Rotavirus Vaccines
Rotavirus and How to Protect Against It
Rotavirus is a contagious virus that can cause gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach and intestines). Symptoms include severe watery diarrhea, often with vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain. Infants and young children are most likely to get rotavirus disease. They can become severely dehydrated and need to be hospitalized and can even die. You can protect against rotavirus disease with safe, effective vaccination.
Child and Adult Immunization Schedules
Get CDC’s official recommended immunization schedules for children, adolescents, and adults.
- Irritability
- Mild, temporary diarrhea or vomiting
Some studies suggest that rotavirus vaccination possibly causes a small increase in the risk of intussusception, a type of bowel blockage. This side effect is very rare.
Available Rotavirus Vaccines
There are two rotavirus vaccines approved for use in the United States:
- Rotarix [PDF – 22 pages]: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved this vaccine in 2008 for use in infants 6 to 24 weeks of age.
- RotaTeq [PDF – 13 pages]: FDA approved this vaccine in 2006 for use in infants 6 to 32 weeks of age
Many studies were done before the vaccines were licensed and found that they are safe.
CDC and FDA monitor the safety of vaccines after they are approved or authorized. If a problem is found with a vaccine, CDC and FDA will inform health officials, health care providers, and the public.
CDC uses 3 systems to monitor vaccine safety:
- The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS): an early warning system, co-managed by CDC and FDA, to monitor for potential vaccine safety problems. Anyone can report possible vaccine side effects to VAERS.
- The Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD): a collaboration between CDC and 13 healthcare organizations that conducts vaccine safety monitoring and research.
- The Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) Project: a partnership between CDC and several medical research centers that provides expert consultation and conducts clinical research on vaccine-associated health risks.
A Closer Look at the Safety Data
- Studies from the United States and other countries show a small increased risk of intussusception following rotavirus vaccination. About 1 in 20,000 US infants to 1 in 100,000 US infants who get rotavirus vaccine might develop intussusception within a week of getting the vaccine. This means that between 40 and 120 U.S. infants might develop intussusception related to rotavirus vaccine each year.
Related Scientific Articles
Belongia EA, Irving SA, Shui IM, Kulldorf M, Lewis E, et al. Real-time surveillance to assess risk of intussusception and other adverse events after pentavalent bovine-derived rotavirus vaccine.external icon Pediatr Inf Dis J. 2010 Jan;29(1):1-5.
Buttery JP, Danchin MH, Lee KJ, Carlin JB, McIntyre PB, et al. Intussusception following rotavirus vaccine administration: Post-marketing surveillance in the National Immunization Program in Australia.external icon Vaccine. 2011 Apr 5;29(16):3061-6.
Carlin JB, Macartney KK, Lee KJ, Quinn HE, Buttery J, et al. Intussusception risk and disease prevention associated with rotavirus vaccines in Australia’s National Immunization Programexternal icon. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Nov;57(10):1427-34.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Addition of history of intussusception as a contraindication for rotavirus vaccination. MMWR. 2011 Oct 21;60(41):1427.
Haber P, Patel M, Inzurieta HS, Baggs J, Gagiullo P, et al. Postlicensure monitoring of intussusception after RotaTeq vaccination in the United States, February 1, 2006, to September 25, 2007.external icon Pediatrics. 2008 Jun;121(6):1206-12.
Haber P, Patel M, Pan Y, Baggs J, Haber M, et al. Intussusception after Rotavirus Vaccines—United States, Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 2006-2012external icon. Pediatrics. 2013 Jun;131(6):1042-9.
Hibbs BF, Miller ER, Shimabukuro T. Notes from the field: Rotavirus vaccine administration errors- United States, 2006-2013. MMWR. 2014 Jan 31;63(4):81.
Patel MM, Haber P, Baggs J, Zuber P, Bines JE, et al. Intussusception and rotavirus vaccination: A review of the available evidence. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2009;8(11):1555-1564.
Patel MM, López-Collada VR, Bulhões MM, De Oliveira LH, Bautista Márquez A, et al. Intussusception risk and health benefits of rotavirus vaccination in Mexico and Brazil. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jun 16;364(24):2283-92.
Shui IM, Baggs J, Patel M, Parashar UD, Rett M, et al. Risk of intussusception following administration of a pentavalent rotavirus vaccine in US infants. JAMA. 2012 Feb 8;307(6):598-604.
Tate JE, Simonsen L, Viboud C, Steiner C, Patel MM, et al. Trends in intussusception hospitalizations among US infants, 1993-2004: Implications for monitoring the safety of the new rotavirus vaccination program. Pediatrics. 2008 May;121(5):e1125-32.
Weintraub ES, Baggs J, Duffy J, Vellozzi C, Belongia EA, et al. Risk of intussusception after monovalent rotavirus vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2014 Feb 6; 370(6):513-9.
Yih WK, Lieu TA, Kulldorff M, Martin D, McMahill-Walraven CN, et al. Intussusception risk after rotavirus vaccination in U.S. infants. N Engl J Med. 2014 Feb 6;370(6):503-12.