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Designing inhibitors of cytochrome c/cardiolipin peroxidase complexes: mitochondria-targeted imidazole-substituted fatty acids.

Jiang-J; Bakan-A; Kapralov-AA; Silva-KI; Huang-Z; Amoscato-AA; Peterson-J; Garapati-VK; Saxena-S; Bayir-H; Atkinson-J; Bahar-I; Kagan-VE

Free Radic Biol Med 2014 Jun; 71:221-230

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.02.029

20045511

Mitochondria have emerged as the major regulatory platform responsible for the coordination of numerous metabolic reactions as well as cell death processes, whereby the execution of intrinsic apoptosis includes the production of reactive oxygen species fueling oxidation of cardiolipin (CL) catalyzed by cytochrome (Cyt) c. As this oxidation occurs within the peroxidase complex of Cyt c with CL, the latter represents a promising target for the discovery and design of drugs with antiapoptotic mechanisms of action. In this work, we designed and synthesized a new group of mitochondria-targeted imidazole-substituted analogs of stearic acid TPP-n-ISAs with various positions of the attached imidazole group on the fatty acid (n = 6, 8, 10, 13, and 14). By using a combination of absorption spectroscopy and EPR protocols (continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance and electron spin echo envelope modulation) we demonstrated that TPP-n-ISAs indeed were able to potently suppress CL-induced structural rearrangements in Cyt c, paving the way to its peroxidase competence. TPP-n-ISA analogs preserved the low-spin hexa-coordinated heme-iron state in Cyt c/CL complexes whereby TPP-6-ISA displayed a significantly more effective preservation pattern than TPP-14-ISA. Elucidation of these intermolecular stabilization mechanisms of Cyt c identified TPP-6-ISA as an effective inhibitor of the peroxidase function of Cyt c/CL complexes with a significant antiapoptotic potential realized in mouse embryonic cells exposed to ionizing irradiation. These experimental findings were detailed and supported by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Based on the experimental data and computation predictions, we identified TPP-6-ISA as a candidate drug with optimized antiapoptotic potency.

Metabolism; Cell-damage; Cell-function; Cellular-reactions; Oxidation; Drugs; Animals; Radiation-effects; Chemical-composition; Chemical-properties; Cytology; Enzymology; Pharmacology; Laboratory-animals; Organo-phosphorus-compounds; Author Keywords: All-atom molecular dynamics simulation; Cardiolipin peroxidation; Cytochrome c; Electron paramagnetic resonance; Free radicals; Imidazole-substituted stearic acid; Mitochondria targeting; Peroxidase inhibitors; Reactive intermediates

Valerian E. Kagan, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health and Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219

FRBMEH

20140601

Journal Article

kagan@pitt.edu

Grant

2014

Grant-Number-R01-OH-008282

0891-5849

Manufacturing

Free Radical Biology and Medicine

PA

University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh