629365 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1031

964. Li Y, Le WJ, Li S, Cao YP, Su XH. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of moxifloxacin in treating Mycoplasma genitalium Int J STD AIDS 2017;28:1106–14. PMID:28118803 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462416688562

965. Mondeja BA, Couri J, Rodríguez NM, Blanco O, Fernández C, Jensen JS. Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium infections in Cuban patients: an underestimated health problem. BMC Infect Dis 2018;18:601. PMID:30486786 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3523-9

966. Glaser AM, Geisler WM, Ratliff AE, Xiao L, Waites KB, Gaisa M. Two cases of multidrug-resistant genitourinary Mycoplasma genitalium infection successfully eradicated with minocycline. Int J STD AIDS 2019;30:512–4. PMID:30999836 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462418816757

967. Xiao L, Waites KB, Van Der Pol B, Aaron KJ, Hook EW 3rd, Geisler WM. Mycoplasma genitalium infections with macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance-associated mutations in heterosexual African American couples in Alabama. Sex Transm Dis 2019;46:18–24. PMID:29979336 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000891

968. Slifirski JB, Vodstrcil LA, Fairley CK, et al. Mycoplasma genitalium infection in adults reporting sexual contact with infected partners, Australia, 2008–2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2017;23:1826–33. PMID:29047422 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2311.170998

969. Anderson MR, Klink K, Cohrssen A. Evaluation of vaginal complaints. JAMA 2004;291:1368–79. PMID:15026404 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.11.1368

970. Swidsinski A, Mendling W, Loening-Baucke V, et al. Adherent biofilms in bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 2005;106:1013–23. PMID:16260520 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000183594.45524.d2

971. Brotman RM, Klebanoff MA, Nansel TR, et Bacterial vaginosis assessed by Gram stain and diminished colonization resistance to incident gonococcal, chlamydial, and trichomonal genital infection. J Infect Dis 2010;202:1907–15. PMID:21067371 https://doi.org/10.1086/657320

972. Peebles K, Velloza J, Balkus JE, McClelland RS, Barnabas RV. High global burden and costs of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Dis 2019;46:304–11. PMID:30624309 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000972

973. Kenyon CR, Buyze J, Klebanoff M, Brotman RM. Association between bacterial vaginosis and partner concurrency: a longitudinal study. Sex Transm Infect 2018;94:75–7. PMID:27645157 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2016-052652

974. Sanchez S, Garcia PJ, Thomas KK, Catlin M, Holmes KK. Intravaginal metronidazole gel versus metronidazole plus nystatin ovules for bacterial vaginosis: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:1898–906. PMID:15592270 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2004.06.089

975. Ness RB, Soper DE, Holley RL, et al.; PID Evaluation and Clinical Health (PEACH) Study Investigators. Douching and endometritis: results from the PID evaluation and clinical health (PEACH) study. Sex Transm Dis 2001;28:240–5. PMID:11318257 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-200104000-00010

976. Gondwe T, Ness R, Totten PA, et al. Novel bacterial vaginosis-associated organisms mediate the relationship between vaginal douching and pelvic inflammatory disease. Sex Transm Infect 2020;96:439–44. PMID:31810995 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-054191

977. Abbai NS, Reddy T, Ramjee G. Prevalent bacterial vaginosis infection—a risk factor for incident sexually transmitted infections in women in Durban, South Africa. Int J STD AIDS 2016;27:1283–8. PMID:26538552 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462415616038

978. Morris BJ, Hankins CA, Banerjee J, et al. Does male circumcision reduce women’s risk of sexually transmitted infections, cervical cancer, and associated conditions? Front Public Health 2019;7:4. PMID:30766863 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00004

979. Srinivasan S, Liu C, Mitchell CM, et al. Temporal variability of human vaginal bacteria and relationship with bacterial vaginosis. PLoS One 2010;5:e10197. PMID:20419168 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010197

980. Gajer P, Brotman RM, Bai G, et al. Temporal dynamics of the human vaginal microbiota. Sci Transl Med 2012;4:132ra52. PMID:22553250 https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3003605

981. Fethers KA, Fairley CK, Morton A, et al. Early sexual experiences and risk factors for bacterial vaginosis. J Infect Dis 2009;200:1662–70. PMID:19863439 https://doi.org/10.1086/648092

982. Achilles SL, Austin MN, Meyn LA, Mhlanga F, Chirenje ZM, Hillier SL. Impact of contraceptive initiation on vaginal microbiota. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018;218:e1–10. PMID:29505773 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2018.02.017

983. Vodstrcil LA, Plummer ME, Fairley CK, et al. Combined oral contraceptive pill-exposure alone does not reduce the risk of bacterial vaginosis recurrence in a pilot randomised controlled trial. Sci Rep 2019;9:3555. PMID:30837554 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39879-8

984. Brooks JP, Edwards DJ, Blithe DL, et al. Effects of combined oral contraceptives, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on the vaginal microbiome. Contraception 2017;95:405–13. PMID:27913230 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2016.11.006

985. Moore KR, Harmon QE, Baird DD. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of self-reported bacterial vaginosis in a prospective cohort study of young African American women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2018;27:1278–84. PMID:29897832 https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2017.6804

986. Lokken EM, Balkus JE, Kiarie J, et al. Association of recent bacterial vaginosis with acquisition of Mycoplasma genitalium. Am J Epidemiol 2017;186:194–201. PMID:28472225 https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx043

987. Brusselaers N, Shrestha S, van de Wijgert J, Verstraelen H. Vaginal dysbiosis and the risk of human papillomavirus and cervical cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019;221:9–e8. PMID:30550767 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2018.12.011

988. Abbai NS, Nyirenda M, Naidoo S, Ramjee G. Prevalent herpes simplex virus-2 increases the risk of incident bacterial vaginosis in women from South Africa. AIDS Behav 2018;22:2172–80. PMID:28956191 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1924-1

989. Laxmi U, Agrawal S, Raghunandan C, Randhawa VS, Saili A. Association of bacterial vaginosis with adverse fetomaternal outcome in women with spontaneous preterm labor: a prospective cohort study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012;25:64–7. PMID:21557693 https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2011.565390

990. Cherpes TL, Wiesenfeld HC, Melan MA, et al. The associations between pelvic inflammatory disease, Trichomonas vaginalis infection, and positive herpes simplex virus type 2 serology. Sex Transm Dis 2006;33:747–52. PMID:16691155 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.olq.0000218869.52753.c7

991. Nelson DB, Hanlon A, Hassan S, et al. Preterm labor and bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria among urban women. J Perinat Med 2009;37:130–4. PMID:18999913 https://doi.org/10.1515/JPM.2009.026

992. Atashili J, Poole C, Ndumbe PM, Adimora AA, Smith JS. Bacterial vaginosis and HIV acquisition: a meta-analysis of published studies. AIDS 2008;22:1493–501. PMID:18614873 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283021a37

993. Gosmann C, Anahtar MN, Handley SA, et al. Lactobacillus-deficient cervicovaginal bacterial communities are associated with increased HIV acquisition in young South African women. Immunity 2017;46:29–37. PMID:28087240 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2016.12.013

994. McClelland RS, Lingappa JR, Srinivasan S, et al. Evaluation of the association between the concentrations of key vaginal bacteria and the increased risk of HIV acquisition in African women from five cohorts: a nested case-control study. Lancet Infect Dis 2018;18:554–64. PMID:29396006 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30058-6

995. Johnston C, Magaret A, Srinivasan S, et al. P239 Genital HSV-2 suppression is not associated with alterations in the vaginal microbiome: a one-way, cross-over study. Sex Transm Infect 2019;95(Suppl 1):A148.

996. Zozaya M, Ferris MJ, Siren JD, et al. Bacterial communities in penile skin, male urethra, and vaginas of heterosexual couples with and without bacterial vaginosis. Microbiome 2016;4:16. PMID:27090518 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-016-0161-6

997. Liu CM, Hungate BA, Tobian AA, et al. Penile microbiota and female partner bacterial vaginosis in Rakai, Uganda. MBio 2015;6:e00589. PMID:26081632 https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00589-15

998. Mehta SD. Systematic review of randomized trials of treatment of male sexual partners for improved bacteria vaginosis outcomes in women. Sex Transm Dis 2012;39:822–30. PMID:23007709 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3182631d89

999. Amsel R, Totten PA, Spiegel CA, Chen KC, Eschenbach D, Holmes KK. Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. Am J Med 1983;74:14–22. PMID:6600371 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(83)91112-9

1000. Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of Gram stain interpretation. J Clin Microbiol 1991;29:297–301. PMID:1706728 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.29.2.297-301.1991

1001. Schwebke JR, Hillier SL, Sobel JD, McGregor JA, Sweet RL. Validity of the vaginal Gram stain for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 1996;88:573–6. PMID:8841221 https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-7844(96)00233-5

1002. Coleman JS, Gaydos CA. Molecular diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis: an update. J Clin Microbiol 2018;56:e00342-18. PMID:29769280 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00342-18

1003. Myziuk L, Romanowski B, Johnson SC. BVBlue test for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:1925–8. PMID:12734228 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.41.5.1925-1928.2003

1004. Bradshaw CS, Morton AN, Garland SM, Horvath LB, Kuzevska I, Fairley CK. Evaluation of a point-of-care test, BVBlue, and clinical and laboratory criteria for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:1304–8. PMID:15750100 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.3.1304-1308.2005

1005. West B, Morison L, Schim van der Loeff M, et al. Evaluation of a new rapid diagnostic kit (FemExam) for bacterial vaginosis in patients with vaginal discharge syndrome in The Gambia. Sex Transm Dis 2003;30:483–9. PMID:12782948 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-200306000-00003

1006. Fredricks DN, Fiedler TL, Thomas KK, Oakley BB, Marrazzo JM. Targeted PCR for detection of vaginal bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45:3270–6. PMID:17687006 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01272-07

1007. Gaydos CA, Beqaj S, Schwebke JR, et al. Clinical validation of a test for the diagnosis of vaginitis. Obstet Gynecol 2017;130:181–9. PMID:28594779 https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002090

1008. Cartwright CP, Lembke BD, Ramachandran K, et al. Development and validation of a semiquantitative, multitarget PCR assay for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. J Clin Microbiol 2012;50:2321–9. PMID:22535982 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00506-12

1009. Hilbert DW, Smith WL, Chadwick SG, et al. Development and validation of a highly accurate quantitative real-time PCR assay for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. J Clin Microbiol 2016;54:1017–24. Erratum in: J Clin Microbiol 2016;54:1930. PMID:26818677 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.03104-15

1010. Schwebke JR, Desmond R. A randomized trial of metronidazole in asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis to prevent the acquisition of sexually transmitted diseases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007;196:e1–6. PMID:17547876 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2007.02.048

1011. Fjeld H, Raknes G. Is combining metronidazole and alcohol really hazardous? [Norwegian]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2014;134:1661–3. PMID:25223673 https://doi.org/10.4045/tidsskr.14.0081

1012. Hillier SL, Nyirjesy P, Waldbaum AS, et al. Secnidazole treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2017;130:379–86. PMID:28697102 https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002135

1013. Schwebke JR, Morgan FG Jr, Koltun W, Nyirjesy P. A phase-3, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effectiveness and safety of single oral doses of secnidazole 2 g for the treatment of women with bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;217:e1–9. Erratum in: Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018;219;110. PMID:28867602 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.017

1014. Chavoustie SE, Gersten JK, Samuel MJ, Schwebke JR. A phase 3, multicenter, prospective, open-label study to evaluate the safety of a single dose of secnidazole 2 g for the treatment of women and postmenarchal adolescent girls with bacterial vaginosis. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2018;27:492–7. PMID:29323627 https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2017.6500

1015. Livengood CH 3rd, Ferris DG, Wiesenfeld HC, et al. Effectiveness of two tinidazole regimens in treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2007;110:302–9. PMID:17666604 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000275282.60506.3d

1016. Sobel JD, Nyirjesy P, Brown W. Tinidazole therapy for metronidazole-resistant vaginal trichomoniasis. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1341–6. PMID:11565074 https://doi.org/10.1086/323034

1017. Chavoustie SE, Jacobs M, Reisman HA, et al. Metronidazole vaginal gel 1.3% in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a dose-ranging study. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2015;19:129–34. PMID:24983350 https://doi.org/10.1097/LGT.0000000000000062

1018. Schwebke JR, Marrazzo J, Beelen AP, Sobel JD. A phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study evaluating the safety and efficacy of metronidazole vaginal gel 1.3% in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Dis 2015;42:376–81. PMID:26222750 https://doorg/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000300

1019. Faro S, Skokos CK; Clindesse Investigators Group. The efficacy and safety of a single dose of Clindesse vaginal cream versus a seven-dose regimen of Cleocin vaginal cream in patients with bacterial vaginosis. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2005;13:155–60. PMID:16240515 https://doi.org/10.1080/10647440500148321

1020. Marrazzo JM, Dombrowski JC, Wierzbicki MR, et al. Safety and efficacy of a novel vaginal anti-infective, TOL-463, in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis: a randomized, single-blind, phase 2, controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2019;68:803–9. PMID:30184181 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy554

1021. Antonio MA, Meyn LA, Murray PJ, Busse B, Hillier SL. Vaginal colonization by probiotic Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05 is decreased by sexual activity and endogenous J Infect Dis 2009;199:1506–13. PMID:19331578 https://doi.org/10.1086/598686

1022. Senok AC, Verstraelen H, Temmerman M, Botta GA. Probiotics for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;(4):CD006289. PMID:19821358 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006289.pub2

1023. Abad CL, Safdar N. The role of Lactobacillus probiotics in the treatment or prevention of urogenital infections—a systematic review. J Chemother 2009;21:243–52. PMID:19567343 https://doi.org/10.1179/joc.2009.21.3.243

1024. Mastromarino P, Macchia S, Meggiorini L, et al. Effectiveness of Lactobacillus-containing vaginal tablets in the treatment of symptomatic bacterial vaginos Clin Microbiol Infect 2009;15:67–74. PMID:19046169 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02112.x

1025. Hemmerling A, Harrison W, Schroeder A, et al. Phase 2a study assessing colonization efficiency, safety, and acceptability of Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05 in women with bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Dis 2010;37:745–50. PMID:20644497 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181e50026

1026. Bunge KE, Beigi RH, Meyn LA, Hillier SL. The efficacy of retreatment with the same medication for early treatment failure of bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Dis 2009;36:711–3. PMID:19652628 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181af6cfd

1027. Aguin T, Akins RA, Sobel JD. High-dose vaginal maintenance metronidazole for recurrent bacterial vaginosis: a pilot study. Sex Transm Dis 2014;41:290–1. PMID:24722380 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000123

1028. Sobel JD, Ferris D, Schwebke J, et al. Suppressive antibacterial therapy with 0.75% metronidazole vaginal gel to prevent recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;194:1283–9. PMID:16647911 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2005.11.041

1029. Reichman O, Akins R, Sobel JD. Boric acid addition to suppressive antimicrobial therapy for recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Dis 2009;36:732–4. PMID:19704395 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181b08456

1030. McClelland RS, Richardson BA, Hassan WM, et al. Improvement of vaginal health for Kenyan women at risk for acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: results of a randomized trial. J Infect Dis 2008;197:1361–8. PMID:18444793 https://doi.org/10.1086/587490

1031. Schwebke J, Carter B, Waldbaum A, et al. Results of a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of astodrimer gel for prevention of recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019;221:672–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2019.10.087

1032. Cohen CR, Wierzbicki MR, French AL, et al. Randomized trial of Lactin-V to prevent recurrence of bacterial vaginosis. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1906–15. PMID:32402161 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1915254

1033. Turner AN, Carr Reese P, Fields KS, et al. A blinded, randomized controlled trial of high-dose vitamin D supplementation to reduce recurrence of bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014;211:e1–13. PMID:24949544 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2014.06.023

1034. Plummer EL, Vodstrcil LA, Danielewski JA, et al. Combined oral and topical antimicrobial therapy for male partners of women with bacterial vaginosis: acceptability, tolerability and impact on the genital microbiota of couples—a pilot study. PLoS One 2018;13:e0190199. PMID:29293559 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190199

1035. Schwebke JR, Lensing SY, Lee J, et al. Treatment of male sexual partners of women with bacterial vaginosis (BV): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2020; Epub December 31, 2020. PMID: 33383580

1036. Koumans EH, Kendrick JS; CDC Bacterial Vaginosis Working Group. Preventing adverse sequelae of bacterial vaginosis: a public health program and research Sex Transm Dis 2001;28:292–7. PMID:11354269 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-200105000-00011

1037. Hauth JC, Goldenberg RL, Andrews WW, DuBard MB, Copper RL. Reduced incidence of preterm delivery with metronidazole and erythromycin in women with bacterial vaginosis. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1732–6. PMID:7491136 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199512283332603

1038. Morales WJ, Schorr S, Albritton J. Effect of metronidazole in patients with preterm birth in preceding pregnancy and bacterial vaginosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:345–9. PMID:8059811 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9378(94)70033-8

1039. Yudin MH, Landers DV, Meyn L, Hillier SL. Clinical and cervical cytokine response to treatment with oral or vaginal metronidazole for bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:527–34. PMID:12962937

1040. Ugwumadu A, Reid F, Hay P, Manyonda I. Natural history of bacterial vaginosis and intermediate flora in pregnancy and effect of oral clindamycin. Obstet Gynecol 2004;104:114–9. PMID:15229009 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000130068.21566.4e

1041. Burtin P, Taddio A, Ariburnu O, Einarson TR, Koren G. Safety of metronidazole in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:525–9. PMID:7856680 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(95)90567-7

1042. Piper JM, Mitchel EF, Ray WA. Prenatal use of metronidazole and birth defects: no association. Obstet Gynecol 1993;82:348–52. PMID:8355932

1043. Sheehy O, Santos F, Ferreira E, Berard A. The use of metronidazole during pregnancy: a review of evidence. Curr Drug Saf 2015;10:170–9. PMID:25986038 https://doi.org/10.2174/157488631002150515124548

1044. Lamont RF, Nhan-Chang CL, Sobel JD, Workowski K, Conde-Agudelo A, Romero R. Treatment of abnormal vaginal flora in early pregnancy with clindamycin for the prevention of spontaneous preterm birth: a systematic review and Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;205:177–90. PMID:22071048 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2011.03.047

1045. Odendaal HJ, Popov I, Schoeman J, Smith M, Grové D. Preterm labour—is bacterial vaginosis involved? S Afr Med J 2002;92:231–4. PMID:12040953

1046. Carey JC, Klebanoff MA, Hauth JC, et al.; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units. Metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery in pregnant women with asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis. N Engl J Med 2000;342:534–40. PMID:10684911 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200002243420802

1047. Vermeulen GM, Bruinse HW. Prophylactic administration of clindamycin 2% vaginal cream to reduce the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth in women with an increased recurrence risk: a randomised placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999;106:652–7. PMID:10428520 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1999.tb08363.x

1048. McDonald HM, O’Loughlin JA, Vigneswaran R, et al. Impact of metronidazole therapy on preterm birth in women with bacterial vaginosis flora (Gardnerella vaginalis): a randomised, placebo controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997;104:1391–7. PMID:9422018 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1997.tb11009.x

1049. Ugwumadu A, Manyonda I, Reid F, Hay P. Effect of early oral clindamycin on late miscarriage and preterm delivery in asymptomatic women with abnormal vaginal flora and bacterial vaginosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:983–8. PMID:12660054 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12823-1

1050. Subtil D, Brabant G, Tilloy E, et al. Early clindamycin for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy (PREMEVA): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2018;392:2171–9. PMID:30322724 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31617-9

1051. Erickson SH, Oppenheim GL, Smith GH. Metronidazole in breast milk. Obstet Gynecol 1981;57:48–50. PMID:7454176

1052. Passmore CM, McElnay JC, Rainey EA, D’Arcy PF. Metronidazole excretion in human milk and its effect on the suckling neonate. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1988;26:45–51. PMID:3203060 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1988.tb03362.x

1053. United Kingdom National Health Service. Medicines Q&A: metronidazole—is it safe to use with breastfeeding? [Internet]. London, England: United Kingdom National Health Service, UK Medicines Information; 2012. https://studylib.net/doc/7341270/metronidazole-in-breastfeeding-mothers

1054. Jamieson DJ, Duerr A, Klein RS, et al. Longitudinal analysis of bacterial vaginosis: findings from the HIV epidemiology research study. Obstet Gynecol 2001;98:656–63. PMID:11576584 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200110000-00023

1055. Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Korenromp E, et al. Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016. Bull World Health Organ 2019;97:548–562P. PMID:31384073 https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.228486

1056. Hoots BE, Peterman TA, Torrone EA, Weinstock H, Meites E, Bolan GA. A Trich-y question: should Trichomonas vaginalis infection be reportable? Sex Transm Dis 2013;40:113–6. PMID:23321992 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31827c08c3

1057. Flagg EW, Meites E, Phillips C, Papp J, Torrone EA. Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis among civilian, noninstitutionalized male and female population aged 14 to 59 years: United States, 2013 to 2016. Sex Transm Dis 2019;46:e93–6. PMID:31517807 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001013

1058. Daugherty M, Glynn K, Byler T. Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among US males, 2013–2016. Clin Infect Dis 2019;68:460–5. PMID:29893808 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy499c

1059. Alcaide ML, Feaster DJ, Duan R, et al. The incidence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in women attending nine sexually transmitted diseases clinics in the USA. Sex Transm Infect 2016;92:58–62. PMID:26071390 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2015-052010

1060. Muzny CA, Blackburn RJ, Sinsky RJ, Austin EL, Schwebke JR. Added benefit of nucleic acid amplification testing for the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis among men and women attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59:834–41. PMID:24928292 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu446

1061. Meites E, Llata E, Braxton J, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis in selected U.S. sexually transmitted disease clinics: testing, screening, and prevalence. Sex Transm Dis 2013;40:865–9. PMID:24113409 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000038

1062. Ginocchio CC, Chapin K, Smith JS, et al. Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and coinfection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States as determined by the Aptima Trichomonas vaginalis nucleic acid amplification assay. J Clin Microbiol 2012;50:2601–8. PMID:22622447 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00748-12

1063. Shuter J, Bell D, Graham D, Holbrook KA, Bellin EY. Rates of and risk factors for trichomoniasis among pregnant inmates in New York City. Sex Transm Dis 1998;25:303–7. PMID:9662764 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-199807000-00006

1064. Sosman JM, MacGowan RJ, Margolis AD, et al.; Project START Study Group. Screening for sexually transmitted diseases and hepatitis in 18–29-year-old men recently released from prison: feasibility and acceptability. Int J STD AIDS 2005;16:117–22. PMID:15825246 https://doi.org/10.1258/0956462053057594

1065. Rogers SM, Turner CF, Hobbs M, et al. Epidemiology of undiagnosed trichomoniasis in a probability sample of urban young adults. PLoS One 2014;9:e90548. PMID:24626058 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090548

1066. Mayer KH, Bush T, Henry K, et al.; SUN Investigators. Ongoing sexually transmitted disease acquisition and risk-taking behavior among US HIV-infected patients in primary care: implications for prevention interventions. Sex Transm Dis 2012;39:1–7. PMID:22183836 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31823b1922

1067. Seña AC, Miller WC, Hobbs MM, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis infection in male sexual partners: implications for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:13–22. PMID:17143809 https://doi.org/10.1086/511144

1068. Kelley CF, Rosenberg ES, OʼHara BM, Sanchez T, del Rio C, Sullivan PS. Prevalence of urethral Trichomonas vaginalis in black and white men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Dis 2012;39:739. PMID:22902674 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318264248b

1069. Sutton M, Sternberg M, Koumans EH, McQuillan G, Berman S, Markowitz L. The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among reproductive-age women in the United States, 2001–2004. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:1319–26. PMID:17968828 https://doi.org/10.1086/522532

1070. Peterman TA, Tian LH, Metcalf CA, Malotte CK, Paul SM, Douglas JM Jr; RESPECT-2 Study Group. Persistent, undetected Trichomonas vaginalis infections? Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:259–60. PMID:19113985 https://doi.org/10.1086/595706

1071. Wølner-Hanssen P, Krieger JN, Stevens CE, et al. Clinical manifestations of vaginal trichomoniasis. JAMA 1989;261:571–6. PMID:2783346 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1989.03420040109029

1072. Gray RH, Kigozi G, Serwadda D, et al. The effects of male circumcision on female partners’ genital tract symptoms and vaginal infections in a randomized trial in Rakai, Uganda. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;200:e1–7. PMID:18976733 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2008.07.069

1073. Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Taljaard D, Nieuwoudt M, Lissouba P, Puren A, Auvert B. Male circumcision and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Trichomonas vaginalis: observations after a randomised controlled trial for HIV prevention. Sex Transm Infect 2009;85:116–20. PMID:19074928 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2008.032334

1074. Tsai CS, Shepherd BE, Vermund SH. Does douching increase risk for sexually transmitted infections? A prospective study in high-risk adolescents. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;200:e1–8. PMID:18667177 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2008.06.026

1075. Silver BJ, Guy RJ, Kaldor JM, Jamil MS, Rumbold AR. Trichomonas vaginalis as a cause of perinatal morbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Dis 2014;41:369–76. PMID:24825333 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000134

1076. Yang S, Zhao W, Wang H, Wang Y, Li J, Wu X. Trichomonas vaginalis infection-associated risk of cervical cancer: a meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2018;228:166–73. PMID:29980111 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.06.031

1077. Najafi A, Chaechi Nosrati MR, Ghasemi E, et al. Is there association between Trichomonas vaginalis infection and prostate cancer risk?: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2019;137:103752. PMID:31539586 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103752

1078. Wang CC, McClelland RS, Reilly M, et al. The effect of treatment of vaginal infections on shedding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 2001;183:1017–22. PMID:11237825 https://doi.org/10.1086/319287

1079. Kissinger P, Amedee A, Clark RA, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis treatment reduces vaginal HIV-1 shedding. Sex Transm Dis 2009;36:11–6. PMID:19008776 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318186decf

1080. Minkoff H, Grunebaum AN, Schwarz RH, et al. Risk factors for prematurity and premature rupture of membranes: a prospective study of the vaginal flora in Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;150:965–72. PMID:6391179 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(84)90392-2

1081. Cotch MF, Pastorek JG 2nd, Nugent RP, et al.; The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. Trichomonas vaginalis associated with low birth weight and preterm delivery. Sex Transm Dis 1997;24:353–60. PMID:9243743 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-199707000-00008

1082. Moodley P, Wilkinson D, Connolly C, Moodley J, Sturm AW. Trichomonas vaginalis is associated with pelvic inflammatory disease in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:519–22. PMID:11797180 https://doi.org/10.1086/338399

1083. Francis SC, Kent CK, Klausner JD, et al. Prevalence of rectal Trichomonas vaginalis and Mycoplasma genitalium in male patients at the San Francisco STD clinic, 2005–2006. Sex Transm Dis 2008;35:797–800. PMID:18607317 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318177ec39

1084. Hollman D, Coupey SM, Fox AS, Herold BC. Screening for Trichomonas vaginalis in high-risk adolescent females with a new transcription-mediated nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT): associations with ethnicity, symptoms, and prior and current STIs. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2010;23:312–6. PMID:20493735 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2010.03.004

1085. Roth AM, Williams JA, Ly R, et al. Changing sexually transmitted infection screening protocol will result in improved case finding for Trichomonas vaginalis among high-risk female populations. Sex Transm Dis 2011;38:398–400. PMID:21217417 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318203e3ce

1086. Hobbs MM, Seña AC. Modern diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis Sex Transm Infect 2013;89:434–8. PMID:23633669 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051057

1087. Kingston MA, Bansal D, Carlin EM. ‘Shelf life’ of Trichomonas vaginalis. Int J STD AIDS 2003;14:28–9. PMID:12590789 https://doi.org/10.1258/095646203321043228

1088. Schwebke JR, Hobbs MM, Taylor SN, et a Molecular testing for Trichomonas vaginalis in women: results from a prospective U.S. clinical trial. J Clin Microbiol 2011;49:4106–11. PMID:21940475 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01291-11

1089. Huppert JS, Mortensen JE, Reed JL, et al. Rapid antigen testing compares favorably with transcription-mediated amplification assay for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in young women. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:194–8. PMID:17578778 https://doi.org/10.1086/518851

1090. Van Der Pol B, Williams JA, Taylor SN, et al. Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis DNA by use of self-obtained vaginal swabs with the BD ProbeTec Qx assay on the BD Viper system. J Clin Microbiol 2014;52:885–9. PMID:24391200 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02966-13

1091. Van Der Pol B, Williams JA, Fuller D, Taylor SN, Hook EW 3rd. Combined testing for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomonas by use of the BD Max CT/GC/TV assay with genitourinary specimen types. J Clin Microbiol 2016;55:155–64. PMID:27795343 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01766-16

1092. Schwebke JR, Gaydos CA, Davis T, et al. Clinical evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert TV Assay for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis with prospectively collected specimens from men and women. J Clin Microbiol 2018;56:e01091-17. PMID:29167292 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01091-17

1093. Campbell L, Woods V, Lloyd T, Elsayed S, Church DL. Evaluation of the OSOM Trichomonas rapid test versus wet preparation examination for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis in specimens from women with a low prevalence of infection. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:3467–9. PMID:18685008 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00671-08

1094. Huppert JS, Hesse E, Kim G, et al. Adolescent women can perform a point-of-care test for trichomoniasis as accurately as clinicians. Sex Transm Infect 2010;86:514–9. PMID:20595142 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2009.042168

1095. Sheele JM, Crandall CJ, Arko BL, et al. The OSOM® Trichomonas Test is unable to accurately diagnose Trichomonas vaginalis from urine in men. Am J Emerg Med 2019;37:1002–3. PMID:30361151 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2018.10.022

1096. Gaydos CA, Schwebke J, Dombrowski J, et al. Clinical performance of the Solana® Point-of-Care Trichomonas Assay from clinician-collected vaginal swabs and urine specimens from symptomatic and asymptomatic women. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2017;17:303–6. PMID:28092466 https://doi.org/10.1080/14737159.2017.1282823

1097. Gaydos CA, Hobbs M, Marrazzo J, et al. Rapid diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis by testing vaginal swabs in an isothermal helicase-dependent AmpliVue Assay. Sex Transm Dis 2016;43:369–73. PMID:27196258 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000447

1098. Patil MJ, Nagamoti JM, Metgud SC. Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis from vaginal specimens by wet mount microscopy, In Pouch TV culture system, and PCR. J Glob Infect Dis 2012;4:22–5. PMID:22529623 https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-777X.93756

1099. Lawing LF, Hedges SR, Schwebke JR. Detection of trichomonosis in vaginal and urine specimens from women by culture and PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:3585–8. PMID:11015368 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.38.10.3585-3588.2000

1100. Mohamed OA, Cohen CR, Kungu D, et al. Urine proves a poor specimen for culture of Trichomonas vaginalis in women. Sex Transm Infect 2001;77:78–9. PMID:11158705 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.77.1.78

1101. Rivers CA, Muzny CA, Schwebke JR. Diagnostic rates differ on the basis of the number of read days with the use of the InPouch culture system for Trichomonas vaginalis screening. J Clin Microbiol 2013;51:3875–6. PMID:24006006 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02006-13

1102. Audisio T, Pigini T, de Riutort SV, et al. Validity of the Papanicolaou smear in the diagnosis of Candida spp., Trichomonas vaginalis, and bacterial vaginosis. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2001;5:223–5. PMID:17050980

1103. Loo SK, Tang WY, Lo KK. Clinical significance of Trichomonas vaginalis detected in Papanicolaou smear: a survey in female Social Hygiene Clinic. Hong Kong Med J 2009;15:90–3. PMID:19342733

1104. Howe K, Kissinger PJ. Single-dose compared with multidose metronidazole for the treatment of trichomoniasis in women: a meta-analysis. Sex Transm Dis 2017;44:29–34. PMID:27898571 https://doi.org/11097/OLQ.0000000000000537

1105. Kissinger P, Mena L, Levison J, et al. A randomized treatment trial: single versus 7-day dose of metronidazole for the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis among HIV-infected women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010;55:565–71. PMID:21423852 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181eda955

1106. Wood BA, Monro AM. Pharmacokinetics of tinidazole and metronidazole in women after single large oral doses. Br J Vener Dis 1975;51:51–3. PMID:1092424 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.51.1.51

1107. Viitanen J, Haataja H, Männistö PT. Concentrations of metronidazole and tinidazole in male genital tissues. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985;28:812–4. PMID:4083864 https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.28.6.812

1108. Gabriel G, Robertson E, Thin RN. Single dose treatment of trichomoniasis. J Int Med Res 1982;10:129–30. PMID:7067925 https://doi.org/10.1177/030006058201000212

1109. Mati JK, Wallace RJ. The treatment of trichomonal vaginitis using a single dose of tinidazole by mouth. East Afr Med J 1974;51:883–8. PMID:4616829

1110. Anjaeyulu R, Gupte SA, Desai DB. Single-dose treatment of trichomonal vaginitis: a comparison of tinidazole and metronidazole. J Int Med Res 1977;5:438–41. PMID:590601

1111. Apte VV, Packard RS. Tinidazole in the treatment of trichomoniasis, giardiasis and amoebiasis. Report of a multicentre study. Drugs 1978;15(Suppl 1):43–8. PMID:657995 https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-197800151-00009

1112. O-Prasertsawat P, Jetsawangsri T. Split-dose metronidazole or single-dose tinidazole for the treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis. Sex Transm Dis 1992;19:295–7. PMID:1411848 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-199209000-00011

1113. Kawamura N. Metronidazole and tinidazole in a single large dose for treating urogenital infections with Trichomonas vaginalis in men. Br J Vener Dis 1978;54:81–3. PMID:305809 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.54.2.81

1114. Forna F, Gülmezoglu AM. Interventions for treating trichomoniasis in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(2):CD000218. PMID:12804391

1115. Cu-Uvin S, Ko H, Jamieson DJ, et al.; HIV Epidemiology Research Study (HERS) Group. Prevalence, incidence, and persistence or recurrence of trichomoniasis among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive women and among HIV-negative women at high risk for HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:1406–11. PMID:11981738 https://doi.org/10.1086/340264

1116. Schwebke JR, Barrientes FJ. Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates with resistance to metronidazole and tinidazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:4209–10. PMID:17000740 https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00814-06

1117. Van Der Pol B, Williams JA, Orr DP, Batteiger BE, Fortenberry JD. Prevalence, incidence, natural history, and response to treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among adolescent women. J Infect Dis 2005;192:2039–44. PMID:16288365 https://doi.org/10.1086/498217

1118. Kirkcaldy RD, Augostini P, Asbel LE, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis antimicrobial drug resistance in 6 US cities, STD Surveillance Network, 2009–2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2012;18:939–43. PMID:22608054 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1806.111590

1119. Crowell AL, Sanders-Lewis KA, Secor WE. In vitro metronidazole and tinidazole activities against metronidazole-resistant strains of Trichomonas vaginalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:1407–9. PMID:12654679 https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.47.4.1407-1409.2003

1120. Muzny CA, Mena L, Lillis RA, et al. A comparison of 2 g single-dose versus 7-day 500 mg twice daily metronidazole for the treatment trichomoniasis in women by selected clinical factors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019;221:669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2019.10.079

1121. Sobel JD, Nyirjesy P, Brown W. Tinidazole therapy for metronidazole-resistant vaginal trichomoniasis. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1341–6. PMID:11565074 https://doi.org/10.1086/323034

1122. Nyirjesy P, Gilbert J, Mulcahy LJ. Resistant trichomoniasis: successful treatment with combination therapy. Sex Transm Dis 2011;38:962–3. PMID:21934573 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31822037e4

1123. Muzny C, Barnes A, Mena L. Symptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis infection in the setting of severe nitroimidazole allergy: successful treatment with boric acid. Sex Health 2012;9:389–91. PMID:22877600 https://doi.org/10.1071/SH11114

1124. Aggarwal A, Shier RM. Recalcitrant Trichomonas vaginalis infections successfully treated with vaginal acidification. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2008;30:55–8. PMID:18198069 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1701-2163(16)32714-1

1125. Dan M, Sobel JD. Failure of nitazoxanide to cure trichomoniasis in three women. Sex Transm Dis 2007;34:813–4. PMID:17551415 https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31802f5d9a

1126. Seña AC, Bachmann LH, Hobbs MM. Persistent and recurrent Trichomonas vaginalis infections: epidemiology, treatment and management considerations. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014;12:673–85. PMID:24555561 https://doi.org/10.1586/14787210.2014.887440

1127. Helms DJ, Mosure DJ, Secor WE, Workowski KA. Management of Trichomonas vaginalis in women with suspected metronidazole hypersensitivity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198:e1–7. PMID:18221927 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2007.10.795

1128. Gendelman SR, Pien LC, Gutta RC, Abouhassan SR. Modified oral metronidazole desensitization protocol. Allergy Rhinol (Providence) 2014;5:66–9. PMID:24612959 https://doi.org/10.2500/ar.2014.5.0080

1129. Nyirjesy P, Sobel JD, Weitz MV, Leaman DJ, Gelone SP. Difficult-to-treat trichomoniasis: results with paromomycin cream. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:986–8. PMID:9564487 https://doi.org/10.1086/513951

1130. Klebanoff MA, Carey JC, Hauth JC, et al.; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units. Failure of metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery among pregnant women with asymptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis N Engl J Med 2001;345:487–93. PMID:11519502 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa003329

1131. Stringer E, Read JS, Hoffman I, Valentine M, Aboud S, Goldenberg RL. Treatment of trichomoniasis in pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa does not appear to be associated with low birth weight or preterm birth. S Afr Med J 2010;100:58–64. PMID:20429491

1132. Caro-Patón T, Carvajal A, Martin de Diego I, Martin-Arias LH, Alvarez Requejo A, Rodríguez Pinilla E. Is metronidazole teratogenic? A meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997;44:179–82. PMID:9278206 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2125.1997.00660.x

1133. Gülmezoglu AM. Interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;(3):CD000220. PMID:12137609

1134. Goldenberg RL, Mwatha A, Read JS, et al.; Hptn024 Team. The HPTN 024 Study: the efficacy of antibiotics to prevent chorioamnionitis and preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;194:650–61. PMID:16522393 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2006.01.004

1135. Mann JR, McDermott S, Zhou L, Barnes TL, Hardin J. Treatment of trichomoniasis in pregnancy and preterm birth: an observational study. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2009;18:493–7. PMID:19361316 https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2008.0964

1136. Carter JE, Whithaus KC. Neonatal respiratory tract involvement by Trichomonas vaginalis: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008;78:17–9. PMID:18187779 https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.17

1137. Trintis J, Epie N, Boss R, Riedel S. Neonatal Trichomonas vaginalis infection: a case report and review of literature. Int J STD AIDS 2010;21:606–7. PMID:20975098 https://doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2010.010174

1138. Miller M, Liao Y, Wagner M, Korves C. HIV, the clustering of sexually transmitted infections, and sex risk among African American women who use drugs. Sex Transm Dis 2008;35:696–702. PMID:18418289 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31816b1fb8

1139. Anderson BL, Firnhaber C, Liu T, et al. Effect of trichomoniasis therapy on genital HIV viral burden among African Sex Transm Dis 2012;39:638–42. PMID:22797689 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31825725ad

1140. Masese LN, Graham SM, Gitau R, et al. A prospective study of vaginal trichomoniasis and HIV-1 shedding in women on antiretroviral therapy. BMC Infect Dis 2011;11:307. PMID:22047086 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-11-307

1141. Balkus JE, Richardson BA, Mochache V, et al. A prospective cohort study comparing the effect of single-dose 2 g metronidazole on Trichomonas vaginalis infection in HIV-seropositive versus HIV-seronegative women. Sex Transm Dis 2013;40:499–505. PMID:23677023 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31828fce34

1142. Gumbo FZ, Duri K, Kandawasvika GQ, et al. Risk factors of HIV vertical transmission in a cohort of women under a PMTCT program at three peri-urban clinics in a resource-poor setting. J Perinatol 2010;30:717–23. PMID:20336078 https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2010.31

1143. Brüggemann RJ, Alffenaar JW, Blijlevens NM, et al. Clinical relevance of the pharmacokinetic interactions of azole antifungal drugs with other coadministered agents. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:1441–58. PMID:19361301 https://doi.org/10.1086/598327

1144. Shahid Z, Sobel JD. Reduced fluconazole susceptibility of Candida albicans isolates in women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: effects of long-term fluconazole therapy. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009;64:354–6. PMID:19501794 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.03.021

1145. Marchaim D, Lemanek L, Bheemreddy S, Kaye KS, Sobel JD. Fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans Obstet Gynecol 2012;120:1407–14. PMID:23168767 https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e31827307b2

1146. Denning DW, Kneale M, Sobel JD, Rautemaa-Richardson R. Global burden of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 2018;18:e339–47. PMID:30078662 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30103-8

1147. Crouss T, Sobel JD, Smith K, Nyirjesy P. Long-term outcomes of women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis after a course of maintenance antifungal therapy. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2018;22:382–6. PMID:29975334 https://doi.org/10.1097/LGT.0000000000000413

1148. Kennedy MA, Sobel JD. Vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by non-albicans Candida species: new insights. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2010;12:465–70. PMID:21308556 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-010-0137-9

1149. Sobel JD, Chaim W, Nagappan V, Leaman D. Treatment of vaginitis caused by Candida glabrata: use of topical boric acid and flucytosine. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;189:1297–300. PMID:14634557 https://doi.org/10.1067/S0002-9378(03)00726-9

1150. Mølgaard-Nielsen D, Svanström H, Melbye M, Hviid A, Pasternak B. Association between use of oral fluconazole during pregnancy and risk of spontaneous abortion and JAMA 2016;315:58–67. PMID:26746458 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.17844

1151. Bérard A, Sheehy O, Zhao JP, et al. Associations between low- and high-dose oral fluconazole and pregnancy outcomes: 3 nested case-control studies. CMAJ 2019;191:E179–87. PMID:30782643 https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.180963

1152. Ohmit SE, Sobel JD, Schuman P, et al.; HIV Epidemiology Research Study (HERS) Group. Longitudinal study of mucosal Candida species colonization and candidiasis among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive and at-risk HIV-seronegative women. J Infect Dis 2003;188:118–27. PMID:12825180 https://doi.org/10.1086/375746

1153. Duerr A, Heilig CM, Meikle SF, et al.; HER Study Group. Incident and persistent vulvovaginal candidiasis among human immunodeficiency virus-infected women: risk factors and severity. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:548–56. PMID:12636961 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200303000-00022

1154. Vazquez JA, Peng G, Sobel JD, et al. Evolution of antifungal susceptibility among Candida species isolates recovered from human immunodeficiency virus-infected women receiving fluconazole prophylaxis. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1069–75. PMID:11528582 https://doi.org/10.1086/322641

1155. Darville T; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Workshop Proceedings Committee. Pelvic inflammatory disease: identifying research gaps—proceedings of a workshop sponsored by Department of Health and Human Services/National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, November 3–4, 2011. Sex Transm Dis 2013;40:761–7. PMID:24275724 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000028

1156. Wiesenfeld HC, Sweet RL, Ness RB, Krohn MA, Amortegui AJ, Hillier SL. Comparison of acute and subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease. Sex Transm Dis 2005;32:400–5. PMID:15976596 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.olq.0000154508.26532.6a

1157. Wiesenfeld HC, Hillier SL, Meyn LA, Amortegui AJ, Sweet RL. Subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. Obstet Gynecol 2012;120:37–43. PMID:22678036 https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e31825a6bc9

1158. Ness RB, Soper DE, Holley RL, et al. Effectiveness of inpatient and outpatient treatment strategies for women with pelvic inflammatory disease: results from the Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Evaluation and Clinical Health (PEACH) Randomized Trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:929–37. PMID:12015517 https://doi.org/10.1067/mob.2002.121625

1159. Burnett AM, Anderson CP, Zwank MD. Laboratory-confirmed gonorrhea and/or chlamydia rates in clinically diagnosed pelvic inflammatory disease and cervicitis. Am J Emerg Med 2012;30:1114–7. PMID:22030186 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2011.07.014

1160. Wiesenfeld HC, Meyn LA, Darville T, Macio IS, Hillier SL. A randomized controlled trial of ceftriaxone and doxycycline, with or without metronidazole, for the treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Clin Infect Dis 2021;72:1181–9. PMID:32052831 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa101

1161. Ness RB, Kip KE, Hillier SL, et al. A cluster analysis of bacterial vaginosis-associated microflora and pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Epidemiol 2005;162:585–90. PMID:16093289 https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi243

1162. Scholes D, Stergachis A, Heidrich FE, Andrilla H, Holmes KK, Stamm WE. Prevention of pelvic inflammatory disease by screening for cervical chlamydial infection. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1362–6. PMID:8614421 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199605233342103

1163. Oakeshott P, Kerry S, Aghaizu A, et al. Randomised controlled trial of screening for Chlamydia trachomatis to prevent pelvic inflammatory disease: the POPI (Prevention of Pelvic Infection) trial. BMJ 2010;340:c1642. PMID:20378636 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c1642

1164. Peipert JF, Ness RB, Blume J, et al.; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Evaluation and Clinical Health Study Investigators. Clinical predictors of endometritis in women with symptoms and signs of pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:856–64. PMID:11303192 https://doi.org/10.1067/mob.2001.113847

1165. Gaitán H, Angel E, Diaz R, Parada A, Sanchez L, Vargas C. Accuracy of five different diagnostic techniques in mild-to-moderate pelvic inflammatory disease. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2002;10:171–80. PMID:12648310 https://doi.org/10.1155/S1064744902000194

1166. Vicetti Miguel RD, Chivukula M, Krishnamurti U, et al. Limitations of the criteria used to diagnose histologic endometritis in epidemiologic pelvic inflammatory disease research. Pathol Res Pract 2011;207:680–5. PMID:21996319 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prp.2011.08.007

1167. Jacobson L, Weström L. Objectivized diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Diagnostic and prognostic value of routine laparoscopy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1969;105:1088–98. PMID:4242830 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(69)90132-X

1168. Sellors J, Mahony J, Goldsmith C, et al. The accuracy of clinical findings and laparoscopy in pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;164:113–20. PMID:1824740 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(91)90639-9

1169. Bevan CD, Johal BJ, Mumtaz G, Ridgway GL, Siddle NC. Clinical, laparoscopic and microbiological findings in acute salpingitis: report on a United Kingdom cohort. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:407–14. PMID:7612536 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb11294.x

1170. Jaiyeoba O, Soper DE. A practical approach to the diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2011;2011:753037. PMID:21822367 https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/753037

1171. Sweet RL. Treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2011;2011:561909. PMID:22228985 https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/561909

1172. Smith KJ, Ness RB, Wiesenfeld HC, Roberts MS. Cost-effectiveness of alternative outpatient pelvic inflammatory disease treatment strategies. Sex Transm Dis 2007;34:960–6. PMID:18077847 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.olq.0000225321.61049.13

1173. Petrina MAB, Cosentino LA, Wiesenfeld HC, Darville T, Hillier SL. Susceptibility of endometrial isolates recovered from women with clinical pelvic inflammatory disease or histological endometritis to antimicrobial agents. Anaerobe 2019;56:61–5. PMID:30753898 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.02.005

1174. Haggerty CL, Ness RB, Amortegui A, et al. Endometritis does not predict reproductive morbidity after pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:141–8. PMID:12548208 https://doi.org/10.1067/mob.2003.87

1175. Haggerty CL, Totten PA, Tang G, et al. Identification of novel microbes associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. Sex Transm Infect 2016;92:441–6. PMID:26825087 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2015-052285

1176. Ness RB, Randall H, Richter HE, et a; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Evaluation and Clinical Health Study Investigators. Condom use and the risk of recurrent pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic pelvic pain, or infertility following an episode of pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Public Health 2004;94:1327–9. PMID:15284036 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.94.8.1327

1177. McGregor JA, Crombleholme WR, Newton E, Sweet RL, Tuomala R, Gibbs RS. Randomized comparison of ampicillin-sulbactam to cefoxitin and doxycycline or clindamycin and gentamicin in the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease or endometritis. Obstet Gynecol 1994;83:998–1004. PMID:8190448 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006250-199406000-00020

1178. Bevan CD, Ridgway GL, Rothermel CD. Efficacy and safety of azithromycin as monotherapy or combined with metronidazole compared with two standard multidrug regimens for the treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. J Int Med Res 2003;31:45–54. PMID:12635534 https://doi.org/10.1177/147323000303100108

1179. Heystek M, Ross JD; PID Study Group. A randomized double-blind comparison of moxifloxacin and doxycycline/metronidazole/ciprofloxacin in the treatment of acute, uncomplicated pelvic inflammatory disease. Int J STD AIDS 2009;20:690–5. PMID:19815913 https://doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2008.008495

1180. Boothby M, Page J, Pryor R, Ross JD. A comparison of treatment outcomes for moxifloxacin versus ofloxacin/metronidazole for first-line treatment of uncomplicated non-gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease. Int J STD AIDS 2010;21:195–7. PMID:20215625 https://doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2009.009374

1181. Judlin P, Liao Q, Liu Z, Reimnitz P, Hampel B, Arvis P. Efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin in uncomplicated pelvic inflammatory disease: the MONALISA study. BJOG 2010;117:1475–84. PMID:20716255 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02687.x

1182. Korn AP. Pelvic inflammatory disease in women infected with HIV. AIDS Patient Care STDS 1998;12:431–4. PMID:11361990 https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.1998.12.431

1183. Irwin KL, Moorman AC, O’Sullivan MJ, et al. Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:525–34. PMID:10725484

1184. Bukusi EA, Cohen CR, Stevens CE, et al. Effects of human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection on microbial origins of pelvic inflammatory disease and on efficacy of ambulatory oral therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:1374–81. PMID:10601915 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70378-9

1185. Mugo NR, Kiehlbauch JA, Nguti R, et al. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection on treatment outcome of acute salpingitis. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:807–12. PMID:16582116 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000207597.70524.e8

1186. Grimes DA. Intrauterine device and upper-genital-tract infection. Lancet 2000;356:1013–9. PMID:11041414 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02699-4

1187. Viberga I, Odlind V, Lazdane G, Kroica J, Berglund L, Olofsson S. Microbiology profile in women with pelvic inflammatory disease in relation to IUD use. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2005;13:183–90. PMID:16338777 https://doi.org/10.1155/2005/376830

1188. Jatlaoui TC, Riley HEM, Curtis KM. The safety of intrauterine devices among young women: a systematic review. Contraception 2017;95:17–39. PMID:27771475 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2016.10.006

1189. Chen MJ, Kim CR, Whitehouse KC, Berry-Bibee E, Gaffield ME. Development, updates, and future directions of the World Health Organization Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2017;136:113–9. PMID:28099730 https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12064

1190. Tepper NK, Steenland MW, Gaffield ME, Marchbanks PA, Curtis KM. Retention of intrauterine devices in women who acquire pelvic inflammatory disease: a systematic review. Contraception 2013;87:655–60. PMID:23040135 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2012.08.011

1191. Louette A, Krahn J, Caine V, Ha S, Lau TTY, Singh AE. Treatment of acute epididymitis: a systematic review and discussion of the implications for treatment based on etiology. Sex Transm Dis 2018;45:e104–8. PMID:30044339 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000901

1192. Pilatz A, Hossain H, Kaiser R, et al. Acute epididymitis revisited: impact of molecular diagnostics on etiology and contemporary guideline recommendations. Eur Urol 2015;68:428–35. PMID:25542628 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2014.12.005

1193. Hongo H, Kikuchi E, Matsumoto K, et al. Novel algorithm for management of acute epididymitis. Int J Urol 2017;24:82–7. PMID:27714879 https://doi.org/10.1111/iju.13236

1194. de Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zur Hausen H. Classification of papillomaviruses. Virology 2004;324:17–27. PMID:15183049 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.033

1195. Myers ER, McCrory DC, Nanda K, Bastian L, Matchar DB. Mathematical model for the natural history of human papillomavirus infection and cervical Am J Epidemiol 2000;151:1158–71. PMID:10905528 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010166

1196. Chesson HW, Dunne EF, Hariri S, Markowitz LE. The estimated lifetime probability of acquiring human papillomavirus in the United States. Sex Transm Dis 2014;41:660–4. PMID:25299412 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000193

1197. Cogliano V, Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F; WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer. Carcinogenicity of human papillomaviruses. Lancet Oncol 2005;6:204. PMID:15830458 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(05)70086-3

1198. Senkomago V, Henley SJ, Thomas CC, Mix JM, Markowitz LE, Saraiya M. Human papillomavirus-attributable cancers—United States, 2012–2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:724–8. PMID:31437140 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6833a3

1199. Chesson HW, Ekwueme DU, Saraiya M, Watson M, Lowy DR, Markowitz LE. Estimates of the annual direct medical costs of the prevention and treatment of disease associated with human papillomavirus in the United States. Vaccine 2012;30:6016–9. PMID:22867718 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.056

1200. Markowitz LE, Hariri S, Lin C, et al. Reduction in human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence among young women following HPV vaccine introduction in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2003–2010. J Infect Dis 2013;208:385–93. PMID:23785124 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit192

1201. Flagg EW, Schwartz R, Weinstock H. Prevalence of anogenital warts among participants in private health plans in the United States, 2003–2010: potential impact of human papillomavirus vaccination. Am J Public Health 2013;103:1428–35. PMID:23763409 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301182

1202. McClung NM, Lewis RM, Gargano JW, Querec T, Unger ER, Markowitz LE. Declines in vaccine-type human papillomavirus prevalence in females across racial/ethnic groups: data from a national survey. J Adolesc Health 2019;65:715–22. PMID:31515134 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.07.003

1203. Drolet M, Bénard É, Pérez N, et al.; HPV Vaccination Impact Study Group. Population-level impact and herd effects following the introduction of human papillomavirus vaccination programmes: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2019;394:497–509. PMID:31255301 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30298-3

1204. Mayhew A, Mullins TL, Ding L, et al. Risk perceptions and subsequent sexual behaviors after HPV vaccination in adolescents. Pediatrics 2014;133:404–11. PMID:24488747 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2822

1205. Brouwer AF, Delinger RL, Eisenberg MC, et al. HPV vaccination has not increased sexual activity or accelerated sexual debut in a college-aged cohort of men and women. BMC Public Health 2019;19:821. PMID:31238911 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7134-1

1206. Garland SM, Steben M, Sings HL, et Natural history of genital warts: analysis of the placebo arm of 2 randomized phase III trials of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) vaccine. J Infect Dis 2009;199:805–14. PMID:19199546 https://doi.org/10.1086/597071

1207. Flagg EW, Torrone EA. Declines in anogenital warts among age groups most likely to be impacted by human papillomavirus vaccination, United States, 2006–2014. Am J Public Health 2018;108:112–9. PMID:29161070 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304119

1208. Hariri S, Schuler MS, Naleway AL, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccine effectiveness against incident genital warts among female health-plan enrollees, United States. Am J Epidemiol 2018;187:298–305. PMID:28641366 https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx253

1209. Wangu Z, Hsu KK. Impact of HPV vaccination on anogenital warts and respiratory papillomatosis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016;12:1357–62. PMID:27217191 https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2016.1172754

1210. Swedish KA, Goldstone SE. Prevention of anal condyloma with quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination of older men who have sex with men. PLoS One 2014;9:e93393. PMID:24714693 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093393

1211. Sandø N, Kofoed K, Zachariae C, Fouchard J. A reduced national incidence of anogenital warts in young Danish men and women after introduction of a national quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination programme for young women—an ecological study. Acta Derm Venereol 2014;94:288–92. PMID:24150529 https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1721

1212. Herweijer E, Ploner A, Sparén P. Substantially reduced incidence of genital warts in women and men six years after HPV vaccine availability in Sweden. Vaccine 2018;36:1917–20. PMID:29523448 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.097

1213. Harrison C, Britt H, Garland S, et al. Decreased management of genital warts in young women in Australian general practice post introduction of national HPV vaccination program: results from a nationally representative cross-sectional general practice study. PLoS One 2014;9:e105967. PMID:25180698 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105967

1214. Canvin M, Sinka K, Hughes G, Mesher D. Decline in genital warts diagnoses among young women and young men since the introduction of the bivalent HPV (16/18) vaccination programme in England: an ecological analysis. Sex Transm Infect 2017;93:125–8. PMID:27365492 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2016-052626

1215. Chow EP, Read TR, Wigan R, et al. Ongoing decline in genital warts among young heterosexuals 7 years after the Australian human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme. Sex Transm Infect 2015;91:214–9. PMID:25305210 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2014-051813

1216. Petrosky EY, Liu G, Hariri S, Markowitz LE. Human papillomavirus vaccination and age at first sexual activity, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2017;56:363–70. PMID:27609513 https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922816660541

1217. Gotovtseva EP, Kapadia AS, Smolensky MH, Lairson DR. Optimal frequency of imiquimod (aldara) 5% cream for the treatment of external genital warts in immunocompetent adults: a meta-analysis. Sex Transm Dis 2008;35:346–51. PMID:18360317 https://doi.org/1097/OLQ.0b013e31815ea8d1

1218. Baker DA, Ferris DG, Martens MG, et al. Imiquimod 3.75% cream applied daily to treat anogenital warts: combined results from women in two randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2011;2011:806105. PMID:21876641 https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/806105

1219. Mashiah J, Brenner S. Possible mechanisms in the induction of vitiligo-like hypopigmentation by topical imiquimod. Clin Exp Dermatol 2008;33:74–6. PMID:17979992

1220. Domingues E, Chaney KC, Scharf MJ, Wiss K. Imiquimod reactivation of lichen planus. Cutis 2012;89:276–7, 283. PMID:22838091

1221. Patel U, Mark NM, Machler BC, Levine VJ. Imiquimod 5% cream induced psoriasis: a case report, summary of the literature and mechanism. Br J Dermatol 2011;164:670–2. PMID:21062268 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10124.x

1222. Kumar B, Narang T. Local and systemic adverse effects to topical imiquimod due to systemic immune stimulation. Sex Transm Infect 2011;87:432. PMID:21606474 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2011-050025

1223. Stockfleth E, Beti H, Orasan R, et al. Topical Polyphenon E in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 2008;158:1329–38. PMID:18363746 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08520.x

1224. Gross G, Meyer KG, Pres H, Thielert C, Tawfik H, Mescheder A. A randomized, double-blind, four-arm parallel-group, placebo-controlled Phase II/III study to investigate the clinical efficacy of two galenic formulations of Polyphenon E in the treatment of external genital warts. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007;21:1404–12. PMID:17958849 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02441.x

1225. Tatti S, Swinehart JM, Thielert C, Tawfik H, Mescheder A, Beutner KR. Sinecatechins, a defined green tea extract, in the treatment of external anogenital warts: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2008;111:1371–9. PMID:18515521 https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181719b60

1226. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Control of smoke from laser/electric surgical procedures. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; 1996. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/hazardcontrol/pdfs/hc11.pdf?id=10.26616/NIOSHPUB96128

1227. Filley CM, Graff-Richard NR, Lacy JR, Heitner MA, Earnest MP. Neurologic manifestations of podophyllin toxicity. Neurology 1982;32:308–11. PMID:7199647 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.32.3.308

1228. Conard PF, Hanna N, Rosenblum M, Gross JB. Delayed recognition of podophyllum toxicity in a patient receiving epidural morphine. Anesth Analg 1990;71:191–3. PMID:2375521 https://doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199008000-00013

1229. Karol MD, Conner CS, Watanabe AS, Murphrey KJ. Podophyllum: suspected teratogenicity from topical application. Clin Toxicol 1980;16:283–6. PMID:7398215 https://doi.org/10.3109/15563658008989950

1230. Silverberg MJ, Thorsen P, Lindeberg H, Grant LA, Shah KV. Condyloma in pregnancy is strongly predictive of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:645–52. PMID:12681865

1231. Dolev JC, Maurer T, Springer G, et al. Incidence and risk factors for verrucae in women. AIDS 2008;22:1213–9. PMID:18525267 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283021aa3

1232. Silverberg MJ, Ahdieh L, Munoz A, et al. The impact of HIV infection and immunodeficiency on human papillomavirus type 6 or 11 infection and on genital warts. Sex Transm Dis 2002;29:427–35. PMID:12172526 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-200208000-00001

1233. De Panfilis G, Melzani G, Mori G, Ghidini A, Graifemberghi S. Relapses after treatment of external genital warts are more frequent in HIV-positive patients than in HIV-negative controls. Sex Transm Dis 2002;29:121–5. PMID:11875372 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-200203000-00001

1234. Conley LJ, Ellerbrock TV, Bush TJ, Chiasson MA, Sawo D, Wright TC. HIV-1 infection and risk of vulvovaginal and perianal condylomata acuminata and intraepithelial neoplasia: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2002;359:108–13. PMID:11809252 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07368-3

1235. Schlecht HP, Fugelso DK, Murphy RK, et al. Frequency of occult high-grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cancer within anal condylomata in men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51:107–10. PMID:20482370 https://doi.org/10.1086/653426

1236. Maniar KP, Ronnett BM, Vang R, Yemelyanova A. Coexisting high-grade vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) and condyloma acuminatum: independent lesions due to different HPV types occurring in immunocompromised patients. Am J Surg Pathol 2013;37:53–60. PMID:23026935 https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0b013e318263cda6

1237. Massad LS, Xie X, Darragh T, et al.; Women’s Interagency HIV Study Collaborative Study Group. Genital warts and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia: natural history and effects of treatment and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Obstet Gynecol 2011;118:831–9. PMID:21934446 https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e31821a0f4d

1238. Forman D, de Martel C, Lacey CJ, et al. Global burden of human papillomavirus and related diseases. Vaccine 2012;30(Suppl 5):F12–23. PMID:23199955 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.055

1239. Darragh TM, Colgan TJ, Cox JT, et al.; Members of LAST Project Work Groups. The lower anogenital squamous terminology standardization project for HPV-associated lesions: background and consensus recommendations from the College of American Pathologists and the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2012;136:1266–97. PMID:22742517 https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.LGT200570

1240. Committee on Practice Bulletins—Gynecology. Practice Bulletin No. 168 Summary: Cervical cancer screening and prevention. Obstet Gynecol 2016;128:923–5. PMID:27661643 https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000001699

1241. Perkins RB, Guido RL, Saraiya M, et al. Summary of current guidelines for cervical cancer screening and management of abnormal test results: 2016–2020. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2021;30:5–13. PMID:33464997 https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2020.8918

1242. Kim JJ, Burger EA, Regan C, Sy S. Screening for cervical cancer in primary care: a decision analysis for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2018;320:706–14. PMID:30140882 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.19872

1243. Sawaya GF, Sanstead E, Alarid-Escudero F, et al. Estimated quality of life and economic outcomes associated with 12 cervical cancer screening strategies: a cost-effectiveness analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2019;179:867–78. PMID:31081851 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.0299

1244. Saslow D, Solomon D, Lawson HW, et al.; ACS-ASCCP-ASCP Cervical Cancer Guideline Committee. American Cancer Society, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, and American Society for Clinical Pathology screening guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 2012;62:147–72. PMID:22422631 https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21139

1245. Committee on Practice Bulletins—Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 131: Screening for cervical cancer. Obstet Gynecol 2012;120:1222–38. PMID:23090560 https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e318277c92a

1246. Meyerson BE, Sayegh MA, Davis A, et al. Cervical cancer screening in a sexually transmitted disease clinic: screening adoption experiences from a midwestern clinic. Am J Public Health 2015;105(Suppl 2):e8–14. PMID:25689199 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302272

1247. Perkins RB, Guido RS, Castle PE, et al.; 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines Committee. 2019 ASCCP risk-based management consensus guidelines for abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2020;24:102–31. PMID:32243307 https://doi.org/10.1097/LGT.0000000000000525

1248. Saraiya M, Lee NC, Blackman D, Smith MJ, Morrow B, McKenna MA. Self-reported Papanicolaou smears and hysterectomies among women in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 2001;98:269–78. PMID:11506844

1249. Sirovich BE, Welch HG. Cervical cancer screening among women without a cervix. JAMA 2004;291:2990–3. PMID:15213211 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.24.2990

1250. Stokes-Lampard H, Wilson S, Waddell C, Ryan A, Holder R, Kehoe S. Vaginal vault smears after hysterectomy for reasons other than malignancy: a systematic review of the literature. BJOG 2006;113:1354–65. PMID:17081187 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.01099.x

1251. Arbyn M, Herbert A, Schenck U, et al. European guidelines for quality assurance in cervical cancer screening: recommendations for collecting samples for conventional and liquid-based cytology. Cytopathology 2007;18:133–9. PMID:17573762 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2303.2007.00464.x

1252. Daley E, Perrin K, Vamos C, et al. Confusion about Pap smears: lack of knowledge among high-risk women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2013;22:67–74. PMID:23215902 https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2012.3667

1253. Drolet M, Bénard É, Boily MC, et al. Population-level impact and herd effects following human papillomavirus vaccination programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2015;15:565–80. PMID:25744474 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(14)71073-4

1254. Ogbechie OA, Hacker MR, Dodge LE, Patil MM, Ricciotti HA. Confusion regarding cervical cancer screening and chlamydia screening among sexually active young women. Sex Transm Infect 2012;88:35–7. PMID:22123163 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2011-050289

1255. Dunne EF, Friedman A, Datta SD, Markowitz LE, Workowski KA. Updates on human papillomavirus and genital warts and counseling messages from the 2010 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines. Clin Infect Dis 2011;53(Suppl 3):S143–52. PMID:22080267 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir703

1256. Fry AM, Ferries-Rowe EA, Learman LA, Haas DM. Pap smear versus speculum examination: can we teach providers to educate patients? J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2010;19:1715–9. PMID:20662627 https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1862

1257. Adab P, Marshall T, Rouse A, Randhawa B, Sangha H, Bhangoo N. Randomised controlled trial of the effect of evidence based information on women’s willingness to participate in cervical cancer screening. J Epidemiol Community Health 2003;57:589–93. PMID:12883063 https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.57.8.589

1258. Drolet M, Brisson M, Maunsell E, et al. The psychosocial impact of an abnormal cervical smear result. Psychooncology 2012;21:1071–81. PMID:21695747 https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.2003

1259. McCaffery KJ, Irwig L, Turner R, et al. Psychosocial outcomes of three triage methods for the management of borderline abnormal cervical smears: an open randomised trial. BMJ 2010;340(feb23 1):b4491. PMID:20179125 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b4491

1260. Daley EM, Perrin KM, McDermott RJ, et al. The psychosocial burden of HPV: a mixed-method study of knowledge, attitudes and behaviors among HPV+ women. J Health Psychol 2010;15:279–90. PMID:20207671 https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105309351249

1261. Pirotta M, Ung L, Stein A, et al. The psychosocial burden of human papillomavirus related disease and screening interventions. Sex Transm Infect 2009;85:508–13. PMID:19703844 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2009.037028

1262. Lin L, Benard VB, Greek A, Roland KB, Hawkins NA, Saraiya M. Communication practices about HPV testing among providers in Federally Qualified Health Centers. Prev Med Rep 2015;2:436–9. PMID:26213683 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.05.006

1263. Kapeu AS, Luostarinen T, Jellum E, et al. Is smoking an independent risk factor for invasive cervical cancer? A nested case-control study within Nordic biobanks. Am J Epidemiol 2009;169:480–8. PMID:19074773 https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn354

1264. Plummer M, Herrero R, Franceschi S, et al.; IARC Multi-centre Cervical Cancer Study Group. Smoking and cervical cancer: pooled analysis of the IARC multi-centric case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 2003;14:805–14. PMID:14682438 https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CACO.0000003811.98261.3e

1265. de Sanjosé S, Brotons M, Pavón MA. The natural history of human papillomavirus infection. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2018;47:2–13. PMID:28964706 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.08.015

1266. Louie KS, Castellsague X, de Sanjose S, et al.; International Agency for Research on Cancer Multicenter Cervical Cancer Study Group. Smoking and passive smoking in cervical cancer risk: pooled analysis of couples from the IARC multicentric case-control studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20:1379–90. PMID:21610224 https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0284

1267. Nelson HD, Cantor A, Wagner J, et al. Effectiveness of patient navigation to increase cancer screening in populations adversely affected by health disparities: a meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 2020;35:3026–35. PMID:32700218 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-06020-9

1268. Stillson T, Knight AL, Elswick RK Jr. The effectiveness and safety of two cervical cytologic techniques during pregnancy. J Fam Pract 1997;45:159–63. PMID:9267375

1269. Foster JC, Smith HL. Use of the Cytobrush for Papanicolaou smear screens in pregnant women. J Nurse Midwifery 1996;41:211–7. PMID:8708804 https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(96)00013-4

1270. Paraiso MF, Brady K, Helmchen R, Roat TW. Evaluation of the endocervical Cytobrush and Cervex-Brush in pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84:539–43. PMID:8090390

1271. Silverberg MJ, Leyden WA, Chi A, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- and non-HIV-associated immunosuppression and risk of cervical neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol 2018;131:47–55. PMID:29215531 https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002371

1272. Videla S, Tarrats A, Ornelas A, et al. Incidence of cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-1-infected women with no history of cervical pathology: up to 17 years of follow-up. Int J STD AIDS 2019;30:56–63. PMID:30170532 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462418792653

1273. Liu G, Sharma M, Tan N, Barnabas RV. HIV-positive women have higher risk of human papilloma virus infection, precancerous lesions, and cervical cancer. AIDS 2018;32:795–808. PMID:29369827 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001765

1274. Sawaya GF, Lamar R, Perkins RB. Managing minimally abnormal cervical cancer screening test results. JAMA 2020;324:1557. PMID:32975557 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.12488

1275. Silverberg MJ, Lau B, Justice AC, et al.; North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA-ACCORD) of IeDEA. Risk of anal cancer in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals in North America. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54:1026–34. PMID:22291097 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir1012

1276. Tomassi MJ, Abbas MA, Klaristenfeld DD. Expectant management surveillance for patients at risk for invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the anus: a large US healthcare system experience. Int J Colorectal Dis 2019;34:47–54. PMID:30244347 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-018-3167-7

1277. Colón-López V, Shiels MS, Machin M, et al. Anal cancer risk among people with HIV infection in the United States. J Clin Oncol 2018;36:68–75. PMID:29140774 https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.74.9291

1278. Machalek DA, Grulich AE, Jin F, Templeton DJ, Poynten IM. The epidemiology and natural history of anal human papillomavirus infection in men who have sex with men. Sex Health 2012;9:527–37. PMID:23380235 https://doi.org/10.1071/SH12043

1279. Deshmukh AA, Suk R, Shiels MS, et al. Recent trends in squamous cell carcinoma of the anus incidence and mortality in the United States, 2001–2015. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020;112:829–38. PMID:31742639 https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djz219

1280. Edgren G, Sparén P. Risk of anogenital cancer after diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a prospective population-based study. Lancet Oncol 2007;8:311–6. PMID:17395104 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70043-8

1281. Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Gilbert ES, et al. Second cancers among 104,760 survivors of cervical cancer: evaluation of long-term risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:1634–43. PMID:17971527 https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djm201

1282. Suk R, Mahale P, Sonawane K, et al. Trends in risks for second primary cancers associated with index human papillomavirus-associated cancers. JAMA Netw Open 2018;1:e181999. PMID:30646145 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.1999

1283. Hillman RJ, Berry-Lawhorn JM, Ong JJ, et al.; International Anal Neoplasia Society. International Anal Neoplasia Society guidelines for the practice of digital anal rectal examination. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2019;23:138–46. PMID:30907777 https://doi.org/10.1097/LGT.0000000000000458

1284. Ong JJ, Grulich A, Walker S, et Baseline findings from the Anal Cancer Examination (ACE) study: screening using digital ano-rectal examination in HIV-positive men who have sex with men. J Med Screen 2016;23:70–6. PMID:26462726 https://doi.org/10.1177/0969141315604658

1285. Read TR, Vodstrcil L, Grulich AE, et al. Acceptability of digital anal cancer screening examinations in HIV-positive homosexual men. HIV Med 2013;14:491–6. PMID:23590621 https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12035

1286. Jin F, Grulich AE, Poynten IM, et al.; SPANC Study Team. The performance of anal cytology as a screening test for anal HSILs in homosexual men. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:415–24. PMID:26915346 https://doi.org/10.1002/cncy.21702

1287. Silva M, Peixoto A, Sarmento JA, Coelho R, Macedo G. Anal cytology, histopathology and anoscopy in an anal dysplasia screening program: is anal cytology enough? Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2018;110:109–14. PMID:29168646 https://doi.org/10.17235/reed.2018.5678/2018

1288. Iribarren Díaz M, Ocampo Hermida A, González-Carreró Fojón J, et al. Preliminary results of a screening program for anal cancer and its precursors for HIV-infected men who have sex with men in Vigo-Spain [Spanish]. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2017;109:242–9. PMID:28229612 https://doi.org/10.17235/reed.2017.4274/2016

1289. Burgos J, Hernández-Losa J, Landolfi S, et al. The role of oncogenic human papillomavirus determination for diagnosis of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-infected MSM. AIDS 2017;31:2227–33. PMID:28723712 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001605

1290. Cheng SH, Wang CC, Chang SL, Chu FY, Hsueh YM. Oncogenic human papillomavirus is not helpful for cytology screening of the precursor lesions of anal cancers in Taiwanese men who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Int J Clin Oncol 2015;20:943–51. PMID:25712159 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-015-0804-9

1291. Hidalgo-Tenorio C, Rivero-Rodriguez M, Gil-Anguita C, et al. The role of polymerase chain reaction of high-risk human papilloma virus in the screening of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in the anal mucosa of human immunodeficiency virus-positive males having sex with males. PLoS One 2015;10:e0123590. PMID:25849412 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123590

1292. Richel O, de Vries HJ, van Noesel CJ, Dijkgraaf MG, Prins JM. Comparison of imiquimod, topical fluorouracil, and electrocautery for the treatment of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive men who have sex with men: an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2013;14:346–53. PMID:23499546 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70067-6

1293. Goldstone SE, Johnstone AA, Moshier EL. Long-term outcome of ablation of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions: recurrence and incidence of cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2014;57:316–23. PMID:24509453 https://doi.org/10.1097/DCR.0000000000000058

1294. Tong WW, Shepherd K, Garland S, et al.; Study of the Prevention of Anal Cancer (SPANC) team. Human papillomavirus 16-specific T-cell responses and spontaneous regression of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. J Infect Dis 2015;211:405–15. PMID:25139018 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu461

1295. Tong WW, Jin F, McHugh LC, et al. Progression to and spontaneous regression of high-grade anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-infected and uninfected men. AIDS 2013;27:2233–43. PMID:24157904 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283633111

1296. Shin EC, Jeong SH. Natural history, clinical manifestations, and pathogenesis of hepatitis A. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018;8:a031708. PMID:29440324 https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a031708

1297. Nelson NP, Weng MK, Hofmeister MG, et al. Prevention of hepatitis A virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep 2020;69(No. RR-5). PMID:32614811 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6905a1

1298. Foster MA, Hofmeister MG, Kupronis BA, et al. Increase in hepatitis A virus infections—United States, 2013–2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:413–5. PMID:31071072 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6818a2

1299. Bower WA, Nainan OV, Han X, Margolis HS. Duration of viremia in hepatitis A virus infection. J Infect Dis 2000;182:12–7. PMID:10882576 https://doi.org/10.1086/315701

1300. Clemens R, Safary A, Hepburn A, Roche C, Stanbury WJ, André FE. Clinical experience with an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. J Infect Dis 1995;171(Suppl 1):S44–9. PMID:7876648 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/171.Supplement_1.S44

1301. Sharapov UM, Bulkow LR, Negus SE, et al. Persistence of hepatitis A vaccine induced seropositivity in infants and young children by maternal antibody status: 10-year follow-up. Hepatology 2012;56:516–22. PMID:22371069 https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.25687

1302. Mosites E, Gounder P, Snowball M, et al. Hepatitis A vaccine immune response 22 years after vaccination. J Med Virol 2018;90:1418–22. PMID:29663458 https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25197

1303. Theeten H, Van Herck K, Van Der Meeren O, Crasta P, Van Damme P, Hens N. Long-term antibody persistence after vaccination with a 2-dose Havrix (inactivated hepatitis A vaccine): 20 years of observed data, and long-term model-based predictions. Vaccine 2015;33:5723–7. PMID:26190091 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.008

1304. Hens N, Habteab Ghebretinsae A, Hardt K, Van Damme P, Van Herck K. Model based estimates of long-term persistence of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine-induced antibodies in adults. Vaccine 2014;32:1507–13. PMID:24508042 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.10.088

1305. Mosites E, Seeman S, Negus S, et al. Immunogenicity of the hepatitis A vaccine 20 years after infant immunization. Vaccine 2020;38:4940–3. PMID:32535018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.069

1306. Yin S, Barker L, Ly KN, et al. Susceptibility to hepatitis A virus infection in the United States, 2007–2016. Clin Infect Dis 2020;71:e571–9. PMID:32193542 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa298

1307. Moro PL, Arana J, Marquez PL, et al. Is there any harm in administering extra-doses of vaccine to a person? Excess doses of vaccine reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 2007–2017. Vaccine 2019;37:3730–4. PMID:31155414 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.088

1308. Winokur PL, Stapleton JT. Immunoglobulin prophylaxis for hepatitis A. Clin Infect Dis 1992;14:580–6. PMID:1554845 https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/14.2.580

1309. Alter HJ, Purcell RH, Gerin JL, et al. Transmission of hepatitis B to chimpanzees by hepatitis B surface antigen-positive saliva and semen. Infect Immun 1977;16:928–33. PMID:892901 https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.16.3.928-933.1977

1310. Villarejos VM, Visoná KA, Gutiérrez A, Rodríguez A. Role of saliva, urine and feces in the transmission of type B hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1974;291:1375–8. PMID:4427641 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197412262912602

1311. Busch K, Thimme R. Natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 2015;204:5–10. PMID:25540037 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-014-0369-7

1312. Hyams KC. Risks of chronicity following acute hepatitis B virus infection: a review. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:992–1000. PMID:7795104 https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/20.4.992

1313. Goldstein ST, Zhou F, Hadler SC, Bell BP, Mast EE, Margolis HS. A mathematical model to estimate global hepatitis B disease burden and vaccination impact. Int J Epidemiol 2005;34:1329–39. PMID:16249217 https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyi206

1314. Thompson ND, Perz JF, Moorman AC, Holmberg SD. Nonhospital health care-associated hepatitis B and C virus transmission: United States, 1998–2008. Ann Intern Med 2009;150:33–9. PMID:19124818 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-150-1-200901060-00007

1315. Davis LG, Weber DJ, Lemon SM. Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus. Lancet 1989;1:889–93. PMID:2564960 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(89)92876-6

1316. Martinson FE, Weigle KA, Royce RA, Weber DJ, Suchindran CM, Lemon SM. Risk factors for horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus in a rural district in Ghana. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147:478–87. PMID:9525535 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009474

1317. CDC. Healthcare-associated hepatitis B and C outbreaks (≥2 cases) reported to the CDC 2008–2019. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/outbreaks/pdfs/HealthcareInvestigationTable.pdf

1318. Schillie S, Harris A, Link-Gelles R, Romero J, Ward J, Nelson N. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for use of a hepatitis B vaccine with a novel adjuvant. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018;67:455–8. PMID:29672472 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6715a5

1319. Lu PJ, Byrd KK, Murphy TV, Weinbaum C. Hepatitis B vaccination coverage among high-risk adults 18–49 years, U.S., 2009. Vaccine 2011;29:7049–57. PMID:21782873 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.030

1320. Williams WW, Lu PJ, O’Halloran A, et Surveillance of vaccination coverage among adult populations—United States, 2015. MMWR Surveill Summ 2017;66(No. SS-11). PMID:28472027 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6611a1

1321. CDC. Hepatitis B vaccination coverage among adults—United States, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006;55:509–11. PMID:16691181

1322. MacKellar DA, Valleroy LA, Secura GM, et al.; Young Men’s Survey Study Group. Two decades after vaccine license: hepatitis B immunization and infection among young men who have sex with men. Am J Public Health 2001;91:965–71. PMID:11392942 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.91.6.965

1323. Terrault NA, Lok ASF, McMahon BJ, et al. Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology 2018;67:1560–99. PMID:29405329 https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.29800

1324. Ezeanolue E, Harriman K, Hunter P, Kroger A, Pellegrini C. General best practice guidelines for immunization: best practices guidance of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) [Internet]. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices; 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/general-recs/downloads/general-recs.pdf

1325. Bruce MG, Bruden D, Hurlburt D, et al. Antibody levels and protection after hepatitis B vaccine: results of a 30-year follow-up study and response to a booster dose. J Infect Dis 2016;214:16–22. PMID:26802139 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv748

1326. McMahon BJ, Bulkow LR, Singleton RJ, et al. Elimination of hepatocellular carcinoma and acute hepatitis B in children 25 years after a hepatitis B newborn and catch-up immunization program. Hepatology 2011;54:801–7. PMID:21618565 https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.24442

1327. Simons BC, Spradling PR, Bruden DJ, et al. A longitudinal hepatitis B vaccine cohort demonstrates long-lasting hepatitis B virus (HBV) cellular immunity despite loss of antibody against HBV surface antigen. J Infect Dis 2016;214:273–80. PMID:27056956 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiw142

1328. Bohlke K, Davis RL, Marcy SM, et al.; Vaccine Safety Datalink Team. Risk of anaphylaxis after vaccination of children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2003;112:815–20. PMID:14523172 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.112.4.815

1329. André FE. Summary of safety and efficacy data on a yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine. Am J Med 1989;87(3A):14S–20. PMID:2528292 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(89)90525-1

1330. Abara WE, Qaseem A, Schillie S, McMahon BJ, Harris AM; High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis B vaccination, screening, and linkage to care: best practice advice from the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ann Intern Med 2017;167:794–804. PMID:29159414 https://doi.org/10.7326/M17-1106

1331. Minuk GY, Bohme CE, Bowen TJ, et al. Efficacy of commercial condoms in the prevention of hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology 1987;93:710–4. PMID:3040512 https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(87)90431-8

1332. Hofmeister MG, Rosenthal EM, Barker LK, et al. Estimating prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 2013–2016. Hepatology 2019;69:1020–31. PMID:30398671 https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.30297

1333. Lockart I, Matthews GV, Danta M. Sexually transmitted hepatitis C infection: the evolving epidemic in HIV-positive and HIV-negative MSM. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2019;32:31–7. PMID:30531370 https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000515

1334. Terrault NA, Dodge JL, Murphy EL, et al. Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus among monogamous heterosexual couples: the HCV partners study. Hepatology 2013;57:881–9. PMID:23175457 https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.26164

1335. Price JC, McKinney JE, Crouch PC, et al. Sexually acquired hepatitis C infection in HIV-uninfected men who have sex with men using preexposure prophylaxis against HIV. J Infect Dis 2019;219:1373–6. PMID:30462305 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy670

1336. Tohme RA, Holmberg SD. Transmission of hepatitis C virus infection through tattooing and piercing: a critical review. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54:1167–78. PMID:22291098 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir991

1337. Brettler DB, Mannucci PM, Gringeri A, et al. The low risk of hepatitis C virus transmission among sexual partners of hepatitis C-infected hemophilic males: an international, multicenter study. Blood 1992;80:540–3. PMID:1627805 https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V80.2.540.540

1338. Kao JH, Hwang YT, Chen PJ, et al. Transmission of hepatitis C virus between spouses: the important role of exposure duration. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91:2087–90. PMID:8855726

1339. Fierer DS, Mullen MP, Dieterich DT, Isabel Fiel M, Branch AD. Early-onset liver fibrosis due to primary hepatitis C virus infection is higher over time in HIV-infected men. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55:887–8, author reply 888–9. PMID:22677713 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis538

1340. van de Laar TJ, van der Bij AK, Prins M, et al. Increase in HCV incidence among men who have sex with men in Amsterdam most likely caused by sexual transmission. J Infect Dis 2007;196:230–8. PMID:17570110 https://doi.org/10.1086/518796

1341. Nijmeijer BM, Koopsen J, Schinkel J, Prins M, Geijtenbeek TB. Sexually transmitted hepatitis C virus infections: current trends, and recent advances in understanding the spread in men who have sex with men. J Int AIDS Soc 2019;22(Suppl 6):e25348. PMID:31468692 https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25348

1342. Todesco E, Day N, Amiel C, et al. High clustering of acute HCV infections and high rate of associated STIs among Parisian HIV-positive male patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2019;53:678–81. PMID:30742957 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.02.002

1343. Jin F, Matthews GV, Grulich AE. Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus among gay and bisexual men: a systematic review. Sex Health 2017;14:28–41. PMID:27712618 https://doi.org/10.1071/SH16141

1344. Hegazi A, Lee MJ, Whittaker W, et al. Chemsex and the city: sexualised substance use in gay bisexual and other men who have sex with men attending sexual health clinics. Int J STD AIDS 2017;28:362–6. Erratum in: Int J STD AIDS 2017;28:423. PMID:27178067 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462416651229

1345. Page EE, Nelson M. Hepatitis C and sex. Clin Med (Lond) 2016;16:189–92. PMID:27037392 https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.16-2-189

1346. Apers L, Vanden Berghe W, De Wit S, et al. Risk factors for HCV acquisition among HIV-positive MSM in Belgium. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015;68:585–93. PMID:25763786 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000528

1347. Daskalopoulou M, Rodger AJ, Phillips AN, et al.; ASTRA Study Group. Condomless sex in HIV-diagnosed men who have sex with men in the UK: prevalence, correlates, and implications for HIV transmission. Sex Transm Infect 2017;93:590–8. PMID:28679630 https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2016-053029

1348. Vanhommerig JW, Lambers FA, Schinkel J, et al.; MOSAIC (MSM Observational Study of Acute Infection With Hepatitis C) Study Group. Risk factors for sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus among human immunodeficiency virus-infected men who have sex with men: a case-control study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015;2:ofv115. PMID:26634219 https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofv115

1349. Turner SS, Gianella S, Yip MJ, et al. Shedding of hepatitis C virus in semen of human immunodeficiency virus-infected men. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016;3:ofw057.

1350. Foster AL, Gaisa MM, Hijdra RM, et al. Shedding of hepatitis C virus into the rectum of HIV-infected men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis 2017;64:284–8. PMID:28013267 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw740

1351. Hammer GP, Kellogg TA, McFarland WC, et al. Low incidence and prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among sexually active non-intravenous drug-using adults, San Francisco, 1997–2000. Sex Transm Dis 2003;30:919–24. PMID:14646642 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.OLQ.0000091152.31366.E6

1352. Roy KM, Goldberg DJ, Hutchinson S, Cameron SO, Wilson K, MacDonald L. Hepatitis C virus among self declared non-injecting sexual partners of injecting drug users. J Med Virol 2004;74:62–6. PMID:15258969 https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.20146

1353. Mele A, Stroffolini T, Tosti ME, et al. Heterosexual transmission of hepatitis C in Italy. J Med Virol 1999;57:111–3. PMID:9892393 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199902)57:2<111::AID-JMV4>3.0.CO;2-C

1354. Rauch A, Rickenbach M, Weber R, et al.; Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Unsafe sex and increased incidence of hepatitis C virus infection among HIV-infected men who have sex with men: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:395–402. PMID:16007539 https://doi.org/10.1086/431486

1355. Browne R, Asboe D, Gilleece Y, et al. Increased numbers of acute hepatitis C infections in HIV positive homosexual men; is sexual transmission feeding the increase? Sex Transm Infect 2004;80:326–7. PMID:15295139 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2003.008532

1356. Danta M, Brown D, Bhagani S, et al.; HIV and Acute HCV (HAAC) group. Recent epidemic of acute hepatitis C virus in HIV-positive men who have sex with men linked to high-risk sexual behaviours. AIDS 2007;21:983–91. PMID:17457092 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e3281053a0c

1357. Ghosn J, Pierre-François S, Thibault V, et al. Acute hepatitis C in HIV-infected men who have sex with men. HIV Med 2004;5:303–6. PMID:15236621 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2004.00225.x

1358. van de Laar T, Pybus O, Bruisten S, et al. Evidence of a large, international network of HCV transmission in HIV-positive men who have sex with men. Gastroenterology 2009;136:1609–17. PMID:19422083 https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.02.006

1359. Hoornenborg E, Achterbergh RCA, Schim van der Loeff MF, et al.; Amsterdam PrEP Project team in the HIV Transmission Elimination AMsterdam Initiative, MOSAIC study group. MSM starting preexposure prophylaxis are at risk of hepatitis C virus infection. AIDS 2017;31:1603–10. PMID:28657964 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001522

1360. Gras J, Mahjoub N, Charreau I, et al.; IPERGAY Study Group. Early diagnosis and risk factors of acute hepatitis C in high-risk MSM on preexposure prophylaxis. AIDS 2020;34:47–52. PMID:31789889 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000002364

1361. Hoofnagle JH. Hepatitis C: the clinical spectrum of disease. Hepatology 1997;26(Suppl 1):15S–20S. PMID:9305658 https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.510260703

1362. Orland JR, Wright TL, Cooper S. Acute hepatitis C. Hepatology 2001;33:321–7. PMID:11172332 https://doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2001.22112

1363. Alter MJ, Margolis HS, Krawczynski K, et al. The natural history of community-acquired hepatitis C in the United States. The Sentinel Counties Chronic non-A, non-B Hepatitis Study Team. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1899–905. PMID:1280771 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199212313272702

1364. Farci P, Alter HJ, Wong D, et al. A long-term study of hepatitis C virus replication in non-A, non-B hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1991;325:98–104. PMID:1646962 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199107113250205

1365. Liang TJ, Rehermann B, Seeff LB, Hoofnagle JH. Pathogenesis, natural history, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis C. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:296–305. PMID:10681285 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-132-4-200002150-00008

1366. Thomas DL, Seeff LB. Natural history of hepatitis C. Clin Liver Dis 2005;9:383–98, vi. PMID:16023972 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2005.05.003

1367. Westbrook RH, Dusheiko G. Natural history of hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2014;61(Suppl):S58–68. PMID:25443346 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2014.07.012

1368. Zou S, Stramer SL, Dodd RY. Donor testing and risk: current prevalence, incidence, and residual risk of transfusion-transmissible agents in US allogeneic donations. Transfus Med Rev 2012;26:119–28. PMID:21871776 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmrv.2011.07.007

1369. Bixler D, Annambholta P, Abara WE, et al. Hepatitis B and C virus infections transmitted through organ transplantation investigated by CDC, United States, 2014–2017. Am J Transplant 2019;19:2570–82. PMID:30861300 https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15352

1370. CDC. Testing for HCV infection: an update of guidance for clinicians and laboratorians. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:362–5. PMID:23657112

1371. Marincovich B, Castilla J, del Romero J, et al. Absence of hepatitis C virus transmission in a prospective cohort of heterosexual serodiscordant couples. Sex Transm Infect 2003;79:160–2. PMID:12690143 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.79.2.160

1372. Tahan V, Karaca C, Yildirim B, et al. Sexual transmission of HCV between spouses. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:821–4. PMID:15784025 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.40879.x

1373. Vandelli C, Renzo F, Romanò L, et al. Lack of evidence of sexual transmission of hepatitis C among monogamous couples: results of a 10-year prospective follow-up study. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:855–9. PMID:15128350 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04150.x

1374. Fierer DS, Uriel AJ, Carriero DC, et al. Liver fibrosis during an outbreak of acute hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected men: a prospective cohort study. J Infect Dis 2008;198:683–6. PMID:18627270 https://doi.org/10.1086/590430

1375. Cottrell EB, Chou R, Wasson N, Rahman B, Guise JM. Reducing risk for mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2013;158:109–13. PMID:23437438 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-158-2-201301150-00575

1376. Mast EE, Hwang LY, Seto DS, et al. Risk factors for perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the natural history of HCV infection acquired in infancy. J Infect Dis 2005;192:1880–9. PMID:16267758 https://doi.org/10.1086/497701

1377. Barbosa C, Fraser H, Hoerger TJ, et al. Cost-effectiveness of scaling-up HCV prevention and treatment in the United States for people who inject drugs. Addiction 2019;114:2267–78. PMID:31307116 https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14731

1378. Lambers FA, Prins M, Thomas X, et al.; MOSAIC (MSM Observational Study of Acute Infection with hepatitis C) study group. Alarming incidence of hepatitis C virus re-infection after treatment of sexually acquired acute hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected MSM. AIDS 2011;25:F21–7. PMID:21857492 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834bac44

1379. Martin TC, Singh GJ, McClure M, Nelson M. HCV reinfection among HIV-positive men who have sex with men: a pragmatic approach. Hepatology 2015;61:1437. PMID:25147047 https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.27391

1380. Ingiliz P, Martin TC, Rodger A, et al.; NEAT study group. HCV reinfection incidence and spontaneous clearance rates in HIV-positive men who have sex with men in Western Europe. J Hepatol 2017;66:282–7. PMID:27650285 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2016.09.004

1381. Briat A, Dulioust E, Galimand J, et al. Hepatitis C virus in the semen of men coinfected with HIV-1: prevalence and origin. AIDS 2005;19:1827–35. PMID:16227790 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000189847.98569.2d

1382. Bissessor M, Fairley CK, Read T, Denham I, Bradshaw C, Chen M. The etiology of infectious proctitis in men who have sex with men differs according to HIV status. Sex Transm Dis 2013;40:768–70. PMID:24275725 https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000022

1383. Gutierrez-Fernandez J, Medina V, Hidalgo-Tenorio C, Abad R. Two cases of Neisseria meningitidis proctitis in HIV-positive men who have sex with men. Emerg Infect Dis 2017;23:542–3. PMID:28221124 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2303.161039

1384. Levy I, Gefen-Halevi S, Nissan I, et al. Delayed diagnosis of colorectal sexually transmitted diseases due to their resemblance to inflammatory bowel diseases. Int J Infect Dis 2018;75:34–8. PMID:30125691 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2018.08.004

1385. Lebari D. Syphilis presenting as colorectal cancer [Abstract 34216]. Sex Transm Dis 2014;41(Suppl 1):S4.

1386. Hines JZ, Pinsent T, Rees K, et al. Notes from the field: shigellosis outbreak among men who have sex with men and homeless persons—Oregon, 2015–2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:812–3. PMID:27513523 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6531a5

1387. Marchand-Senécal X, Bekal S, Pilon PA, Sylvestre JL, Gaudreau C. Campylobacter fetus cluster among men who have sex with men, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 2014–2016. Clin Infect Dis 2017;65:1751–3. PMID:29020280 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix610

1388. Klausner JD, Kohn R, Kent C. Etiology of clinical proctitis among men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:300–2. PMID:14699467 https://doi.org/10.1086/380838

1389. Stoner BP, Cohen SE. Lymphogranuloma venereum 2015: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Infect Dis 2015;61(Suppl 8):S865–73. PMID:26602624 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ756

1390. Mohrmann G, Noah C, Sabranski M, Sahly H, Stellbrink HJ. Ongoing epidemic of lymphogranuloma venereum in HIV-positive men who have sex with men: how symptoms should guide treatment. J Int AIDS Soc 2014;17(Suppl 3):19657. PMID:25394161 https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.4.19657

1391. Hoffmann C, Sahly H, Jessen A, et al. High rates of quinolone-resistant strains of Shigella sonnei in HIV-infected MSM. Infection 2013;41:999–1003. PMID:23852945 https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-013-0501-4

1392. Heiman KE, Karlsson M, Grass J, et al.; CDC. Notes from the field: Shigella with decreased susceptibility to azithromycin among men who have sex with men—United States, 2002–2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:132–3. PMID:24522098

1393. Galiczynski EM Jr, Elston DM. What’s eating you? Pubic lice (Pthirus pubis). Cutis 2008;81:109–14. PMID:18441761

1394. Meinking TL, Serrano L, Hard B, et al. Comparative in vitro pediculicidal efficacy of treatments in a resistant head lice population in the United States. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:220–4. PMID:11843643 https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.138.2.220

1395. Yoon KS, Gao JR, Lee SH, Clark JM, Brown L, Taplin D. Permethrin-resistant human head lice, Pediculus capitis, and their treatment. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:994–1000. PMID:12925385 https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.139.8.994

1396. Burkhart CG, Burkhart CN. Oral ivermectin for Phthirus pubis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;51:1037–8. PMID:15583618 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2004.04.041

1397. Scott GR, Chosidow O; IUSTI/WHO. European guideline for the management of pediculosis pubis, 2010. Int J STD AIDS 2011;22:304–5. PMID:21680662 https://doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2011.011114

1398. Goldust M, Rezaee E, Raghifar R, Hemayat S. Comparing the efficacy of oral ivermectin vs malathion 0.5% lotion for the treatment of scabies. Skinmed 2014;12:284–7. PMID:25632646

1399. Veraldi S, Schianchi R, Ramoni S, Nazzaro G. Pubic hair removal and Phthirus pubis Int J STD AIDS 2018;29:103–4. PMID:29130406 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462417740292

1400. Leung AKC, Lam JM, Leong KF. Scabies: a neglected global disease. Curr Pediatr Rev 2020;16:33–42. PMID:31544694 https://doi.org/10.2174/1573396315666190717114131

1401. Engelman D, Cantey PT, Marks M, et al. The public health control of scabies: priorities for research and action. Lancet 2019;394:81–92. PMID:31178154 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31136-5

1402. Shimose L, Munoz-Price LS. Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of scabies. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2013;15:426–31. PMID:23904181 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-013-0354-0

1403. Walter B, Heukelbach J, Fengler G, Worth C, Hengge U, Feldmeier H. Comparison of dermoscopy, skin scraping, and the adhesive tape test for the diagnosis of scabies in a resource-poor setting. Arch Dermatol 2011;147:468–73. PMID:21482897 https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2011.51

1404. Micali G, Lacarrubba F, Verzì AE, Chosidow O, Schwartz RA. Scabies: advances in noninvasive diagnosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016;10:e0004691. PMID:27311065 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004691

1405. Strong M, Johnstone P. Interventions for treating scabies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(3):CD000320. PMID:17636630

1406. Abdel-Raheem TA, Méabed EM, Nasef GA, Abdel Wahed WY, Rohaim RM. Efficacy, acceptability and cost effectiveness of four therapeutic agents for treatment of scabies. J Dermatolog Treat 2016;27:473–9. PMID:27027929 https://doi.org/10.3109/09546634.2016.1151855

1407. Alipour H, Goldust M. The efficacy of oral ivermectin vs. sulfur 10% ointment for the treatment of Ann Parasitol 2015;61:79–84. PMID:26342502

1408. Al Jaff DAA, Amin MHM. Comparison of the effectiveness of sulphur ointment, permethrin and oral ivermectin in treatment of scabies. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 2018;9:670–6.

1409. Goldust M, Rezaee E, Raghifar R, Hemayat S. Treatment of scabies: the topical ivermectin vs. permethrin 2.5% cream. Ann Parasitol 2013;59:79–84. PMID:24171301

1410. Ahmad HM, Abdel-Azim ES, Abdel-Aziz RT. Clinical efficacy and safety of topical versus oral ivermectin in treatment of uncomplicated scabies. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2016;29:58–63. PMID:26555785 https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.12310

1411. Currie BJ, McCarthy JS. Permethrin and ivermectin for scabies. N Engl J Med 2010;362:717–25. PMID:20181973 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMct0910329

1412. Chiu S, Argaez C. Ivermectin for parasitic skin infections of scabies: a review of comparative clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and guidelines. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545083/

1413. Nolan K, Kamrath J, Levitt J. Lindane toxicity: a comprehensive review of the medical Pediatr Dermatol 2012;29:141–6. PMID:21995612 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1470.2011.01519.x

1414. Mounsey KE, Holt DC, McCarthy J, Currie BJ, Walton SF. Scabies: molecular perspectives and therapeutic implications in the face of emerging drug resistance. Future Microbiol 2008;3:57–66. PMID:18230034 https://doi.org/10.2217/17460913.3.1.57

1415. Mounsey KE, Holt DC, McCarthy JS, Currie BJ, Walton SF. Longitudinal evidence of increasing in vitro tolerance of scabies mites to ivermectin in scabies-endemic communities. Arch Dermatol 2009;145:840–1. PMID:19620572 https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2009.125

1416. Mounsey KE, McCarthy JS, Walton SF. Scratching the itch: new tools to advance understanding of scabies. Trends Parasitol 2013;29:35–42. PMID:23088958 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2012.09.006

1417. van der Linden N, van Gool K, Gardner K, et al. A systematic review of scabies transmission models and data to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of scabies interventions. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019;13:e0007182. PMID:30849124 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007182

1418. Roberts LJ, Huffam SE, Walton SF, Currie BJ. Crusted scabies: clinical and immunological findings in seventy-eight patients and a review of the literature. J Infect 2005;50:375–81. PMID:15907543 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2004.08.033

1419. Ortega-Loayza AG, McCall CO, Nunley JR. Crusted scabies and multiple dosages of ivermectin. J Drugs Dermatol 2013;12:584–5. PMID:23652958

1420. Bouvresse S, Chosidow O. Scabies in healthcare settings. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2010;23:111–8. PMID:20075729 https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e328336821b

1421. Marotta M, Toni F, Dallolio L, Toni G, Leoni E. Management of a family outbreak of scabies with high risk of spread to other community and hospital facilities. Am J Infect Control 2018;46:808–13. PMID:29397231 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2017.12.004

1422. Romani L, Whitfeld MJ, Koroivueta J, et al. Mass drug administration for scabies control in a population with endemic disease. N Engl J Med 2015;373:2305–13. PMID:26650152 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1500987

1423. Ackerman DR, Sugar NF, Fine DN, Eckert LO. Sexual assault victims: factors associated with follow-up care. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;194:1653–9. PMID:16635464 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2006.03.014

1424. Parekh V, Beaumont Brown C. Follow up of patients who have been recently sexually assaulted. Sex Transm Infect 2003;79:349. PMID:12902602 https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.79.4.349-a

1425. Vrees RA. Evaluation and management of female victims of sexual assault. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2017;72:39–53. PMID:28134394 https://doi.org/10.1097/OGX.0000000000000390

1426. Unger ER, Fajman NN, Maloney EM, et al. Anogenital human papillomavirus in sexually abused and nonabused children: a multicenter study. Pediatrics 2011;128:e658–65. PMID:21844060 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-2247

1427. Kreimer AR, Rodriguez AC, Hildesheim A, et; CVT Vaccine Group. Proof-of-principle evaluation of the efficacy of fewer than three doses of a bivalent HPV16/18 vaccine. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011;103:1444–51. PMID:21908768 https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djr319

1428. Claydon E, Murphy S, Osborne EM, Kitchen V, Smith JR, Harris JR. Rape and HIV. Int J STD AIDS 1991;2:200–1. PMID:1863649 https://doi.org/10.1177/095646249100200310

1429. Murphy S, Kitchen V, Harris JR, Forster SM. Rape and subsequent seroconversion to HIV. BMJ 1989;299:718. PMID:2508885 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.299.6701.718

1430. Cardo DM, Culver DH, Ciesielski CA, et ; CDC Needlestick Surveillance Group. A case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health care workers after percutaneous exposure. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1485–90. PMID:9366579 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199711203372101

1431. Kuhar DT, Henderson DK, Struble KA, et al.; US Public Health Service Working Group. Updated US Public Health Service guidelines for the management of occupational exposures to human immunodeficiency virus and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013;34:875–92. PMID:23917901 https://doi.org/10.1086/672271

1432. Du Mont J, Myhr TL, Husson H, Macdonald S, Rachlis A, Loutfy MR. HIV postexposure prophylaxis use among Ontario female adolescent sexual assault victims: a prospective analysis. Sex Transm Dis 2008;35:973–8. PMID:18836390

1433. Neu N, Heffernan-Vacca S, Millery M, Stimell M, Brown J. Postexposure prophylaxis for HIV in children and adolescents after sexual assault: a prospective observational study in an urban medical center. Sex Transm Dis 2007;34:65–8. PMID:16794560 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.olq.0000225329.07765.d8

1434. Loutfy MR, Macdonald S, Myhr T, et al. Prospective cohort study of HIV post-exposure prophylaxis for sexual assault survivors. Antivir Ther 2008;13:87–95. PMID:18389902

1435. Inciarte A, Leal L, Masfarre L, et al.; Sexual Assault Victims Study Group. Post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection in sexual assault victims. HIV Med 2020;21:43–52. PMID:31603619 https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12797

1436. Announcement: Updated guidelines for antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis after sexual, injection-drug use, or other nonoccupational exposure to HIV—United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:458. PMID:27149423 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6517a5

1437. Ford N, Venter F, Irvine C, Beanland RL, Shubber Z. Starter packs versus full prescription of antiretroviral drugs for postexposure prophylaxis: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis 2015;60(Suppl 3):S182–6. PMID:25972501 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ093

1438. Jenny C, Crawford-Jakubiak JE; Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect; American Academy of Pediatrics. The evaluation of children in the primary care setting when sexual abuse is Pediatrics 2013;132:e558–67. PMID:23897912 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1741

1439. Girardet RG, Lahoti S, Howard LA, et al. Epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections in suspected child victims of sexual assault. Pediatrics 2009;124:79–86. PMID:19564286 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-2947

1440. Black CM, Driebe EM, Howard LA, et al. Multicenter study of nucleic acid amplification tests for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in children being evaluated for sexual abuse. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009;28:608–13. PMID:19451856 https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e31819b592e

1441. Trotman GE, Young-Anderson C, Deye KP. Acute sexual assault in the pediatric and adolescent population. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2016;29:518–26. PMID:26702774 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2015.05.001

1442. Schwandt A, Williams C, Beigi RH. Perinatal transmission of Trichomonas vaginalis: a case report. J Reprod Med 2008;53:59–61. PMID:18251366

1443. Bell TA, Stamm WE, Wang SP, Kuo CC, Holmes KK, Grayston JT. Chronic Chlamydia trachomatis infections in infants. JAMA 1992;267:400–2. PMID:1727964 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1992.03480030078041

1444. Adachi K, Nielsen-Saines K, Klausner JD. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy: the global challenge of preventing adverse pregnancy and infant outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. BioMed Res Int 2016;2016:9315757. PMID:27144177 https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9315757

1445. Schachter J, Grossman M, Sweet RL, Holt J, Jordan C, Bishop E. Prospective study of perinatal transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis. JAMA 1986;255:3374–7. PMID:3712696 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1986.03370240044034

1446. Smith EM, Swarnavel S, Ritchie JM, Wang D, Haugen TH, Turek LP. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in the oral cavity/oropharynx in a large population of children and adolescents. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007;26:836–40. PMID:17721381 https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e318124a4ae

1447. Sabeena S, Bhat P, Kamath V, Arunkumar G. Possible non-sexual modes of transmission of human papilloma virus. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2017;43:429–35. PMID:28165175 https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.13248

1448. Adams JA, Farst KJ, Kellogg ND. Interpretation of medical findings in suspected child sexual abuse: an update for 2018. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2018;31:225–31. PMID:29294380 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2017.12.011

1449. Kellogg ND, Melville JD, Lukefahr JL, Nienow SM, Russell EL. Genital and extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydia in children and adolescents evaluated for sexual abuse. Pediatr Emerg Care 2018;34:761–6. PMID:28072668 https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001014

1450. Gavril AR, Kellogg ND, Nair P. Value of follow-up examinations of children and adolescents evaluated for sexual abuse and assault. Pediatrics 2012;129:282–9. PMID:22291113 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0804

1451. Bandea CI, Joseph K, Secor EW, et al. Development of PCR assays for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in urine specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2013;51:1298–300. PMID:23390274 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.03101-12

1452. Gallion HR, Dupree LJ, Scott TA, Arnold DH. Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis in female children and adolescents evaluated for possible sexual abuse: a comparison of the InPouch TV culture method and wet mount microscopy. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2009;22:300–5. PMID:19576816 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2008.12.006

1453. Lalor K, McElvaney R. Child sexual abuse, links to later sexual exploitation/high-risk sexual behavior, and prevention/treatment programs. Trauma Violence Abuse 2010;11:159–77. PMID:20679329 https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838010378299

1454. Girardet RG, Lemme S, Biason TA, Bolton K, Lahoti S. HIV post-exposure prophylaxis in children and adolescents presenting for reported sexual assault. Child Abuse Negl 2009;33:173–8. PMID:19324415 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.05.010

1455. Panel on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of HIV-Infected Children. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in pediatric HIV infection. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, AIDSinfo; 2020. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/pediatricguidelines.pdf

Error processing SSI file