Benzene, 1-chloro-4-nitro-

RTECS #
CZ1050000
CAS #
100-00-5
See: NMAM or OSHA Methods
Updated
December 2018
Molecular Weight
157.56
Molecular Formula
C6H4ClNO2
Synonyms
1-Chloor-4-nitrobenzeen (Dutch)
1-Chlor-4-nitrobenzol (German)
1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene
1-Cloro-4-nitrobenzene (Italian)
4-Chloro-1-nitrobenzene
4-Chloronitrobenzene
4-Nitro-1-chlorobenzene
p-Chloronitrobenzene
PNCB
p-Nitrochloorbenzeen (Dutch)
p-Nitrochlorobenzene
p-Nitrochlorobenzene (ACGIH:OSHA)
p-Nitrochlorobenzol (German)
p-Nitroclorobenzene (Italian)

Mutation Data and Reference

System TestRoute/Organism/TissueDoseReference
Cytogenetic Analysisovary/hamster600 mg/LEMMUEG 10(Suppl 10),1,1987
DNA Damageliver/rat5 µmol/LMUREAV 131,215,1984
DNA Damageintraperitoneal/mouse60 mg/kgBSIBAC 56,1680,1980
mutation in microorganisms/Salmonella typhimurium819 µg/plate (+enzymatic activation step)MUREAV 116,217,1983
mutation in microorganisms/Salmonella typhimurium100 µg/plate (-enzymatic activation step)ENMUDM 5(Suppl 1),3,1983
sister chromatid exchangeovary/hamster250 mg/LEMMUEG 10(Suppl 10),1,1987

Reproductive Effects Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
inhalation/rat 24 ppm/6H (13W male)Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)NTPTR* NIH-93-3382
oral/mouse 4.4 gm/kg (7D male/7D prior to copulation/21D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)NTIS** #RACB19077
oral/mouse 58 gm/kg (15W male/15W prior to copulation/21D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)
NTIS** #RACB19077
oral/mouse 250 mg/kg (multigenerations)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)
NTIS** #RACB19077
oral/mouse 250 mg/kg (multigenerations)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital systemNTIS** #RACB19077
oral/mouse 250 mg/kg (multigenerations)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Blood and lymphatic systems (including spleen and marrow)

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Hepatobiliary system
NTIS** #RACB19077
oral/mouse 4.4 gm/kg (1W male/1W prior to copulation/1-21D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)NTPTR* RACB-19077
oral/mouse 40 gm/kg (70D male/70D pre-2W after birth)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth)NTPTR* RACB-19077
oral/mouse 45.5 gm/kg (70D male/70D pre-2W after birth)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)
NTPTR* RACB-19077
oral/mouse 45.5 gm/kg (70D male/70D pre-2W after birth)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Blood and lymphatic systems (including spleen and marrow)

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Hepatobiliary system
NTPTR* RACB-19077

Tumorigenic Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 194 gm/kg/78W- continuousTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Vascular: Tumors

Liver: Tumors
JEPTDQ 2(2),325,1978
oral/mouse toxic dose: 390 gm/kg/78W- continuousTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Vascular: Tumors

Liver: Tumors
JEPTDQ 2(2),325,1978

Acute Toxicity Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
inhalation/cat Lowest published lethal concentration: 25 ppm/7HIMSUAI 19,317,1950
inhalation/rat Lowest published lethal concentration: 16100 mg/m3/4HOlfaction: Other olfaction effects

Eye: Corneal damage

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Cyanosis
NTIS** OTS0571644
intraperitoneal/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 420 mg/kgBehavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

Behavioral: Ataxia

Blood: Methemoglobinemia- Carboxhemoglobinemia
AGGHAR 17,217,1959
oral/mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 440 mg/kg85GMAT -,92,1982
oral/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 420 mg/kgBehavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)

Liver: Fatty liver degeneration

Blood: Methemoglobinemia- Carboxhemoglobinemia
AGGHAR 17,217,1959
oral/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 530 mg/kgBehavioral: Tremor

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Liver: Other changes
HPV175 -,-,2003
skin/rabbit lethal dose (50 percent kill): 3040 mg/kgNTPTR* NIH-93-3382
skin/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 16 gm/kgBehavioral: Food intake (animal)

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

Blood: Methemoglobinemia- Carboxhemoglobinemia
AGGHAR 17,217,1959

Other Multiple Dose Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 12 ppm/6H/13W- intermittentLiver: Changes in liver weight

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in bladder weight

Blood: Changes in spleen
NTPTR* NIH-93-3382
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 46 mg/m3/6H/4W- intermittentEndocrine: Changes in spleen weight

Blood: Methemoglobinemia- Carboxhemoglobinemia

Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count
FAATDF 6,618,1986
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 3 ppm/6H/13W- continuousLiver: Other changes

Blood: Methemoglobinemia- Carboxhemoglobinemia

Blood: Changes in platelet count
NTPTR* NIH-93-3382
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 1.5 ppm/13W- intermittentBlood: Normocytic anemia

Blood: Methemoglobinemia- Carboxhemoglobinemia

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases
HPV175 -,-,2003
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 24 ppm/13W- intermittentLiver: Changes in liver weight

Blood: Normocytic anemia

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects
HPV175 -,-,2003
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 21000 mg/kg/12W- intermittentLung, Thorax, or Respiration: CyanosisNTIS** #RACB19077
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 8960 mg/kg/14D- intermittentRelated to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type fieldNTPTR* RACB-19077
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 4480 mg/kg/14D- intermittentLung, Thorax, or Respiration: CyanosisNTPTR* RACB-19077
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 45500 mg/kg/175D- intermittentLung, Thorax, or Respiration: CyanosisNTPTR* RACB-19077
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 60014.5 mg/kg/13W- continuousEndocrine: Changes in spleen weight

Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
JTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 77941.5 mg/kg/13W- continuousBlood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
JTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 25489.1 mg/kg/13W- continuousLiver: Other changes

Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above

Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count
JTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 30421.3 mg/kg/13W- continuousLiver: Other changes

Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight

Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above
JTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 10965.5 mg/kg/13W- continuousBlood: Other changes

Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count
JTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 3339.7 mg/kg/13W- continuousBlood: Changes in spleenJTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 309.4 mg/kg/13W- continuousBlood: Changes in spleen

Blood: Other changes

Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count
JTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 373.1 mg/kg/13W- continuousBlood: Changes in spleenJTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 127.4 mg/kg/13W- continuousBlood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) countJTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1255.8 mg/kg/13W- continuousLiver: Other changes

Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above

Blood: Other changes
JTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1073.8 mg/kg/13W- continuousLiver: Other changes

Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above
JTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 3530.8 mg/kg/13W- continuousEndocrine: Changes in spleen weight

Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases
JTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 4095 mg/kg/13W- continuousEndocrine: Changes in spleen weight

Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)
JTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 13195 mg/kg/13W- continuousBiochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: TransaminasesJTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 2200 mg/kg/20D- intermittentRelated to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type fieldHPV175 -,-,2003
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1350 mg/kg/2W- intermittentLiver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), zonal

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
NTIS** OTS0533716
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 3640 mg/kg/2Y- intermittentBlood: Methemoglobinemia- Carboxhemoglobinemia

Blood: Changes in spleen

Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight
NTIS** OTS0526382
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1400 mg/kg/4W- intermittentEndocrine: Changes in spleen weight

Blood: Methemoglobinemia- Carboxhemoglobinemia

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
NTIS** OTS0546099
subcutaneous/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1 gm/kg/10D- intermittentBlood: Other changesFATOAO 35,108,1972

Reviews

OrganizationStandardReference
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)Threshold Limit Value-time-weighted average 0.1 ppm (skin)DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)Threshold Limit Value-Confirmed animal carcinogenDTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Animal Inadequate EvidenceIMEMDT 65,263,1996
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Human Inadequate EvidenceIMEMDT 65,263,1996
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Group 3IMEMDT 65,263,1996
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWREPTED 31,392,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 769,34,2014
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 802,1,2016
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWRTOPDW 55,43,2009

Standards and Regulations

OrganizationStandardReference
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD-airtime-weighted average 1 mg/m3 (skin)DTLVS* 3,184,1971
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN check ACGIH TLV;
Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRALIAtime-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.64 mg/m3), JUL2008
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRIAMAK-TMW 0.075 ppm (0.5 mg/m3);KZW 0.3 ppm (2 mg/m3), skin, 2007
Occupational Exposure Limit-BELGIUMtime-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.65 mg/m3), Skin, MAR2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-DENMARKtime-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.64 mg/m3), skin, MAY2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-FINLANDtime-weighted average 1 mg/m3, short term exposure limit 3 mg/m3, skin, NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-HUNGARYtime-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3, short term exposure limit 2 mg/m3, Skin, SEP2000
Occupational Exposure Limit-ICELANDtime-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.64 mg/m3), skin, NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-JAPANOccupational Exposure Limit 0.1 ppm (0.64 mg/m3), skin, MAY2012
Occupational Exposure Limit-KOREAtime-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.6 mg/m3), skin, 2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-MEXICOtime-weighted average 1 mg/m3;short term exposure limit 2 mg/m3 (skin), 2004
Occupational Exposure Limit-NEW ZEALANDtime-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.64 mg/m3), skin, JAN2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-NORWAYtime-weighted average 1 mg/m3, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-PERUtime-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.64 mg/m3), JUL2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-POLANDMAC(time-weighted average) 1 mg/m3, MAC(short term exposure limit) 3 mg/m3, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-RUSSIAtime-weighted average 0.1 ppm, short term exposure limit 1 mg/m3, Skin, JUN2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWITZERLANDMAK-week 0.075 ppm, carc 3, skin, JAN2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE NETHERLANDSMAC-TGG 1 mg/m3, Skin, 2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE PHILIPPINEStime-weighted average 1 mg/m3, Skin, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-UNITED KINGDOMtime-weighted average 1 mg/m3;short term exposure limit 2 mg/m3, skin, OCT2007
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction)8H time-weighted average 1 mg/m3 (skin)CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors)8H time-weighted average 1 mg/m3 (skin)CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry)8H time-weighted average 1 mg/m3 (skin)CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards)8H time-weighted average 1 mg/m3 (skin)CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993

NIOSH Documentation and Surveillance

OrganizationStandardReference
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO p-NITROCHLOROBENZENE-airCarcinogen lowest feasible conc. (Sk)NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983Hazard Code 50775; Number of Industries 4; Total Number of Facilities 30; Number of Occupations 20; Total Number of Employees Exposed 2948; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 401

Status in Federal Agencies

OrganizationReference
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
EPA TSCA Section 8(e) Risk Notification, 8EHQ-0892-9003;8EHQ-0892-9298
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Nitrobenzenes, 2005
NTP Toxicity studies, RPT# TOX-33, October 2000
Page last reviewed: November 16, 2018