- Management and supervisory practices that influence work processes, production, and performance.
- Job factors such as work overload, inadequate staffing/scheduling, lack of job training and control, shiftwork, role ambiguity, patient acuity, poor or unsupportive interpersonal relationships, work-life balance, lack of benefits (e.g., childcare, elder care).
- Organization factors including downsizing, mandatory overtime, lack of infrastructure/equipment, technology overload, and inadequate/unclear policies.
- Poor safety climate and lack of commitment to occupational safety.
A survey conducted in 2019 by the American Nurses Association (ANA) of more than 20,000 nurses found that 79% stated stress was the number one job hazard, 53% stated they needed to work through their breaks to get work done, and 27% reported workloads were too heavy. Effects of poor work organization can include the following:
- Psychological- irritability, job dissatisfaction, depression, stress
- Behavioral- substance abuse, sleep dysfunction
- Physical- gastrointestinal, headaches, elevated blood pressure