Publications

Fact Sheets and Definitions

Banner showing screenshots of the Preventing Suicide Fact Sheet PDF

Preventing Suicide Fact Sheet [PDF – 504 KB]
CDC’s fact sheet that includes definitions, consequences, and prevention strategies for preventing suicide

2022
ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND ASSOCIATIONS WITH POOR MENTAL HEALTH AND SUICIDAL BEHAVIORS AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS — ADOLESCENT BEHAVIORS AND EXPERIENCES SURVEY, UNITED STATES, JANUARY – JUNE 2021

Anderson KN, Swedo EA, Trinh E, et al. Adverse Childhood Experiences During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Associations with Poor Mental Health and Suicidal Behaviors Among High School Students — Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey, United States, January–June 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:1301–1305. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7141a2.

2022
SUICIDES AMONG AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKA NATIVE PERSONS — NATIONAL VIOLENT DEATH REPORTING SYSTEM, UNITED STATES, 2015 – 2020

Stone D, Trinh E, Zhou H, et al. Suicides Among American Indian or Alaska Native Persons — National Violent Death Reporting System, United States, 2015–2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:1161–1168. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7137a1.

2022
QUICKSTATS: AGE-ADJUSTED SUICIDE RATES FOR THE THREE LEADING METHODS OF SUICIDE, BY RACE AND ETHNICITY — NATIONAL VITAL STATISTICS SYSTEM, UNITED STATES, 2020

QuickStats: Age-Adjusted Suicide Rates for the Three Leading Methods of Suicide, by Race and Ethnicity — National Vital Statistics System, United States, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:979. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7130a6.

2022
Vital Signs: Changes in Firearm Homicide and Suicide Rates — United States, 2019–2020

Kegler SR, Simon TR, Zwald ML, et al. Vital Signs: Changes in Firearm Homicide and Suicide Rates — United States, 2019–2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:656–663. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7119e1.

2022
Changes in Suicide Rates — United States, 2019 and 2020

Ehlman DC, Yard E, Stone DM, Jones CM, Mack KA. Changes in Suicide Rates — United States, 2019 and 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:306–312. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7108a5.

2022
Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years — United States, 2015–2019

Ivey-Stephenson AZ, Crosby AE, Hoenig JM, Gyawali S, Park-Lee E, Hedden SL. Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years — United States, 2015–2019. MMWR Surveill Summ 2022;71(No. SS-1):1–19. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss7101a1.

2021
Emergency Department Visits for Suspected Suicide Attempts Among Persons Aged 12–25 Years Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, January 2019–May 2021

Yard E, Radhakrishnan L, Ballesteros MF, et al. Emergency Department Visits for Suspected Suicide Attempts Among Persons Aged 12–25 Years Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, January 2019–May 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:888–894. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7024e1.

2020
SUICIDE RATES BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION — NATIONAL VIOLENT DEATH REPORTING SYSTEM, 32 STATES, 2016

Peterson C, Sussell A, Li J, Schumacher PK, Yeoman K, Stone DM. Suicide Rates by Industry and Occupation — National Violent Death Reporting System, 32 States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:57–62. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6903a1.

2020
Suicidal Ideation and Behaviors Among High School Students ― Youth Risk Behavior Survey

Ivey-Stephenson A, Demissie Z, Crosby A, et al. Suicidal Ideation and Behaviors Among High School Students ― Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2019. MMWR Suppl. 2020 Aug 21; 69(1): 47-55. DOI: 10.15585/ mmwr.su6901a6. PMID: 32817610; PMCID: PMC7440198.

2019
Surveillance for Violent Deaths — National Violent Death Reporting System, 32 States, 2016

Ertl A, Sheats KJ, Petrosky E, Betz CJ, Yuan K, Fowler KA. Surveillance for Violent Deaths — National Violent Death Reporting System, 32 States, 2016. MMWR Surveill Summ 2019;68(No. SS-9):1–36. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss.6809a1.

2018
Violence Victimization, Substance Use, and Suicide Risk Among Sexual Minority High School Students

Johns M, Lowry R, Rasberry C, et al. Violence Victimization, Substance Use, and Suicide Risk Among Sexual Minority High School Students — United States, 2015–2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018; 67: 1211–1215. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6743a4.

2018
Surveillance for Violent Deaths — National Violent Death Reporting System, 18 States, 2014

Fowler KA, Jack SP, Lyons BH, Betz CJ, Petrosky E. Surveillance for Violent Deaths — National Violent Death Reporting System, 18 States, 2014. MMWR Surveill Summ 2018;67(No. SS-2):1–36. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6702a1.

2018
Surveillance for Violent Deaths — National Violent Death Reporting System, 27 States, 2015

Jack SP, Petrosky E, Lyons BH, et al. Surveillance for Violent Deaths — National Violent Death Reporting System, 27 States, 2015. MMWR Surveill Summ 2018;67(No. SS-11):1–32. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6711a1.

2018
Suicide Rates by Major Occupational Group

Peterson C, Stone D, Marsh S, et al. Suicide Rates by Major Occupational Group — 17 States, 2012 and 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018; 67:1253–1260. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6745a1.

2018
Characteristics of and Precipitating Circumstances Surrounding Suicide Among Persons Aged 10–17 Years

Annor F, Zwald M, Wilkinson A, et al. Characteristics of and Precipitating Circumstances Surrounding Suicide Among Persons Aged 10–17 Years — Utah, 2011–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018; 67: 329–332. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6711a4.

2016
Surveillance for Violent Deaths — National Violent Death Reporting System, 17 States, 2013

Lyons BH, Fowler KA, Jack SP, Betz CJ, Blair JM. Surveillance for Violent Deaths — National Violent Death Reporting System, 17 States, 2013. MMWR Surveill Summ 2016;65(No. SS-10):1–42. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6510a1.

2015
Suicide Trends Among Persons Aged 10–24 Years

Sullivan E, Annest J, Simon T, et al. Suicide Trends Among Persons Aged 10–24 Years — United States, 1994–2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015; 64(08): 201-205.

2022
NOTES FROM THE FIELD: INCREASES IN FIREARM HOMICIDE AND SUICIDE RATES — UNITED STATES, 2020–2021

Simon TR, Kegler SR, Zwald ML, et al. Notes from the Field: Increases in Firearm Homicide and Suicide Rates — United States, 2020–2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:1286–1287. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7140a4.

2022
QUICKSTATS: AGE-ADJUSTED SUICIDE RATES, BY URBANIZATION LEVEL AND SEX — NATIONAL VITAL STATISTICS SYSTEM, 2020

QuickStats: Age-Adjusted Suicide Rates, by Urbanization Level and Sex — National Vital Statistics System, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:1159. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7136a4.

2022
QUICKSTATS: PERCENTAGE OF SUICIDES AND HOMICIDES INVOLVING A FIREARM AMONG PERSONS AGED ≥10 YEARS, BY AGE GROUP — NATIONAL VITAL STATISTICS SYSTEM, UNITED STATES, 2020

QuickStats: Percentage of Suicides and Homicides Involving a Firearm Among Persons Aged ≥10 Years, by Age Group — National Vital Statistics System, United States, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:670. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7119a5.

2022
Mental Health, Suicidality, and Connectedness Among High School Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic — Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey, United States, January–June 2021

Jones SE, Ethier KA, Hertz M, et al. Mental Health, Suicidality, and Connectedness Among High School Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic — Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey, United States, January–June 2021. MMWR Suppl 2022;71(Suppl-3):16–21. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.su7103a3.

2022
Surveillance for Violent Deaths — National Violent Death Reporting System, 39 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, 2018

Sheats KJ, Wilson RF, Lyons BH, Jack SP, Betz CJ, Fowler KA. Surveillance for Violent Deaths — National Violent Death Reporting System, 39 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, 2018. MMWR Surveill Summ 2022;71(No. SS-3):1–44. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss7103a1.

2022
Firearm Homicides and Suicides in Major Metropolitan Areas — United States, 2015–2016 and 2018–2019

Kegler SR, Stone DM, Mercy JA, Dahlberg LL. Firearm Homicides and Suicides in Major Metropolitan Areas — United States, 2015–2016 and 2018–2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:14–18. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7101a3.

2021
Changes in Suicide Rates — United States, 2018–2019

Stone DM, Jones CM, Mack KA. Changes in Suicide Rates — United States, 2018–2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:261–268. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7008a1.

2021
Mental Health and Substance Use Among Adults with Disabilities During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Czeisler M&, Board A, Thierry JM, et al. Mental Health and Substance Use Among Adults with Disabilities During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, February–March 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:1142–1149. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7034a3.

2020
Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Czeisler M, Lane R, Petrosky E, et al. Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 Pandemic ― United States, June 24-30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Aug 14; 69(32): 1049-1057. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6932a1. PMID: 32790653; PMCID: PMC7440121.

2020
Surveillance for Violent Deaths — National Violent Death Reporting System, 34 States, Four California Counties, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, 2017

Petrosky E, Ertl A, Sheats KJ, Wilson R, Betz CJ, Blair JM. Surveillance for Violent Deaths — National Violent Death Reporting System, 34 States, Four California Counties, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, 2017. MMWR Surveill Summ 2020;69(No. SS-8):1–37. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6908a1.

2019
Transgender Identity and Experiences of Violence Victimization, Substance Use, Suicide Risk, and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among High School Students

Johns M, Lowry R, Andrzejewski J, et al. Transgender Identity and Experiences of Violence Victimization, Substance Use, Suicide Risk, and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among High School Students — 19 States and Large Urban School Districts, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019; 68: 67–71. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6803a3.

2018
Suicides Among American Indian/Alaska Natives

Leavitt R, Ertl A, Sheats K, Petrosky E, Ivey-Stephenson A, Fowler K. Suicides Among American Indian/Alaska Natives — National Violent Death Reporting System, 18 States, 2003–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018; 67:237–242. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6708a1.

2018
Firearm Homicides and Suicides in Major Metropolitan Areas

Kegler S, Dahlberg L, Mercy J. Firearm Homicides and Suicides in Major Metropolitan Areas — United States, 2012–2013 and 2015–2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018; 67: 1233–1237. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6744a3.

2018
Vital Signs: Trends in State Suicide Rates and Circumstances Contributing to Suicide

Stone D, Simon T, Fowler K, et al. Vital Signs: Trends in State Suicide Rates — United States, 1999–2016 and Circumstances Contributing to Suicide — 27 States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018; 67: 617–624. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6722a1.

2016
CDC Public Health Grand Rounds: Preventing Suicide Through a Comprehensive Public Health Approach

David-Ferdon C, Crosby AE, Caine ED, Hindman J, Reed J, Iskander J. CDC Grand Rounds: Preventing Suicide Through a Comprehensive Public Health Approach. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:894–897. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6534a2.

2016
Notes from the Field: Prevalence of Risk Factors for Suicide Among Veterinarians

Nett R, Wittel T, Holzbauer S, et al. Notes from the Field: Prevalence of Risk Factors for Suicide Among Veterinarians — United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015; 64(5): 131-132.

Journal Articles
2023
CIRCUMSTANCES CONTRIBUTING TO SUICIDE AMONG U.S. ADOLESCENTS 10–19 YEARS WITH AND WITHOUT A KNOWN MENTAL HEALTH CONDITION: NATIONAL VIOLENT DEATH REPORTING SYSTEM, 2013–2018

Rice, K., Brown, M., Nataraj, N., & Xu, L. (2023). Circumstances contributing to suicide among U.S. adolescents 10–19 years with and without a known mental health condition: National Violent Death Reporting System, 2013–2018. Journal of Adolescent Health.

2021
Evaluation of the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System–All injury program’s self-directed violence data

Ehlman, D. C., Haileyesus, T., Lee, R., Ballesteros, M. F., & Yard, E. (2021). Evaluation of the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System–All injury program’s self-directed violence data, United States, 2018. Journal of Safety Research76, 327-331.

2021
Current prescription opioid misuse and suicide risk behaviors among high school students

Wilkins, N. J., Clayton, H., Jones, C. M., & Brown, M. (2021). Current prescription opioid misuse and suicide risk behaviors among high school students. Pediatrics147(4).

2020
Adherence to suicide reporting guidelines by news shared on a social networking platform

Sumner, S. A., Burke, M., & Kooti, F. (2020). Adherence to suicide reporting guidelines by news shared on a social networking platformProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences117(28), 16267-16272.

2020
Traumatic Brain Injury–Related Deaths From Firearm Suicide: United States, 2008–2017

Miller, G. F., Kegler, S. R., & Stone, D. M. (2020). Traumatic Brain Injury–Related Deaths From Firearm Suicide: United States, 2008–2017American Journal of Public Health110(6), 897-899.

2021
Trends in US emergency department visits for mental health, overdose, and violence outcomes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

Holland, K. M., Jones, C., Vivolo-Kantor, A. M., et al. (2021). Trends in US emergency department visits for mental health, overdose, and violence outcomes before and during the COVID-19 pandemicJAMA Psychiatry78(4), 372-379.

2021
Special Report from the CDC: Strengthening social connections to prevent suicide and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs): Actions and opportunities during the COVID-19 pandemic

Bledsoe, M., Captanian, A., & Somji, A. (2021). Special Report from the CDC: Strengthening social connections to prevent suicide and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs): Actions and opportunities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Safety Research77, 328-333.

2020
National trends in hospitalizations for self-directed violence related to opioids and/or depression—United States, 2000–2015

Wang, J., Sumner, S. A., Holland, K. M., Halpin, J., Ivey-Stephenson, A., & Crosby, A. E. (2020). National trends in hospitalizations for self-directed violence related to opioids and/or depression — United States, 2000–2015Preventive Medicine134, 106051.

2020
Trends in the incidence and lethality of suicidal acts in the United States, 2006 to 2015

Wang, J., Sumner, S. A., Simon, T. R., Crosby, A. E., Annor, F. B., Gaylor, E., … & Holland, K. M. (2020). Trends in the incidence and lethality of suicidal acts in the United States, 2006 to 2015JAMA Psychiatry77(7), 684-693.

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