Publications

Chapters, manuals and guidelines

• Pink Book’s Chapter on Pneumococcal Disease
  Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases textbook
• Travelers’ Health: Yellow Book—Chapter on Pneumococcal Disease
  CDC’s Health Information for International Travel (Prevention of Specific Infectious Diseases)
• Surveillance Manual’s Chapter on Pneumococcal Disease
  Manual from the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases textbook

Vaccine recommendations and licensures

View all current and historical pneumococcal vaccine recommendations from the Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices. Current recommendations are also listed below:

• Kobayashi M, Farrar JL, Gierke R, et al. Use of 15-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and 20-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Among U.S. Adults: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(4):109–117.
• Matanock A, Lee G, Gierke R, et al. Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among adults aged ≥65 years: Updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(46):1069–75.
• Kobayashi M, Bennett NM, Gierke R, et al. Intervals between PCV13 and PPSV23 vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(34):944–7.
• Tomczyk S, Bennett NM, Stoecker C, et al. Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among adults aged ≥65 years: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(37);822–5.
• CDC. Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among children aged 6-18 years with immunocompromising conditions: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62(25):521–4.
• CDC. Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for adults with immunocompromising conditions: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(40):816–9.
• CDC. Prevention of pneumococcal disease among infants and children—Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59(RR11):1–18.
• CDC. Licensure of a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and recommendations for use among children—Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59(09):258–61.

Surveillance, epidemiology and outbreaks

2021

• Beall B, Walker H, Tran T, et al. Upsurge of conjugate vaccine serotype 4 invasive pneumococcal disease among adults experiencing homelessness in California, Colorado, and New Mexicoexternal icon. J Infect Dis. 2021;223(7):1241–9.
• Hurley LP, O’Leary ST, Kobayashi M, et al. Physician survey regarding updated PCV13 vaccine recommendations for adults ≥65 years: The more things change the more they stay the sameexternal icon. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2021;69(9):2612–8.
• Kobayashi M, Abdul-Karim A, Milucky JL, et al. Estimating the economic burden of pneumococcal meningitis and pneumonia in northern Ghana in the African meningitis belt post-PCV13 introductionexternal icon. Vaccine. 2021;39(33):4685–99.
• Kobayashi M, Stoecker C, Xing W, Cho B, Pilishvili T. Cost-effectiveness of implementing 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for U.S. adults aged 19 years and older with underlying conditionsexternal icon. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;17(7):2232–40.
• Sanchez GV, Bourne C, Davidson SL, et al. Pneumococcal disease outbreak at a state prison — Alabama, 2018external icon. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1949–52.
• Valenciano SJ, Moiane B, Lessa FC, et al. Effect of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriage among children less than 5 years old: 3 years post-10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction in Mozambiqueexternal icon. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2021;10(4):448–56.

2020

• Adebanjo TA, Pondo T, Yankey D, et al. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine breakthrough infections: 2001–2016external icon. 2020;145(3):e20190836.
• Ahmed SS, Pondo T, Xing W, et al. Early impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use on invasive pneumococcal disease among adults with and without underlying medical conditions-United Statesexternal icon. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70(12):2484–92.
• Farrar JL, Odiembo H, Odoyo A, et al. Limited added value of oropharyngeal swabs for detecting pneumococcal carriage in adultsexternal icon. J Infect Dis. 2020;7(9):ofaa:368.
• Kobayashi M, Bigogo G, Kim L, et al. Impact of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction on pneumococcal carriage and antibiotic susceptibility patterns among children aged <5 years and adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection: Kenya, 2009–2013external icon. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70(5):814–26.
• Ousmane S, Kobayashi M, Seidou I, et al. Characterization of pneumococcal meningitis before and after introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Niger, 2010–2018external icon. 2020;38(23):3922–29.
• Pimenta FC, Moiane B, Lessa FC, et al. Dried blood spots for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae detection and serotyping among children < 5 years old in rural Mozambiqueexternal icon. BMC Pediatr. 2020;20(1):326.
• Soeters HM, Kambiré D, Sawadogo G, et al. Evaluation of pneumococcal meningitis clusters in Burkina Faso and implications for potential reactive vaccinationexternal icon. Vaccine. 2020;38(35):5726–33.
• Stoecker C, Kobayashi M, Matanock A, Cho B, Pilishvili T. Cost-effectiveness of continuing pneumococcal conjugate vaccination at age 65 in the context of indirect effects from the childhood immunization programexternal icon. Vaccine. 2020;38(7):1770–77.

2019

• Bigogo GM, Audi A, Auko J, et al. Indirect effects of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against adult pneumococcal pneumonia in rural western Kenya.external icon Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69(12):2177–84.
• Kobayashi M, Bigogo G, Kim L, et al. Impact of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction on pneumococcal carriage and antibiotic susceptibility patterns among children aged <5 years and adults with HIV Infection, Kenya 2009–2013external icon. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;70(5):814–26.
• Lu Y, Joseph L, Bélisle P, et al. Pneumococcal pneumonia prevalence among adults with severe acute respiratory illness in Thailand — Comparison of Bayesian latent class modeling and conventional analysisexternal icon. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19:423.
• Milucky J, Carvalho M, Rouphael N, et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization after introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for US adults 65 years of age and older, 2015–2016external icon. Vaccine. 2019;37(8):1094–100.

2018

• Adebanjo T, Lessa FC, Mucavele H, et al. Pneumococcal carriage and serotype distribution among children with and without pneumonia in Mozambique, 2014-2016external icon. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0199363.
• Bozio CH, Abdul-Karim A, Abenyeri J, et al. Continued occurrence of serotype 1 pneumococcal meningitis in two regions located in the meningitis belt in Ghana five years after introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccineexternal icon. PLoS One. 2018;13(9):e0203205.
• GBD 2016 Lower Respiratory Infections Collaborators. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016external icon. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(11):1191–1210.
• Hurley LP, Allison MA, Pilishvili T, et al. Primary care physicians’ struggle with current adult pneumococcal vaccine recommendationsexternal icon. J Am Board Fam Med. 2018;31(1):94–104.
• Kambiré D, Soeters HM, Ouédraogo-Traoré R, et al. Early impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis—Burkina Faso, 2014–2015external icon. J Infect. 2018;76(3):270–9.
• Nisar MI, Nayani K, Akhund T, et al. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children under 5 years of age before introduction of pneumococcal vaccine (PCV10) in urban and rural districts in Pakistanexternal icon. BMC Infect Dis 2018;18(1):672.
• Sigaúque B, Moiane B, Massora S, et al. Early declines in vaccine type pneumococcal carriage in children less than 5 years old after introduction of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Mozambiqueexternal icon. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2018;37(10):1054–60.
• Sigaúque B, Verani JR, Massora S, et al. Burden of invasive pneumococcal disease among children in rural Mozambique: 2001–2012external icon. PLoS One. 2018;13(1):e0190687.
• Tomczyk S, Lessa FC, Sánchez J, et al. Effectiveness of 13-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) against invasive pneumococcal disease in children in the Dominican Republicexternal icon. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):152.
• Verani JR, Massora S, Acácio S, et al. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae among HIV-infected and -uninfected children <5 years of age before introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Mozambiqueexternal icon. PLoS One. 2018;13(2):e0191113.
• Whitney CG. Examining duration of protection: Should a booster dose be part of all infant pneumococcal conjugate vaccine programs?external icon Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67(3):375–7.

2017

• Aku FY, Lessa FC, Asiedu-Bekoe F, et al. Meningitis outbreak caused by vaccine-preventable bacterial pathogens — Northern Ghana, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(30):806–10.
• Andam CP, Mitchell PK, Callendrello A, et al. Genomic epidemiology of penicillin-nonsusceptible pneumococci with nonvaccine serotypes causing invasive disease in the United Statesexternal icon. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55(4):1104–15.
• Black CL, Williams WW, Warnock R, Pilishvili T, Kim D, Kelman JA. Pneumococcal vaccination among Medicare beneficiaries occurring after the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendation for routine use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for adults aged ≥65 years. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(27):728–33.
• Cohen C, von Mollendorf C, de Gouveia L, et al. Effectiveness of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease in South African children: A case-control studyexternal icon. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(3):e359–69.
• Izu A, Solomon F, Nzenze SA, et al. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and hospitalization of children for pneumonia: A time-series analysis, South Africa, 2006–2014external icon. Bull World Health Organ. 2017;95(9):618–28.
• Kobayashi M, Conklin LM, Bigogo G, et al. Pneumococcal carriage and antibiotic susceptibility patterns from two cross-sectional colonization surveys among children aged <5 years prior to the introduction of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine — Kenya, 2009–2010external icon. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):25.
• Kobayashi M, Misegades L, Fleming-Dutra KE, et al. Pneumococcal serotype 5 colonization prevalence among newly arrived unaccompanied children 1 year after an outbreak-Texas, 2015.external icon Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017;36(2):236–8.
• Link-Gelles R, Westreich D, Aiello AE, et al. Generalisability of vaccine effectiveness estimates: An analysis of cases included in a postlicensure evaluation of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the USAexternal icon. BMJ Open. 2017;7(8):e017715.
• von Mollendorf C, Tempia S, von Gottberg A, et al. Estimated severe pneumococcal disease cases and deaths before and after pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction in children younger than 5 years of age in South Africaexternal icon. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0179905.

2016

• Brandileone MC, Zanella RC, Almeida SC, et al. Effect of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae among children in São Paulo, Brazilexternal icon. Vaccine. 2016;34(46):5604–11.
• Conklin LM, Bigogo G, Jagero G, et al. High Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization prevalence among HIV-infected Kenyan parents in the year before pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introductionexternal icon. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2016;16(1):18.
• Hampton LM, Bigogo G, Jagero G, et al. Evaluation of urine pneumococcal antigen test performance among adults in Western Kenyaexternal icon. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;85(4):405–8.
• Harris A, Aol G, Ouma D, et al. Improving capture of vaccine history: Case study from an evaluation of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction in Kenyaexternal icon. Amer J Trop Med and Hyg. 2016;94(6):1400–2.
• Kambiré D, Soeters HM, Ouédraogo-Traoré R, et al. Nationwide trends in pneumococcal meningitis before the introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine—Burkina Faso, 2011–2013external icon. PLoS One. 2016;11(11):e0166384.
• Keenan JD, Sahlu I, McGee L, et al. Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal serotypes before and after mass azithromycin distributions for trachomaexternal icon. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2016;5(2):222–6.
• Kim L, McGee L, Tomczyk S, Beall B. Biological and epidemiological features of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in pre- and post-conjugate vaccine eras: A United States perspectiveexternal icon. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29(3):525–52.
• Link-Gelles R, Westreich D, Aiello AE, et al. Bias with respect to socioeconomic status: A closer look at zip code matching in a pneumococcal vaccine effectiveness studyexternal icon. SSM Popul Health. 2016;2:587–94.
• Menezes AP, Azevedo J, Leite MC, et al. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae among children in an urban setting in Brazil prior to PCV10 introductionexternal icon. Vaccine. 2016;34(6):791–7.
• Metcalf BJ, Chochua S, Gertz RE Jr, et al. Using whole genome sequencing to identify resistance determinants and predict antimicrobial resistance phenotypes for year 2015 invasive pneumococcal disease isolates recovered in the United Statesexternal icon. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22(12):1002.e1–e8.
• Metcalf BJ, Gertz RE Jr, Gladstone RA, et al. Strain features and distributions in pneumococci from children with invasive disease before and after 13-valent conjugate vaccine implementation in the USAexternal icon. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22(1):60.e9–e29.
• Moïsi JC, Moore M, Carvalho Mda G, et al. Enhanced diagnosis of pneumococcal bacteremia using antigen- and molecular-based tools on blood specimens in Mali and Thailand: A prospective surveillance studyexternal icon. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;94(2):267–75.
• Moore MR, Link-Gelles R, Schaffner W, et al. Effectiveness of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease in children in the USA: A matched case-control studyexternal icon. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4(5):399–406.
• Saha S, Hasan M, Kim L, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors for pneumonia severity and mortality in Bangladeshi children <5 years of age before 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introductionexternal icon. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:1233.
• Saha SK, Hossain B, Islam M, et al. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in Bangladeshi children before introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccineexternal icon. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016;35(6):655–61.
• Stoecker C, Kim L, Gierke R, Pilishvili T. Incremental cost-effectiveness of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for adults age 50 years and older in the United Statesexternal icon. J Gen Intern Med. 2016;31(8):901–8.
• Tomczyk S, Lynfield R, Schaffner W, et al. Prevention of antibiotic-nonsusceptible invasive pneumococcal disease with the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccineexternal icon. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(9):1119–25.

2015

• Bar-Zeev N, Kapanda L, King C, et al. Methods and challenges in measuring the impact of national pneumococcal and rotavirus vaccine introduction on morbidity and mortality in Malawiexternal icon. Vaccine. 2015;33(23):2637–45.
• Grijalva CG, Wunderink RG, Zhu Y, et al. In-hospital pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination is associated with detection of pneumococcal vaccine serotypes in adults hospitalized for community-acquired pneumoniaexternal icon. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2015;2(4):ofv135.
• Desai AP, Sharma D, Crispell EK, et al. Decline in pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine serotypes after the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children in Atlanta, Georgiaexternal icon. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015; 34(11):1168–74.
• Madhi SA, Groome MJ, Zar HJ, et al. Effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against presumed bacterial pneumonia hospitalisation in HIV-uninfected South African children: a case-control studyexternal icon. Thorax. 2015;70(12):1149–55.
• Moore MR, Link-Gelles R, Schaffner W, et al. Effect of use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on invasive pneumococcal disease in children and adults in the USA: Analysis of multisite population-based surveillanceexternal icon. Lancet. 2015;15:301–9.
• Moore MR, Whitney CG. Use of pneumococcal disease epidemiology to set policy and prevent disease during 20 years of Emerging Infections Programexternal icon. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(9):1151–6.
• Pilishvili T, Bennett NM. Pneumococcal disease prevention among adults: Strategies for the use of pneumococcal vaccinesexternal icon. Vaccine. 2015;33(4):D60–5.
• Piralam B, Tomczyk SM, Rhodes, JC, et al. Incidence of pneumococcal pneumonia among adults in rural Thailand, 2006-2011: Implications for pneumococcal vaccine considerationsexternal icon. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;93(6):1140–7.
• Saha S, Modak JK, Naziat H, et al. Detection of co-colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae by algorithmic use of conventional and molecular methodsexternal icon. Vaccine. 2015;33(5):713–8.
• von Mollendorf C, von Gottberg A, Tempia S, et al. Increased risk for and mortality from invasive pneumococcal disease in HIV-exposed but uninfected infants aged <1 year in South Africa, 2009–2013external icon. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(9):1346–56.

2014

• Andrade AL, Ternes YM, Vieira MA, et al. Direct effect of 10-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccination on pneumococcal carriage in children Brazilexternal icon. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e98128.
• Conklin L, Loo JD, Kirk J, et al. Systematic review of the effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine dosing schedules on vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease among young childrenexternal icon. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33(S2):S109–18.
• Deloria Knoll M, Park DE, Johnson TS, et al. Systematic review of the effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine dosing schedules on immunogenicityexternal icon. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33(S2):S119–29.
• Domingues CM, Verani JR, Montenegro ER, et al. Effectiveness of ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease in Brazil: A matched case-control studyexternal icon. The Lancet. 2014; 2(6):464–71.
• Feris-Iglesias J, Fernández J, Sáncheza J, et al. Aetiology of paediatric pneumonia with effusion in the Dominican Republic and the potential impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccinesexternal icon. Pneumonia. 2014;4:8–15.
• Fleming-Dutra KE, Conklin L, Loo JD, et al. Systematic review of the effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine dosing schedules on vaccine-type nasopharyngeal carriageexternal icon. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33(S2):S152–60.
• Griffin MR, Mitchel E, Moore MR, Whitney CG, Grijalva CG. Declines in pneumonia hospitalizations of children aged <2 years associated with the use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine – Tennessee, 1998—2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(44):995–8.
• Harris AM, Beekmann SE, Polgreen PM, Moore MR. Rapid urine antigen testing for Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults with community-acquired pneumonia: Clinical use and barriersexternal icon. Diagn Micr Infec Dis. 2014;79:454–7.
• Loo JD, Conklin L, Deloria Knoll M, et al. Methods for a systematic review of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine dosing schedulesexternal icon. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33(S2):S182–7.
• Loo JD, Conklin L, Fleming-Dutra KE, et al. Systematic review of the effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine dosing schedules on prevention of pneumoniaexternal icon. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33(S2):S140–51.
• Loo JD, Conklin L, Fleming-Dutra KE, et al. Systematic review of the indirect effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine dosing schedules on pneumococcal disease and colonizationexternal icon. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33(S2):S161–71.
• Mosser JF, Grant LR, Millar EV, et al. Nasopharyngeal carriage and transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae in American Indian households after a decade of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine useexternal icon. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e79578. Erratum in: PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e93878.
• O’Brien KL, Goldblatt D, Whitney CG. Why do we need a systematic review of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine dosing schedules?external icon Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33(S2):S107–8.
• Park DE, Johnson TS, Nonyane BAS, et al. The differential impact of co-administered vaccines, geographic region, vaccine product, and other covariates on pneumococcal conjugate vaccine immunogenicityexternal icon. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33(S2):S130–9.
• Park IH, Geno KA, Sherwood LK, et al. Population-based analysis of invasive nontypeable pneumococci reveals that most have defective capsule synthesis genesexternal icon. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e97825.
• Shakoor S, Kabir F, Khowaja AR, et al. Pneumococcal serotypes and serogroups causing invasive disease in Pakistan, 2005–2013external icon. PLOS One. 2014;9(6):e98796.
• Von Gottberg A, de Gouveia L, Tempia S, et al. Effects of vaccination on invasive pneumococcal disease in South Africaexternal icon. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(20):1889–99.
• Whitney CG, Goldblatt D, O’Brien KL. Dosing schedules for pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: Considerations for policy makersexternal icon. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33(S2):S172–81.
• Wortham JM, Zell ER, Pondo T, et al. Racial disparities in invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections, 1998–2009external icon. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(9):1250–7.

2013

• CDC. Progress in introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine — Worldwide, 2000-2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62(16):308–11.
• Dallas SD, McGee L, Limbago B, et al. Development of doxycycline MIC and disk diffusion interpretive breakpoints and revision of tetracycline breakpoints for Streptococcus pneumoniaeexternal icon. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(6):1798–802.
• Fleming-Dutra KE, Taylor T, Link-Gelles R, et al. Effect of the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic on invasive pneumococcal pneumoniaexternal icon. J Infect Dis. 2013;207:1135–43.
• Griffin MR, Zhu Y, Moore MR, Whitney CG, Grijalva CG. U.S. hospitalizations for pneumonia after a decade of pneumococcal vaccinationexternal icon. NEJM. 2013;396:155–63.
• Link-Gelles R, Taylor T, Moore MR; for the Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team. Forecasting invasive pneumococcal disease trends after the introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the United States, 2010-2020external icon. Vaccine. 2013;22:2572–7.
• Link-Gelles R, Thomas A, Lynfield R, et al. Geographic and temporal trends in antimicrobial nonsusceptibility in Streptococcus pneumoniae in the post-vaccine era in the United Statesexternal icon. J Infect Dis. 2013;208:1266–73.
• Muhammad RD, Oza-Frank R, Zell E, et al. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease among high-risk adults since the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for childrenexternal icon. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:e59–67.
• Payne AB, Link-Gelles R, Azonobi I, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease among children with and without sickle cell disease in the United States, 1998-2009external icon. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32:1308–12.

2012

• Hampton LM, Farley MM, Schaffner W, et al. Prevention of antibiotic-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae with conjugate vaccinesexternal icon. J Infect Dis. 2012;205:401–11.
• Hicks LA, Chien YW, Taylor TH Jr, Haber M, Klugman KP, on behalf of the Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) Team. Outpatient antibiotic prescribing and nonsusceptible Streptococcus Pneumoniae in the United States, 1996-2003external icon. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:631–9.
• Nelson GE, Gershman KA, Swerdlow DL, Beall BW, Moore MR. Invasive pneumococcal disease and pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Denver, Colorado, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:208–16.
• Smith KJ, Wateska AR, Nowalk MP, Raymund M, Nuorti JP, Zimmerman RK. Cost-effectiveness of adult vaccination strategies using pneumococcal conjugate vaccine compared with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccineexternal icon. JAMA. 2012;307:804–12.

2011

• CDC. Invasive pneumococcal disease and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) coverage among children aged ≤59 months—Selected U.S. regions, 2010-2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(43):1477–81.
• Cohen AL, Harrison LH, Farley MM, et al. Prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease among HIV-infected adults in the era of childhood pneumococcal immunizationexternal icon. AIDS. 2010;24:2253–62.
• Deutscher M, Lewis M, Zell ER, et al. Incidence and severity of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae, group A Streptococcus, and group B Streptococcus infections among pregnant and postpartum womenexternal icon. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(2):114–23.
• Huang SS, Johnson KM, Ray GT, et al. Healthcare utilization and cost of pneumococcal disease in the United Statesexternal icon. Vaccine. 2011;29:3398–412.

2010

• CDC. Invasive pneumococcal disease in young children before licensure of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine—United States, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59(09):253–7.
• CDC. Prevention of pneumococcal disease among infants and children—Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59(RR11):1–18.
• Pilishvili T, Zell ER, Farley MM, et al. Risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease in children in the era of conjugate vaccine useexternal icon. Pediatrics. 2010;126:e9–17.

2009

• Andrews R, Moberley SA. The controversy over the efficacy of pneumococcal vaccineexternal icon. Can Med Assoc J. 2009;180:18–19.
• CDC. Pneumonia hospitalizations among young children before and after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine—United States, 1997-2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58(01):1–4.
• Hsu HE, Shutt KA, Moore MR, et al. Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitisexternal icon. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:244–56.
• Huss A, Scott P, Stuck AE, Trotter C, Egger M. Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination in adults: A meta-analysisexternal icon. Can Med Assoc J. 2009;180:48–58.

2008

• Adamkiewicz TV, Silk BJ, Howgate J, et al. Effectiveness of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children with sickle cell disease in the first decade of lifeexternal icon. Pediatrics. 2008 Mar;121:562–9.
• Bliss SJ, Larzalere-Hinton F, Lacapa R. Invasive pneumococcal disease among white mountain Apache adults, 1991-2005external icon. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(7):749–55.
• CDC. Cost of vaccinating refugees overseas versus after arrival in the United States, 2005: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57(09):229–32.
• CDC. Invasive pneumococcal disease in children 5 years after conjugate vaccine introduction—Eight states, 1998-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57(06):144–8.
• CDC. Percentage of adults aged ≥65 years who ever received a pneumococcal vaccination, by sex, age group, and race/ethnicity—National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57(26):723.
• CDC. Progress in introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine—Worldwide, 2000-2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57(42):1148–51.
• Daniels NA, Gildengorin G, Nguyen TT, Liao Y, Luong TN, McPhee SJ. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates among Vietnamese, Asian, and non-Hispanic White Americansexternal icon. J Immigr Minor Health. 2008;12(3):370–6.
• Jackson LA, Janoff EN. Pneumococcal vaccination of elderly adults: New paradigms for protectionexternal icon. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(10):1328–38.
• Johnson DR, Nichol KL, Lipczynski K. Barriers to adult immunizationexternal icon. Am J Med. 2008;121(7 Suppl 2):S28–35.
• Lindley MC, Groom AV, Wortley PM, Euler GL. Status of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination among older American Indians and Alaska Nativesexternal icon. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(5):932–8.
• Middleton DB, Lin CJ, Smith KJ, et al. Economic evaluation of standing order programs for pneumococcal vaccination of hospitalized elderly patientsexternal icon. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29(5):385–94.
• Moore MR, Robert E, Gertz J, et al. Population snapshot of emergent Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A in the United States, 2005external icon. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008;197:1016–27.
• Musher DM, Rueda AM, Nahm MH, Graviss EA, Rodriguez-Barradas MC. Initial and subsequent response to pneumococcal polysaccharide and protein-conjugate vaccines administered sequentially to adults who have recovered from pneumococcal pneumoniaexternal icon. J Infect Dis. 2008;198(7):1019–27.
• Park SY, Moore MR, Bruden DL, et al. Impact of conjugate vaccine on transmission of antimicrobial-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among Alaskan childrenexternal icon. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:335–40.
• Smith KJ, Zimmerman RK, Lin CJ, et al. Alternative strategies for adult pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination: A cost-effectiveness analysisexternal icon. Vaccine. 2008;26(11):1420–31.
• Teshale EH, Hanson D, Flannery B, et al. Effectiveness of 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine on pneumonia in HIV-infected adults in the United States, 1998-2003external icon. Vaccine. 2008;26(46):5830–4.
• Waites KB, Canupp KC, Chen YY, DeVivo MJ, Nahm MH. Revaccination of adults with spinal cord injury using the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccineexternal icon. J Spinal Cord Med. 2008;31(1):53–9.
• World Health Organization. 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine: WHO Position Paperpdf icon[12 pages]external icon. WER. 2008;83(42):373–84.
• World Health Organization. Meeting of the Immunization Strategic Advisory Group of Experts, November 2007—Conclusions and recommendationspdf icon[40 pages]external icon. Weekly Epidemiological Record. 2008;83:1–16.

2007

• Balmer P, Borrow R, Arkwright PD. The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine does not provide additional serotype antibody protection in children who have been primed with two doses of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccineexternal icon. Vaccine. 2007;25(34):6321–25.
• Cook IF, Pond D, Hartel G. Comparative reactogenicity and immunogenicity of 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection in elderly adultsexternal icon. Vaccine. 2007;25(25):4767–74.
• Grijalva CG, Nuorti JP, Arbogast PG, Martin SW, Edwards KM, Griffin MR. Decline in pneumonia admissions after routine childhood immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the USA: A time-series analysisexternal icon. Lancet. 2007;369:1179–86.
• Hicks LA, Harrison LH, Flannery B, et al. Incidence of pneumococcal disease due to non-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) serotypes in the United States during the era of widespread PCV7 vaccination, 1998-2004external icon. J Infect Dis. 2007;196:1346–54.
• Hsu K, Kellenberg J, Pelton S, Friedman D, Moore M, Jordan H. Emergence of antimicrobial-resistant serotype 19A Streptococcus pneumoniae—Massachusetts, 2001-2006(/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5641a2.htm). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56(41):1077–80.
• Musher DM, Rueda AM, Kaka AS, Mapara SM. The association between pneumococcal pneumonia and acute cardiac eventsexternal icon. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(2):158–65.
• Singleton RJ, Butler JC, Bulkow LR, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease epidemiology and effectiveness of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in Alaska Native adultsexternal icon. Vaccine. 2007;25(12):2288–95.

2006

• Flannery B, Heffernan RT, Harrison LH, et al. Changes in invasive pneumococcal disease among HIV-infected adults living in the era of childhood pneumococcal immunizationexternal icon. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:1–9.
• Greene CM, Kyaw MH, Ray SM, et al. Preventability of invasive pneumococcal disease and assessment of current polysaccharide vaccine recommendations for adults: United States, 2001-2003external icon. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:141–50.
• Kyaw MH, Greene CM, Schaffner W, et al. Adults with invasive pneumococcal disease: Missed opportunities for vaccinationexternal icon. Am J Prev Med. 2006;31:286–92.
• Kyaw MH, Lynfield R, Schaffner W, et al. Effect of introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniaeexternal icon. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1455–63.
• Whitney CG, Pilishvili T, Farley MM, et al. Effectiveness of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease: a matched case-control studyexternal icon. Lancet. 2006;368:1495–502.

2005

• Dowell SF, Butler JC, Giebink GS, et al. Acute otitis media—Management and surveillance in an era of pneumococcal resistance: A report from the Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Therapeutic Working Group (DRSPTWG)external icon. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999;18:1–9.
• Flannery B, Schrag S, Bennett NM, et al. Impact of childhood vaccination on racial disparities in invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infectionsexternal icon. JAMA. 2004;291:2197–203.
• Lexau CA, Lynfield R, Danila R, et al. Changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease among older adults in the era of pediatric pneumococcal conjugate vaccineexternal icon. JAMA. 2005;294:2043–51.

Laboratory

• See CDC’s Streptococcus Laboratory for laboratory-related publications.