Publications

Chapters, Manuals and Guidelines

• Pink Book’s Chapter on Pneumococcal Disease
  Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases textbook
• Travelers’ Health: Yellow Book—Chapter on Pneumococcal Disease
  CDC’s Health Information for International Travel (Prevention of Specific Infectious Diseases)
• Surveillance Manual’s Chapter on Pneumococcal Disease
  Manual from the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases textbook
• Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP) Surveillance Toolkit
  This manual answers commonly asked questions regarding the surveillance and reporting of S. pneumoniae and provides guidance on enhancing existing surveillance systems.

Vaccine Recommendations and Licensures

• Kobayashi M, Bennett NM, Gierke R, et al. Intervals Between PCV13 and PPSV23 Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 2015;64(34):944-7.
• Tomczyk S, Bennett NM, Stoecker C, et al. Use of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Among Adults Aged ≥65 Years: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 2014;63(37);822-5.
• CDC. Use of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Among Children Aged 6-18 Years with Immunocompromising Conditions: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 2013;62(25):521-4.
• CDC. Use of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine for Adults with Immunocompromising Conditions: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR. 2012;61(40):816-9.
• CDC. Licensure of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine for Adults Aged 50 Years and Older. MMWR. 2012;61(21):394-5.
• CDC. Prevention of Pneumococcal Disease Among Infants and Children—Use of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine. MMWR. 2010;59(RR11):1-18.
• CDC. Licensure of a 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV13) and Recommendations for Use Among Children—Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2010. MMWR. 2010;59(09):258-61.
• CDC. Updated Recommendation from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for Use of 7-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV7) in Children Aged 24-59 Months Who Are Not Completely Vaccinated. MMWR. 2008;57(13):343-4.
• CDC. Preventing Pneumococcal Disease Among Infants and Young Children: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 2000;49(RR-9):1-35.
• CDC. Prevention of Pneumococcal Disease: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 1997;46(RR-8):1-25.

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Surveillance, Epidemiology and Outbreaks

2015

• Moore MR, Link-Gelles R, Schaffner W, Lynfield R, Lexau C, Bennett NM, Petit S, Zansky SM, Harrison LH, Reingold A, Miller L, Scherzinger K, Thomas A, Farley MM, Zell ER, Taylor Jr. TH, Pondo T, Rodgers L, McGee L, Beall B, Jorgensen JH, Whitney CG. Effect of Use of 13-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Children and Adults in the USA: Analysis of Multisite Population-based Surveillance. Lancet. 2015;15:301-9.

2014

• Harris AM, Beekmann SE, Polgreen PM, Moore MR. Rapid Urine Antigen Testing for Streptococcus pneumoniae in Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia: Clinical Use and Barriers. Diagn Micr Infec Dis. 2014;79:454–7.
• Wortham JM, Zell ER, Pondo T, Harrison LH, Schaffner W, Lynfield R, Thomas A, Reingold A, Bennett NM, Petit S, Aragon D, Bareta J, Juni BA, Farley MM, Beall B, Moore MR. Racial Disparities in Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae Infections, 1998–2009. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(9):1250–7.

2013

• CDC. Progress in Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine — Worldwide, 2000-2012. MMWR. 2013;62(16):308-11.
• Fleming-Dutra KE, Taylor T, Link-Gelles R, Garg S, Jhung MA, Finelli L, Jain S, Shay D, Chaves SS, Baumbach J, Hancock EB, Beall B, Bennett N, Zansky S, Petit S, Yousey-Hindes K, Farley MM, Gershman K, Harrison LH, Ryan P, Lexau C, Lynfield R, Reingold A, Schaffner W, Thomas A, Moore MR. Effect of the 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Pandemic on Invasive Pneumococcal Pneumonia. J Infect Dis. 2013;207:1135-43.
• Griffin MR, Zhu Y, Moore MR, Whitney CG, Grijalva CG. U.S. Hospitalizations for Pneumonia after a Decade of Pneumococcal Vaccination. NEJM. 2013;396:155-63.
• Link-Gelles R, Taylor T, Moore MR; for the Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team. Forecasting invasive pneumococcal disease trends after the introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the United States, 2010-2020. Vaccine. 2013;22:2572-7.
• Link-Gelles R, Thomas A, Lynfield R, Petit S, Schaffner W, Harrison L, Farley MM, Aragon D, Nicols M, Kirley PD, Zansky S, Jorgensen J, Juni BA, Jackson D, Moore MR, Lipsitch M. Geographic and Temporal Trends in Antimicrobial Nonsusceptibility in Streptococcus pneumoniae in the Post-vaccine Era in the United States. J Infect Dis. 2013;208:1266-73.
• Muhammad RD, Oza-Frank R, Zell E, Link-Gelles R, Narayan KM, Schaffner W, Thomas A, Lexau C, Bennett NM, Farley MM, Harrison LH, Reingold A, Hadler J, Beall B, Klugman KP, Moore MR. Epidemiology of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Among High-Risk Adults Since the Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine for Children. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:e59-67.
• Payne AB, Link-Gelles R, Azonobi I, Hooper WC, Beall BW, Jorgensen JH, Juni B, Moore M; for the Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team. Invasive Pneumococcal Disease among Children with and without Sickle Cell Disease in the United States, 1998-2009. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32:1308-12.

2012

• Hampton LM, Farley MM, Schaffner W, Thomas A, Reingold A, Harrison LH, Lynfield R, Bennett NM, Petit S, Gershman K, Baumbach J, Beall B, Jorgensen J, Glennen A, Zell ER, Moore M. Prevention of Antibiotic-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae with Conjugate Vaccines. J Infect Dis. 2012;205:401-11.
• Hicks LA, Chien YW, Taylor TH Jr, Haber M, Klugman KP, on behalf of the Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) Team. Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing and Nonsusceptible Streptococcus Pneumoniae in the United States, 1996-2003. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:631-9.
• Nelson GE, Gershman KA, Swerdlow DL, Beall BW, Moore MR. Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Denver, Colorado, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:208-16.
• Smith KJ, Wateska AR, Nowalk MP, Raymund M, Nuorti JP, Zimmerman RK. Cost-effectiveness of Adult Vaccination Strategies Using Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Compared with Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine. JAMA. 2012;307:804-12.

2011

• CDC. Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV13) Coverage Among Children Aged ≤59 Months—Selected U.S. Regions, 2010-2011. MMWR. 2011;60(43):1477-81.
• Cohen AL, Harrison LH, Farley MM, Reingold AL, Hadler J, Schaffner W, Lynfield R, Thomas AR, Campsmith M, Li J, Schuchat A, Moore MR; Active Bacterial Core surveillance Team. Prevention of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease among HIV-Infected Adults in the Era of Childhood Pneumococcal Immunization. AIDS. 2010;24:2253-62.
• Huang SS, Johnson KM, Ray GT, Wroe P, Lieu TA, Moore MR, Zell ER, Linder JA, Grijalva CG, Metlay JP, Finkelstein JA. Healthcare Utilization and Cost of Pneumococcal Disease in the United States. Vaccine. 2011;29:3398-412.

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2010

• CDC. Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Young Children Before Licensure of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine—United States, 2007. MMWR. 2010;59(09):253-7.
• CDC. Prevention of Pneumococcal Disease Among Infants and Children—Use of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine. MMWR. 2010;59(RR11):1-18.
• Pilishvili T, Zell ER, Farley MM, Schaffner W, Lynfield R, Nyquist AC, Vazquez M, Bennett NM, Reingold A, Thomas A, Jackson D, Schuchat A, Whitney CG. Risk Factors for Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Children in the Era of Conjugate Vaccine Use. Pediatrics. 2010;126:e9-17.

2009

• Andrews R, Moberley SA. The Controversy Over the Efficacy of Pneumococcal Vaccine. Can Med Assoc J. 2009;180:18-19.
• CDC. Pneumonia Hospitalizations Among Young Children Before and After Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine—United States, 1997-2006. MMWR. 2009;58(01):1-4.
• Hsu HE, Shutt KA, Moore MR, Beall BW, Bennett NM, Craig AS, Farley MM, Jorgensen JH, Lexau CA, Petit S, Reingold A, Schaffner W, Thomas A, Whitney CG, Harrison LH. Effect of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Pneumococcal Meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:244-56.
• Huss A, Scott P, Stuck AE, Trotter C, Egger M. Efficacy of Pneumococcal Vaccination in Adults: A Meta-Analysis. Can Med Assoc J. 2009;180:48-58.

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2008

• Adamkiewicz TV, Silk BJ, Howgate J, Baughman W, Strayhorn G, Sullivan K, Farley MM. Effectiveness of the 7-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Children with Sickle Cell Disease in the First Decade of Life. Pediatrics. 2008 Mar;121:562-9.
• Bliss SJ, Larzalere-Hinton F, Lacapa R. Invasive Pneumococcal Disease among White Mountain Apache Adults, 1991-2005. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(7):749-55.
• CDC. Cost of Vaccinating Refugees Overseas Versus After Arrival in the United States, 2005: MMWR. 2008;57(09):229-232.
• CDC. Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Children 5 Years After Conjugate Vaccine Introduction—Eight States, 1998-2005. MMWR. 2008;57(06):144-8.
• CDC. Percentage of Adults Aged ≥65 Years Who Ever Received a Pneumococcal Vaccination, by Sex, Age Group, and Race/Ethnicity—National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2007. MMWR. 2008;57(26):723.
• CDC. Progress in Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine—Worldwide, 2000-2008. MMWR. 2008;57(42):1148-51.
• Daniels NA, Gildengorin G, Nguyen TT, Liao Y, Luong TN, McPhee SJ. Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination Rates among Vietnamese, Asian, and Non-Hispanic White Americans. J Immigr Minor Health. 2008;12(3):370-6.
• Huss A, Scott P, Stuck AE, Trotter C, Egger M. Efficacy of Pneumococcal Vaccination in Adults: A Meta-analysis. Can Med Assoc J. 2009;180(1):48-58.
• Jackson LA, Janoff EN. Pneumococcal Vaccination of Elderly Adults: New Paradigms for Protection. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(10):1328-38.
• Johnson DR, Nichol KL, Lipczynski K. Barriers to Adult Immunization. Am J Med. 2008;121(7 Suppl 2):S28-35.
• Lindley MC, Groom AV, Wortley PM, Euler GL. Status of Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination among Older American Indians and Alaska Natives. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(5):932-8.
• Middleton DB, Lin CJ, Smith KJ, Zimmerman RK, Nowalk MP, Roberts MS, Fox DE. Economic Evaluation of Standing Order Programs for Pneumococcal Vaccination of Hospitalized Elderly Patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29(5):385-94.
• Moore MR, Robert E, Gertz J, Woodbury RL, Barkocy-Gallagher GA, Schaffner W, Lexau C, Gershman K, Reingold A, Farley M, Harrison LH, Hadler JL, Bennett NM, Thomas AR, McGee L, Pilishvili T, Brueggemann AB, Whitney CG, Jorgensen JH, Beall B. Population Snapshot of Emergent Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 19A in the United States, 2005. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008;197:1016-27.
• Musher DM, Rueda AM, Nahm MH, Graviss EA, Rodriguez-Barradas MC. Initial and Subsequent Response to Pneumococcal Polysaccharide and Protein-Conjugate Vaccines Administered Sequentially to Adults Who Have Recovered from Pneumococcal Pneumonia. J Infect Dis. 2008;198(7):1019-27.
• Park SY, Moore MR, Bruden DL, Hyde TB, Reasonover AL, Harker-Jones M, Rudolph KM, Hurlburt DA, Parks DJ, Parkinson AJ, Schuchat A, Hennessy TW. Impact of Conjugate Vaccine on Transmission of Antimicrobial-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among Alaskan Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:335-40.
• Smith KJ, Zimmerman RK, Lin CJ, Nowalk MP, Ko FS, McEllistrem MC, Roberts MS. Alternative Strategies for Adult Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccination: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Vaccine. 2008;26(11):1420-31.
• Teshale EH, Hanson D, Flannery B, Phares C, Wolfe M, Schuchat A, Sullivan P. Effectiveness of 23-Valent Polysaccharide Pneumococcal Vaccine on Pneumonia in HIV-Infected Adults in the United States, 1998-2003. Vaccine. 2008;26(46):5830-4.
• Waites KB, Canupp KC, Chen YY, DeVivo MJ, Nahm MH. Revaccination of Adults with Spinal Cord Injury Using the 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine. J Spinal Cord Med. 2008;31(1):53-9.
• World Health Organization. 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine: WHO Position Paper [12 pages]. WER. 2008;83(42):373-84.
• World Health Organization. Meeting of the Immunization Strategic Advisory Group of Experts, November 2007—Conclusions and Recommendations [40 pages]. Weekly Epidemiological Record. 2008;83:1-16.

2007

• Balmer P, Borrow R, Arkwright PD. The 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Does Not Provide Additional Serotype Antibody Protection in Children Who Have Been Primed with Two Doses of Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine. Vaccine. 2007;25(34):6321-25.
• Cook IF, Pond D, Hartel G. Comparative Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of 23-Valent Pneumococcal Vaccine Administered by Intramuscular or Subcutaneous Injection in Elderly Adults. Vaccine. 2007;25(25):4767-74.
• Grijalva CG, Nuorti JP, Arbogast PG, Martin SW, Edwards KM, Griffin MR. Decline in Pneumonia Admissions After Routine Childhood Immunization with Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in the USA: A Time-series Analysis. Lancet. 2007;369:1179-86.
• Hicks LA, Harrison LH, Flannery B, Hadler JL, Schaffner W, Craig AS, Jackson D, Thomas A, Beall B, Lynfield R, Reingold A, Farley MM, Whitney CG. Incidence of Pneumococcal Disease due to Non-pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV7) Serotypes in the United States during the Era of Widespread PCV7 Vaccination, 1998-2004. J Infect Dis. 2007;196:1346-54.
• Hsu K, Kellenberg J, Pelton S, Friedman D, Moore M, Jordan H. Emergence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Serotype 19A Streptococcus pneumoniae—Massachusetts, 2001-2006. MMWR. 2007;56(41):1077-80.
• Musher DM, Rueda AM, Kaka AS, Mapara SM. The Association between Pneumococcal Pneumonia and Acute Cardiac Events. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(2):158-65.
• Singleton RJ, Butler JC, Bulkow LR, Hurlburt D, O’Brien KL, Doan W, Parkinson AJ, Hennessy TW. Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Epidemiology and Effectiveness of 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine in Alaska Native Adults. Vaccine. 2007;25(12):2288-95.

2006

• Flannery B, Heffernan RT, Harrison LH, Ray SM, Reingold AL, Hadler J, Schaffner W, Lynfield R, Thomas AR, Li J, Campsmith M, Whitney CG, Schuchat A. Changes in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease among HIV-infected Adults Living in the Era of Childhood Pneumococcal Immunization. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:1-9.
• Greene CM, Kyaw MH, Ray SM, Schaffner W, Lynfield R, Barrett NL, Long C, Gershman K, Pilishvili T, Roberson A, Zell ER, Whitney CG, Bennett NM. Preventability of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and Assessment of Current Polysaccharide Vaccine Recommendations for Adults: United States, 2001-2003. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:141-50.
• Kyaw MH, Greene CM, Schaffner W, Ray SM, Shapiro M, Barrett NL, Gershman K, Craig AS, Roberson A, Zell ER, Schuchat A, Bennett NM, Whitney CG, Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Program of the Emerging Infections Program Network. Adults with Invasive Pneumococcal Disease: Missed Opportunities for Vaccination. Am J Prev Med. 2006;31:286-92.
• Kyaw MH, Lynfield R, Schaffner W, Craig AS, Hadler J, Reingold A, Thomas AR, Harrison LH, Bennett NM, Farley MM, Facklam RR, Jorgensen JH, Besser J, Zell ER, Schuchat A, Whitney CG. Effect of Introduction of the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1455-63.
• Whitney CG, Pilishvili T, Farley MM, Schaffner W, Craig AS, Lynfield R, Nyquist AC, Gershman KA, Vazquez M, Bennett NM, Reingold A, Thomas A, Glode MP, Zell ER, Jorgensen JH, Beall B, Schuchat A. Effectiveness of Seven-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Against Invasive Pneumococcal Disease: A Matched Case-control Study. Lancet. 2006;368:1495-502.

2005

• Dowell SF, Butler JC, Giebink GS, Jacobs MR, Jernigan D, Musher DM, Rakowsky A, Schwartz B, the DRSPTWG. Acute Otitis Media—Management and Surveillance in an Era of Pneumococcal Resistance: A Report from the Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Therapeutic Working Group (DRSPTWG). Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999;18:1-9
• Flannery B, Schrag S, Bennett NM, Lynfield R, Harrison LH, Reingold A, Cieslak PR, Hadler J, Farley MM, Facklam RR, Zell ER, Whitney CG. Impact of Childhood Vaccination on Racial Disparities in Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae Infections. JAMA. 2004;291:2197-203.
• Lexau CA, Lynfield R, Danila R, Pilishvili T, Facklam R, Farley MM, Harrison LH, Schaffner W, Reingold A, Bennett NM, Hadler J, Cieslak PR, Whitney CG. Changing Epidemiology of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease among Older Adults in the Era of Pediatric Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine. JAMA. 2005;294:2043-51.
• Additional Articles on Pneumococcal Vaccines

Laboratory

• See CDC’s Streptococcus Laboratory for laboratory-related publications.