Coverage with Influenza, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and Updated COVID-19 Vaccines Among Nursing Home Residents — National Healthcare Safety Network, United States, December 2023

Nursing home residents are at risk for becoming infected with and experiencing severe complications from respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Fall 2023 is the first season during which vaccines are simultaneously available to protect older adults in the United States against all three of these respiratory viruses. Nursing homes are required to report COVID-19 vaccination coverage and can voluntarily report influenza and RSV vaccination coverage among residents to CDC’s National Healthcare Safety Network. The purpose of this study was to assess COVID-19, influenza, and RSV vaccination coverage among nursing home residents during the current 2023–24 respiratory virus season. As of December 10, 2023, 33.1% of nursing home residents were up to date with vaccination against COVID-19. Among residents at 20.2% and 19.4% of facilities that elected to report, coverage with influenza and RSV vaccines was 72.0% and 9.8%, respectively. Vaccination varied by U.S. Department of Health and Human Services region, social vulnerability index level, and facility size. There is an urgent need to protect nursing home residents against severe outcomes of respiratory illnesses by continuing efforts to increase vaccination against COVID-19 and influenza and discussing vaccination against RSV with eligible residents during the ongoing 2023–24 respiratory virus season.


Introduction
Nursing home residents are at risk for becoming infected with and experiencing severe complications from respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 (1), influenza (2), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (3).In 2023, the Food and Drug Administration approved the first two RSV vaccines for adults aged ≥60 years (4), making the 2023-24 respiratory virus season the first in which vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and RSV are simultaneously available in the United States.CDC recommends that all persons aged ≥6 months receive an updated (2023-2024) COVID-19 vaccine dose* and a 2023-24 seasonal influenza vaccine.† Among adults aged ≥60 years, CDC recommends RSV vaccine on the basis of shared clinical decision-making; residence in a nursing home is an important risk factor for RSV to consider in such decision-making (4).Since 2021, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) has required nursing homes to report weekly aggregate COVID-19 vaccination coverage among residents to CDC's National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN).§ Since October 21, 2023, nursing homes can also voluntarily report weekly, aggregate resident influenza and RSV vaccination coverage data to NHSN.¶ The purpose of this study was to assess COVID-19, influenza, and RSV vaccination coverage among nursing home residents during the ongoing 2023-24 respiratory virus season.

Data Collection
Nursing homes report COVID-19, influenza, and RSV vaccination coverage among residents who occupied a bed at the facility ≥1 day during the week of data collection.For each vaccine, nursing homes also report the number of residents who 1) received the most recently recommended vaccine, 2) had a medical contraindication to the vaccine, 3) declined the vaccine, or 4) had other or unknown vaccination status.NHSN defined up-to-date COVID-19 vaccination as the receipt of a 2023-2024 updated COVID-19 vaccine.**

Data Analysis
Data reported from CMS-certified nursing homes for the week of December 10, 2023, (or the preceding week if data for December 10, 2023, were not available) were used for analysis.

Representativeness of Voluntary Influenza and RSV Reporters
Coverage with influenza and RSV as of December 10, 2023, was voluntarily reported by 3,046 (20.2%) and 2,939 (19.4%) of 15,113 CMS-certified nursing homes, respectively.Among these, the distributions of facilities by HHS region, SVI tertile, and facility size were comparable to distributions among all CMS-certified nursing homes enrolled in NHSN (Table ).

Updated (2023-2024) COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage
COVID-19 vaccination coverage was reported by 14,646 (96.9%) nursing homes for the week of December 10, 2023.A total of 33.1% of nursing home residents were up to date with COVID-19 vaccination, ranging from 22.5% in HHS Region 6 to 42.4% and 42.9% in HHS regions 2 and 8, respectively.Up-to-date vaccination against COVID-19 varied by SVI tertile, with highest coverage (38.5%) in the least socially vulnerable counties and lowest coverage (29.1%) in the most vulnerable counties.Updated COVID-19 vaccination was higher in small facilities (37.3%) than in medium (32.3%) and large facilities (32.2%).§ § https://www.hhs.gov/about/agencies/iea/regional-offices/index.html¶ ¶ SVI considers socioeconomic status, household characteristics, race, ethnicity, housing type, and transportation.Counties in a lower SVI tertile are less socially vulnerable than are those in an upper SVI tertile.SVI categories were based on the tertile distribution of the SVI of the counties where the facilities are located (low: ≤0.38; medium: >0.38 to <0.66; and high: ≥0.66).Fifty-five facilities were excluded because they were located in counties that did not have an SVI score assigned.https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/placeandhealth/svi/index.html*** Facility size category was based on the tertile distribution of the total number of residents per facility (small: ≤58 residents; medium: 59-94 residents; and large: ≥95 residents).

Influenza Vaccination Coverage
Among the 20.2% of facilities that voluntarily reported influenza vaccination for the week of December 10, 2023, 72.0% of residents had received an influenza vaccine.Coverage ranged from 64.3% and 64.8% in HHS regions 10 and 4, respectively, to 79.9% in HHS Region 8. Influenza vaccination coverage was highest in the least socially vulnerable counties (73.7%) and lowest in the most socially vulnerable counties (70.9%).Influenza vaccination was higher in small facilities (77.4%) than in medium (72.2%) and large facilities (69.8%).

RSV Vaccination Coverage
Among the 19.4% of nursing homes that voluntarily reported RSV vaccination data for the week of December 10, 2023, 9.8% of residents had received an RSV vaccine.Coverage ranged from 5.9% and 7.1% in HHS regions 4 and 2, respectively, to 15.5% and 24.8% in HHS regions 7 and 8, respectively.RSV vaccination coverage was highest in the least socially vulnerable counties (10.7%) and lowest in the most socially vulnerable counties (8.7%); coverage was highest in small facilities (15.3%) and lowest in large facilities (8.0%).

Overall Vaccination Coverage by Region
For all three vaccines, coverage was highest overall in HHS Region 8. Specifically, North Dakota and South Dakota consistently reported high coverage with all three vaccines (Figure ).

Discussion
Although vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and RSV reduces severe disease from these respiratory viruses in populations at high risk, § § § coverage with each of the three vaccines, especially updated (2023-2024) COVID-19 and RSV vaccines, was low among nursing home residents.Compared with COVID-19 vaccination coverage among adults aged ≥65 years and RSV vaccination coverage among adults aged ≥60 years reported by the National Immunization Survey (NIS) Adult COVID-19 Module (37.4% and 17.0%, respectively), COVID-19 and RSV vaccination coverage reported to NHSN was lower among nursing home residents (33.1% and 9.8%, respectively).In contrast, influenza vaccination coverage among nursing home residents (72.0%) was slightly higher than that among the general adult population aged ≥65 years (69.3%)(5).Although data from NHSN and NIS cannot be directly compared because of different methodology and populations, these directional differences deserve further exploration.
Vaccine fatigue, defined as inaction toward vaccine information or instruction attributable to "perceived burden and burnout" (6), inaccurate health information, and vaccine § § § https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/tools-resources/health-care-providers.htmlNonoverlapping 95% CIs were considered to represent statistically significant differences (α = 0.05).† Data reported from nursing homes certified by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services for the week of December 10, 2023 (or the preceding week if data for December 10, 2023, were not available) were used for analysis.§ Facilities were included if they were actively enrolled in the National Healthcare Safety Network Long-Term Care Component and had ever reported nonzero vaccination denominator data.Facilities were excluded from the coverage estimates if they reported zero residents or did not report data for either the week of December 10, 2023, or the week of December 3, 2023 (467 facilities were excluded for COVID-19; 12,067 were excluded for influenza; and 12,174 were excluded for RSV).¶ https://www.hhs.gov/about/agencies/iea/regional-offices/index.html** SVI categories are based on the tertile distribution of the SVI of the counties where the facilities are located (low: ≤0.38; medium: >0.38-<0.66;and high: ≥0.66).
Fifty-five facilities are located in counties that have no assigned SVI score (COVID-19: 51 facilities; influenza: 17 facilities; and RSV: 17 facilities).https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/placeandhealth/svi/index.html† † Facility size category is based on the tertile distribution of the total number of residents per facility (small: ≤58 residents; medium: 59-94 residents; and large: ≥95 residents).hesitancy (7) contribute to lack of vaccine demand, especially in areas with a high SVI (8).For all three vaccines, coverage among nursing home residents was lowest in the most socially vulnerable counties.Lower coverage in areas with higher social vulnerability might be related to challenges to vaccine access and cost and payment barriers associated with COVID-19 vaccine commercialization.¶ ¶ ¶ The low RSV vaccination coverage relative to the other two vaccines might be driven by the relative recency of the recommendation, vaccine fatigue associated with the introduction of a fourth respiratory vaccine (in addition to influenza, COVID-19, and pneumococcal), implementation challenges with adding new vaccines, and the recommendation being 2024 shared clinical decision-making between a patient (or patient's guardian) and a health care provider (4).Facilities have had limited time to train providers to implement a shared clinical decision-making recommendation and develop ¶ ¶ ¶ https://www.healthaffairs.org/content/forefront/commercialization-covid-19vaccines-raises-equity-concernsprocesses and policies to support RSV vaccine administration.Nursing home staff members might also be less familiar with the risk for RSV outbreaks and severe disease among residents (9).Increasing awareness of RSV as a cause of disease among nursing home residents might facilitate increased coverage.In addition, these data highlight the success that can be achieved through surveillance and coordinated public health efforts to address barriers.During the 2023-24 season, influenza vaccination coverage among nursing home residents was significantly higher than updated (2023-2024) COVID-19 vaccination and RSV vaccination coverage.Annual influenza vaccination has been universally recommended since the 2010-11 influenza season,**** and CMS requires nursing homes to educate residents about and offer both influenza and COVID-19 vaccination.Notably, coverage with all three vaccines was highest in small nursing homes, suggesting that medical directors and other providers at these small facilities **** https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/vaccination/vax-summary.htmResidents who reported having a medical contraindication to each vaccine were subtracted from the corresponding denominator.† Data reported from nursing homes certified by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services for the week of December 10, 2023, (or the preceding week if data for December 10, 2023, were not available) were used for analysis.Facilities were excluded from the coverage estimates if they reported zero residents or did not report data for either the week of December 10, 2023, or the week of December 3, 2023 (467 facilities were excluded for COVID-19; 12,067 were excluded for influenza; and 12,174 were excluded for RSV).
with lower patient-to-provider ratios might be best able to build trust with residents and families and mitigate barriers to vaccination coverage.HHS Region 8, driven largely by North Dakota and South Dakota, achieved relatively high coverage among nursing home residents with all three vaccinations because of robust relationships and frequent, persistent, clear communication among nursing homes, health care systems, state and local health departments, and pharmacies; † † † † similar strategies might
† † Facilities were included if they were actively enrolled in the NHSN Long-Term Care Component and had ever reported nonzero vaccination denominator data.Facilities were excluded from the coverage estimates if they reported zero residents or did not report data for either the week of December 10, 2023, or the week of December 3, 2023 (467 facilities were excluded for COVID-19; 12,067 were excluded for influenza; and 12,174 were excluded for RSV).

TABLE . Estimates* of coverage with influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and updated COVID-19 vaccination among nursing home residents - National Healthcare Safety Network, United States, December 2023 † Characteristic Total no. of facilities § (column %) Updated (2023-2024) COVID-19 vaccine Influenza vaccine RSV vaccine
Abbreviations: HHS = U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; RSV = respiratory syncytial virus; SVI = social vulnerability index.*Estimates of coverage (percentage of residents vaccinated) with influenza, RSV, and updated (2023-2024) COVID vaccines and 95% CIs were calculated using Poisson regression models.Residents who reported having a medical contraindication to each vaccine were subtracted from the corresponding denominator.
† † † † https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/12/05/covid-vaccine-nursinghomes-dakota/;https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/12/07/lessons-nursing-home-covid-vaccine/?utm_campaign=wp_follow_ leana_s.+wen&utm_medium=email&utm_source=newsletter&wpisrc=nlleanas.+wen have the potential to improve vaccination coverage in other states.CDC is also engaged in efforts to increase vaccination coverage, including sharing NHSN surveillance data with state and local health departments and CMS Quality Innovation Networks-Quality Improvement Organizations to guide targeted outreach and educational efforts in nursing homes with lower vaccination coverage, contacting facilities with high coverage to learn about and promote successful strategies employed, working with national organizations that represent nursing homes to help educate staff members and residents, responding to barriers by developing a Healthcare Provider Toolkit to facilitate vaccination and conduct