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(1)Benzopyrano(3,4-b)furo(2,3-h)(1)benzopyran-6(6ah)-one, 1,2,12,12a-tetrahydro-2-alpha-isopropenyl-8,9-dimethoxy-

RTECS #
DJ2800000
CAS #
83-79-4; 12679-58-2
See: NMAM or OSHA Methods
Updated
March 2019
Molecular Weight
394.45
Molecular Formula
C23H22O6
Synonyms
(-)-cis-Rotenone
(-)-Rotenone
5'-beta-Rotenone
Barbasco
Canex
Cenol garden dust
Chem fish
Chem-Mite
Cube
Cube extract
Cube root
Cube-Pulver
Cubor
Curex flea duster
Dactinol
Deril
Derrin
Derris
Derris (insecticide)
Dri-Kil
ENT 133
Extrax
Fish-Tox
Gerane
Green cross warble powder
Haiari
Liquid derris
Mexide
NCI-C55210
Nekoe
Nicouline
Noxfish
Paraderil
Powder and root
Prenfish
Pro-Nox fish
Ro-KO
Ronone
Rotefive
Rotefour
Rotenon
Rotenona (Spanish)
Rotenone
Rotenone (ACGIH:OSHA)
Rotenone commercial
Rotenox 5EC
Rotessenol
Rotocide
Synpren
Tubatoxin

Skin and Eye Irritation and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
eye /rabbit 1% mildPSEBAA 34,135,1936

Mutation Data and Reference

System TestRoute/Organism/TissueDoseReference
Cytogenetic Analysislung/hamster100 ng/L/20HMUREAV 651,56,2008
DNA Damageliver/human1 mmol/l/48HMUREAV 696,21,2010
DNA Damageliver/rat15 µmol/LMUREAV 368,59,1996
micronucleus testother cell types/mouse1 mg/LJNCIAM 56,357,1976
micronucleus testlymphocyte/human250 µg/LMUREAV 414,1,1998
micronucleus testlung/hamster0.5 µg/L/20HMUREAV 651,56,2008
morphological transformembryo/hamster5 µg/L/7DMUTAEX 20,51,2005
mutation in mammalian somatic cellslymphocyte/mouse250 µg/LEMMUEG 12,85,1988
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunctionlung/hamster50 µg/LMUREAV 263,173,1991
sister chromatid exchangeovary/hamster600 µg/LNTPTR* NTP-TR-320,1988

Reproductive Effects Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
oral/rat 100 mg/kg (6-15D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured before birth)
JTEHD6 10,111,1982
oral/rat 50 mg/kg (6-15D pregnant)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal systemJTEHD6 10,111,1982
oral/rat 2960 µg/kg (6-9D pregnant)Reproductive: Maternal effects: Uterus, cervix, vaginaBECTA6 28,360,1982
oral/rat 98 mg/kg (6-15D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth)BECTA6 28,360,1982
oral/mouse 288 mg/kg (6-17D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured before birth)
HBPTO* 1,126,2001
oral/rat 132 mg/kg (1-22D pregnant)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system
HBPTO* 2,1185,2001
oral/rat 50 mg/kg (6-15D pregnant)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal systemHBPTO* 2,1185,2001
oral/rat 132 mg/kg (1-22D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal deathHBPTO* 2,1185,2001
oral/mouse 504 mg/kg (1-21D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured before birth)
HBPTO* 2,1185,2001

Tumorigenic Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 71 mg/kg/42D- intermittentTumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria

Skin and Appendages: Tumors
CNREA8 33,3047,1973
intraperitoneal/rat toxic dose: 68 mg/kg/40D- intermittentTumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Skin and Appendages: Tumors
BJCAAI 36,243,1977
oral/rat toxic dose: 3285 mg/kg/2Y- continuousTumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Endocrine: Thyroid tumors
DCTODJ 11,225,1988
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 3244.5 mg/kg/103W- intermittentTumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria

Endocrine: Tumors
NTIS** PB89-139760/AS
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1369.9 mg/kg/103W- intermittentTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Skin and Appendages: Tumors
NTIS** PB89-139760/AS
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 3245 mg/kg/2Y- continuousTumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Endocrine: Tumors
NTPTR* NTP-TR-320,1988

Acute Toxicity Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
In Vitro/Human, embryonic cells Inhibitor Concentration Low: 0.001 µmol/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysNRTXDN 50,56,2015
In Vitro/Human, endothelium Inhibitor Concentration Low: 10 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell metabolic activity: Alamar Blue assay etc.

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Apoptosis in vitro

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays
JOETD7 193,524,2016
In Vitro/Human, erythrocytes Inhibitor Concentration Low: 2.5 µmol/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Hemolysis in vitroTXCYAC 300,132,2012
In Vitro/Human, erythrocytes Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1 µmol/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity (prelabeled cells): release of radioactive isotopes ([51Cr], [3H]-thymidine, [3H]-proline, [35S]- or [75Se]-methionine, 5-[125I]-2-deoxy-uridine) or fluorescent dyes (bis-carboxyethyl-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) or calcein-AM)

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays
TXCYAC 300,132,2012
In Vitro/Human, leukemia cells Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 0.002 µmol/L/120MIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysTIVIEQ 27,560,2013
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1.00 µmol/LIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell metabolic activity: Alamar Blue assay etc.

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays
TIVIEQ 26,511,2012
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 10 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Apoptosis in vitro
TIVIEQ 26,1272,2012
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysTIVIEQ 26,1272,2012
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 0.3 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysTIVIEQ 26,511,2012
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 0.6 µmol/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysTIVIEQ 26,511,2012
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 48.6 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell metabolic activity: Alamar Blue assay etc.TIVIEQ 29,582,2015
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 12.1 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 34,161,2016
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 0.0131 µmol/LIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on mitochondrial function
TIVIEQ 34,161,2016
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): >100 µmol/L/2HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.)TIVIEQ 29,732,2015
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): >100 µmol/L/2HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysTIVIEQ 29,732,2015
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 0.05 µmol/L/29MIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysTIVIEQ 29,732,2015
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 0.0131 µmol/L/1HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell metabolic activity: Alamar Blue assay etc.TIVIEQ 34,161,2016
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 0.128 µmol/L/1HBiochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): GlycolyticTIVIEQ 34,161,2016
In Vitro/Human, melanoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 20 nmol/L/24HBiochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on mitochondrial functionNETOX* 32,702,2011
In Vitro/Human, melanoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 350 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.FTRPAE 83,1184,2012
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 0.5 µmol/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.NRTXDN 32,857,2011
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 1 µmol/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.NRTXDN 32,857,2011
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1 µmol/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on mitochondrial function
NRTXDN 32,857,2011
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 5 nmol/L/2WBiochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on mitochondrial functionNRTXDN 32,857,2011
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 10 µmol/L/72HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TOLED5 238,70,2015
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell metabolic activity: Alamar Blue assay etc.TIVIEQ 45,81,2017
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 20 nmol/LBiochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on mitochondrial functionTOLED5 260,8,2016
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 4 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.)

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays
TOLED5 271,74,2017
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 100 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Apoptosis in vitro

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays
TOLED5 238,70,2015
In Vitro/iagInhibitor Concentration Low: 100 nmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysNRTXDN 54,161,2016
In Vitro/iagInhibitor Concentration Low: 200 nmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays
NRTXDN 54,161,2016
In Vitro/iagInhibitor Concentration Low: 400 nmol/L/6HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysNRTXDN 54,161,2016
In Vitro/maaInhibitor Concentration Low: 200 nmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays
NRTXDN 54,161,2016
In Vitro/maaInhibitor Concentration Low: 200 nmol/L/6HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysNRTXDN 54,161,2016
In Vitro/maaInhibitor Concentration Low: 100 nmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc.

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.
NETEEC 47,16,2015
In Vitro/Mouse, fibroblast Inhibitor Concentration Low: 0.002 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on mitochondrial function
TXAPA9 264,167,2012
In Vitro/Mouse, fibroblast Inhibitor Concentration Low: 100 nmol/L/120MIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysTXCYAC 290,31,2011
In Vitro/Mouse, neurons Inhibitor Concentration Low: 3 nmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell Viability (cell death), unspecified assayTXCYAC 328,75,2015
In Vitro/mvxInhibitor Concentration Low: 1 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell metabolic activity: Alamar Blue assay etc.TIVIEQ 45,81,2017
In Vitro/paaInhibitor Concentration Low: 1 µmol/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.NRTXDN 33,53,2012
In Vitro/paaInhibitor Concentration Low: 100 nmol/L/30MIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysNRTXDN 33,429,2012
In Vitro/Pig, spermatozoa Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 0.36 µmol/L/30MIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysTIVIEQ 29,582,2015
In Vitro/Rabbit, kidney Inhibitor Concentration Low: 5 µmol/L/1HBiochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on mitochondrial functionTXAPA9 272,490,2013
In Vitro/Rat, endocrine tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.JOETD7 159,93,2015
In Vitro/Rat, endocrine tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 0.1 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc.NRTXDN 43,102,2014
In Vitro/Rat, endocrine tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 0.9 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc.NRTXDN 43,102,2014
In Vitro/Rat, endocrine tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 100 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysTOLED5 252,62,2016
In Vitro/Rat, endocrine tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 4 µmol/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TOLED5 271,74,2017
In Vitro/Rat, endocrine tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 4 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.)

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays
TOLED5 271,74,2017
In Vitro/Rat, endocrine tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 0.1 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell metabolic activity: Alamar Blue assay etc.TIVIEQ 45,81,2017
In Vitro/Rat, endocrine tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1 nmol/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysTOLED5 233,163,2015
In Vitro/Rat, glioma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 100 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TOLED5 238,70,2015
In Vitro/Rat, liver Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1.5 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.)TXAPA9 302,23,2016
In Vitro/Rat, liver Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1.00 µmol/LIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell metabolic activity: Alamar Blue assay etc.

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays
TIVIEQ 26,511,2012
In Vitro/Rat, myocard Inhibitor Concentration Low: 20 nmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Apoptosis in vitro

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays
TOLED5 234,162,2015
In Vitro/Rat, neurons Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1 µmol/L/3HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc.

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Apoptosis in vitro

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on mitochondrial function
NRTXDN 53,302,2016
In Vitro/Rat, neurons Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1 nmol/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc.TIVIEQ 30,545,2015
In Vitro/Rat, neurons Inhibitor Concentration Low: 5 nmol/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.)
TIVIEQ 30,545,2015
In Vitro/Rat, neurons Inhibitor Concentration Low: 15 nmol/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell counting

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Apoptosis in vitro

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays
TIVIEQ 30,545,2015
In Vitro/Rat, neurons Inhibitor Concentration Low: 0.1 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell metabolic activity: Alamar Blue assay etc.TIVIEQ 45,81,2017
In Vitro/Rat, neurons Inhibitor Concentration Low: 2 nmol/L/7DIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell countingTXAPA9 322,51,2017
In Vitro/Rat, neurons Inhibitor Concentration Low: 40 µmol/L/1HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysNRTXDN 44,204,2014
inhalation/rat lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 20 mg/m3HBPTO* 2,1183,2001
inhalation/rat Lowest published lethal concentration: 500 mg/m3/30MFRPSAX 20,270,1965
intracerebral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 15.8 µg/kgBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Ataxia

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport
TXCYAC 272,17,2010
intracerebral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 30 µg/kgBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning

Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine in striatum
NRTXDN 52,72,2016
intracerebral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 96 µg/kgBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport
NRTXDN 65,9,2018
intracerebral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 43.6 µg/kgBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Rigidity (includes catalepsy)

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases
TOLED5 238,70,2015
intramuscular/rabbit lowest published lethal dose: 5 mg/kgJPETAB 43,193,1931
intraperitoneal/guinea pig lowest published lethal dose: 10 mg/kgBehavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

Behavioral: Ataxia

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression
PSEBAA 34,135,1936
intraperitoneal/guinea pig lowest published lethal dose: 2 mg/kgHBPTO* 1,125,2001
intraperitoneal/mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1.6 mg/kgHBPTO* 2,1182,2001
intraperitoneal/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1600 µg/kgBehavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

Behavioral: Coma

Cardiac: Pulse rate increased without fall in BP
FRPSAX 20,270,1965
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 6 mg/kgLiver: Other changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation
BCPCA6 67,2141,2004
intravenous/cat lowest published lethal dose: 650 µg/kgBehavioral: Ataxia

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory stimulation

Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting
JPETAB 43,193,1931
intravenous/Dog lowest published lethal dose: 650 µg/kgBehavioral: Ataxia

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory stimulation

Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting
JPETAB 43,193,1931
intravenous/pigeon lowest published lethal dose: 1 mg/kgBehavioral: Ataxia

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory stimulation

Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting
JPETAB 43,193,1931
intravenous/rabbit lowest published lethal dose: 350 µg/kgBehavioral: Ataxia

Behavioral: Muscle contraction or spasticity

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory stimulation
JPETAB 43,193,1931
intravenous/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 200 µg/kgBehavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

Behavioral: Coma

Cardiac: Pulse rate increased without fall in BP
FRPSAX 20,270,1965
oral/chicken lethal dose (50 percent kill): 996 mg/kgHBPTO* 1,125,2001
oral/Dog lowest published lethal dose: 300 mg/kgGastrointestinal: Ulceration or bleeding from stomach

Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting
JPETAB 43,193,1931
oral/domestic bird lethal dose (50 percent kill): 850 mg/kgHBPTO* 1,125,2001
oral/duck lethal dose (50 percent kill): >2 gm/kgDOEAAH 35,25,1979
oral/frog lowest published lethal dose: 4 mg/kgLung, Thorax, or Respiration: DyspneaJPETAB 43,193,1931
oral/guinea pig lethal dose (50 percent kill): 12 mg/kgHBPTO* 1,125,2001
oral/guinea pig lowest published lethal dose: 75 mg/kgHBPTO* 1,125,2001
oral/guinea pig lethal dose (70 percent kill): 60 mg/kgHBPTO* 1,125,2001
oral/guinea pig lowest published lethal dose: 100 mg/kgLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Chronic pulmonary edema or congestion

Gastrointestinal: Ulceration or bleeding from stomach
PSEBAA 34,135,1936
oral/human lowest published lethal dose: 143 mg/kgGastrointestinal: Other changes34ZIAG -,521,1969
oral/human lethal dose (50 percent kill): 300 mg/kgENTOX* ,744,2005
oral/mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 2800 µg/kgEVHPAZ 14,109,1976
oral/pig lowest published lethal dose: 3700 µg/kgBehavioral: Ataxia

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression

Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting
JAVMA4 130,410,1957
oral/pigeon lethal dose (50 percent kill): 100 mg/kgHBPTO* 1,125,2001
oral/rabbit lowest published lethal dose: 1500 mg/kgHBPTO* 1,125,2001
oral/rabbit lethal dose (70 percent kill): 3000 mg/kgHBPTO* 1,125,2001
oral/rabbit lowest published lethal dose: 1600 mg/kgGastrointestinal: Ulceration or bleeding from stomach

Gastrointestinal: Hypermotility, diarrhea
JPETAB 43,193,1931
oral/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 25 mg/kgHBPTO* 1,125,2001
oral/rat lethal dose (70 percent kill): 600 mg/kgHBPTO* 1,125,2001
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 3 mg/kgBehavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)TOLED5 266,42,2017
oral/wild bird lethal dose (50 percent kill): 195 mg/kgHBPTO* 1,125,2001
skin/rabbit lethal dose (50 percent kill): >1 gm/kgSPEADM 78-1,5,1978
skin/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): >940 mg/kgWRPCA2 9,119,1970
subcutaneous/guinea pig lowest published lethal dose: 16 mg/kgHBPTO* 1,125,2001
subcutaneous/rabbit lowest published lethal dose: 20 mg/kgJPETAB 43,193,1931
subcutaneous/rat lowest published toxic dose: 12 mg/kgBiochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine at other sitesEJPHAZ 466,263,2003
Tank with water/Other invertebrate lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 1.90 mg/L/48HFTRPAE 83,732 ,2012
Tank with water/Zebrafish Inhibitor Concentration: 0.2 µg/l/4WOlfaction: Change in sensation of smell

Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)
NRTXDN 58,103,2017
unreported route/frog lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 2 ppmHBPTO* 1,125,2001
unreported route/man lowest published lethal dose: 294 mg/kg85DCAI 2,73,1970
unreported route/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 132 mg/kgJPFCD2 15,929,1980

Other Multiple Dose Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 7.1 mg/kg/42D- intermittentReproductive: Maternal effects: Breasts, lactation (prior to or during pregnancy)HBPTO* 1,124,2001
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 87.5 mg/kg/5W- intermittentBehavioral: Rigidity (includes catalepsy)BPBLEO 28,169,2005
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 3.5 mg/kg/7D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on mitochondrial function
FCTOD7 50,1529,2012
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 60 mg/kg/6W- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changesNRTXDN 33,347,2012
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 150 mg/kg/60D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Rigidity (includes catalepsy)

Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine in striatum
TXAPA9 240,198,2009
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 55 mg/kg/4W- intermittentGastrointestinal: Hypermotility, diarrhea

Gastrointestinal: Decreased motility or constipation

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
NRTXDN 65,174,2018
oral/Dog lowest published toxic dose: 1820 mg/kg/26W- intermittentBehavioral: Food intake (animal)HBPTO* 1,124,2001
oral/Dog lowest published toxic dose: 300 mg/kg/30D- continuousLiver: Fatty liver degenerationHBPTO* 1,125,2001
oral/hamster lowest published toxic dose: 180 mg/kg/9D- continuousLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Chronic pulmonary edema or congestion

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
NTIS** PB81-190936
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 103824 mg/kg/103W- intermittentLiver: Tumors

Skin and Appendages: Tumors

Tumorigenic: Active as anti-cancer agent
NTIS** PB89-139760/AS
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 54600 mg/kg/13W- continuousLiver: Changes in liver weight

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
NTPTR* NTP-TR-320,1988
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 2.45 mg/kg/7D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Olfaction: Change in sensation of smell
NRTXDN 51,106,2015
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 1.05 mg/kg/3D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changesNRTXDN 51,106,2015
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 4 mg/kg/4D- intermittentBehavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)TOLED5 266,42,2017
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 13.5 mg/kg/60D- intermittentReproductive: Maternal effects: Breasts, lactation (prior to or during pregnancy)HBPTO* 1,124,2001
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1505 mg/kg/14D- continuousRelated to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type fieldNTPTR* NTP-TR-320,1988
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 5460 mg/kg/13W- continuousLiver: Changes in liver weight

Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
NTPTR* NTP-TR-320,1988
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 185 mg/kg/37D- intermittentBehavioral: Food intake (animal)HBPTO* 1,124,2001
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 746.2 mg/kg/26W- continuousBehavioral: Food intake (animal)HBPTO* 1,124,2001
skin/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 9130 mg/kg/11W- intermittentLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Liver: Other changes

Liver: Changes in liver weight
TOXID9 60,278,2001
skin/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 9130 mg/kg/11W- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes

Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight

Blood: Eosinophilia
TOXID9 60,278,2001
skin/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 9130 mg/kg/11W- intermittentBiochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammationTOXID9 60,278,2001
skin/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 21580 mg/kg/26W- intermittentMusculoskeletal: Other changesTOXID9 60,278,2001
subcutaneous/rat lowest published toxic dose: 84 mg/kg/7D- intermittentBiochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine in striatum

Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine at other sites

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
EJPHAZ 466,263,2003
subcutaneous/rat lowest published toxic dose: 84 mg/kg/28D- continuousBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
CRTOEC 17,1540,2004
subcutaneous/rat lowest published toxic dose: 15 mg/kg/30D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Ataxia

Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine at other sites
TOLED5 276,108,2017
subcutaneous/rat lowest published toxic dose: 70 mg/kg/35D- intermittentBehavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other

Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine in striatum
NRTXDN 39,57,2013
subcutaneous/rat lowest published toxic dose: 17.5 mg/kg/14D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changesTXCYAC 308,96,2013
subcutaneous/rat lowest published toxic dose: 12.5 mg/kg/6D- intermittentNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gainNRSCDN 146,741,2007
subcutaneous/rat lowest published toxic dose: 25 mg/kg/21D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Spinal Cord: Other degenerative changes

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
NRSCDN 146,741,2007
unreported route/rat lowest published toxic dose: 70 mg/kg/28D- continuousBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine in striatum
FCLPH* 18(Suppl 1),104,2004

Reviews

OrganizationStandardReference
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)Threshold Limit Value-time-weighted average 5 mg/m3DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)Threshold Limit Value-Not classifiable as a human carcinogenDTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWCTRRDO 60,1171,1976
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTPHSDY 24,184,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTPHSDY 24,395,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWPHTOEH 93,105,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWEJPHAZ 545,65,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWENTOX* -,744,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 584,1,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 651,1,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTOXIA6 49,413,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWREPTED 23,457,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWJTPAE7 20,215,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTPHSDY 29,322,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTPHSDY 29,361,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 674,3,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 674,62,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 674,73,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFCTOD7 47,992,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 667,82,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUTAEX 23,271,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNEUCL* 23,485,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUTAEX 26,199,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 728,98,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNRTXDN 32,383,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 763,181,2015
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTXCYAC 307,3,2013
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTXCYAC 307,24,2013
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 776,84,2015
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFCTOD7 86,298,2015
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFCTOD7 97,23,2016
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWJOETD7 182,200,2016
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFCTOD7 105,456,2017
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 776,1,2018
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTOLED5 265,106,2017
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWRTOPDW 54,294,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWEMMUEG 57,350,2016

Standards and Regulations

OrganizationStandardReference
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATIONFEREAC 54,7740,1989
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1998 STATUS OF PESTICIDESSupportedRBREV* -,147,1998
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD-airtime-weighted average 5 mg/m3DTLVS* 3,224,1971
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN check ACGIH TLV;
Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRALIAtime-weighted average 5 mg/m3, JUL2008
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRIAMAK-TMW 5 mg/m3, inhal, 2007
Occupational Exposure Limit-BELGIUMtime-weighted average 5 mg/m3, MAR2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-DENMARKtime-weighted average 5 mg/m3, MAY2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-FINLANDtime-weighted average 5 mg/m3, short term exposure limit 10 mg/m3, NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-ICELANDtime-weighted average 5 mg/m3, NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-KOREAtime-weighted average 5 mg/m3, 2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-MEXICOtime-weighted average 5 mg/m3;short term exposure limit 10 mg/m3, 2004
Occupational Exposure Limit-NEW ZEALANDtime-weighted average 5 mg/m3, JAN2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-PERUtime-weighted average 5 mg/m3, JUL2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWITZERLANDMAK-week 5 mg/m3, inhal, skin, JAN2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE NETHERLANDSMAC-TGG 5 mg/m3, 2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE PHILIPPINEStime-weighted average 5 mg/m3, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-TURKEYtime-weighted average 5 mg/m3, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-UNITED KINGDOMtime-weighted average 5 mg/m3;short term exposure limit 10 mg/m3, OCT2007
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction)8H time-weighted average 5 mg/m3CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors)8H time-weighted average 5 mg/m3CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry)8H time-weighted average 5 mg/m3CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards)8H time-weighted average 5 mg/m3CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993

NIOSH Documentation and Surveillance

OrganizationStandardReference
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO ROTENONE-air10H time-weighted average 5 mg/m3NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983Hazard Code 67530; Number of Industries 3; Total Number of Facilities 913; Number of Occupations 3; Total Number of Employees Exposed 8100; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 2470
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974Hazard Code 67530; Number of Industries 3; Total Number of Facilities 70; Number of Occupations 4; Total Number of Employees Exposed 2937

Status in Federal Agencies

OrganizationReference
NCI Carcinogenesis Studies (feed);equivocal evidence:rat
NCI Carcinogenesis Studies (feed);no evidence:mouse
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Rotenone, 5007
NTP Carcinogenesis studies; test completed (peer review), October 2000
On EPA IRIS database
Page last reviewed: November 16, 2018