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Surveillance for Traumatic Brain Injury--Related Deaths --- United States, 1997--2007

Victor G. Coronado, MD1
Likang Xu, MD1
Sridhar V. Basavaraju, MD1
Lisa C. McGuire, PhD1
Marlena M. Wald, MPH1
Mark D. Faul, PhD1
Bernardo R. Guzman, MD2
John D. Hemphill1

1Division of Injury Response, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
2Preventive Medicine and Public Health Residency Program, Andalusian Preventive Medicine and Public Health Training Unit, Spain



Corresponding author: Victor G. Coronado, MD, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F-62, Atlanta, GA 30341. Telephone: 770-488-1568; Fax: 770-488-3551; E-mail: vgc1@cdc.gov.

Abstract

Problem/Condition: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States. Approximately 53,000 persons die from TBI-related injuries annually. During 1989--1998, TBI-related death rates decreased 11.4%, from 21.9 to 19.4 per 100,000 population. This report describes the epidemiology and annual rates of TBI-related deaths during 1997--2007.

Reporting Period: January 1, 1997--December 31, 2007.

Description of System: Data were analyzed from the CDC multiple-cause-of-death public-use data files, which contain death certificate data from all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Results: During 1997--2007, an annual average of 53,014 deaths (18.4 per 100,000 population; range: 17.8--19.3) among U.S. residents were associated with TBIs. During this period, death rates decreased 8.2%, from 19.3 to 17.8 per 100,000 population (p = 0.001). TBI-related death rates decreased significantly among persons aged 0--44 years and increased significantly among those aged ≥75 years. The rate of TBI deaths was three times higher among males (28.8 per 100,000 population) than among females (9.1). Among males, rates were highest among non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Natives (41.3 per 100,000 population) and lowest among Hispanics (22.7). Firearm- (34.8%), motor-vehicle-- (31.4%), and fall-related TBIs (16.7%) were the leading causes of TBI-related death. Firearm-related death rates were highest among persons aged 15--34 years (8.5 per 100,000 population) and ≥75 years (10.5). Motor vehicle--related death rates were highest among those aged 15--24 years (11.9 per 100,000 population). Fall-related death rates were highest among adults aged ≥75 years (29.8 per 100,000 population). Overall, the rates for all causes except falls decreased.

Interpretation: Although the overall rate of TBI-related deaths decreased during 1997--2007, TBI remains a public health problem; approximately 580,000 persons died with TBI-related diagnoses during this reporting period in the United States. Rates of TBI-related deaths were higher among young and older adults and certain minority populations. The leading external causes of this condition were incidents related to firearms, motor vehicle traffic, and falls.

Public Health Actions: Accurate, timely, and comprehensive surveillance data are necessary to better understand and prevent TBI-related deaths in the United States. CDC multiple-cause-of-death public-use data files can be used to monitor the incidence of TBI-related deaths and assist public health practitioners and partners in the development, implementation, and evaluation of programs and policies to reduce and prevent TBI-related deaths in the United States. Rates of TBI-related deaths are higher in certain population groups and are primarily related to specific external causes. Better enforcement of existing seat belt laws, implementation and increased coverage of more stringent helmet laws, and the implementation of existing evidence-based fall-related prevention interventions are examples of interventions that can reduce the incidence of TBI in the United States.

Introduction

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of injury death and disability in the United States, and persons of all ages, races/ethnicities, and incomes are affected (1). During 2002--2006, on average, approximately 1.7 million U.S. civilians sustained a TBI annually; of these, approximately 1.4 million were treated and released from emergency departments (EDs), 275,000 were hospitalized and discharged alive, and 52,000 died (2). TBI-related deaths represent approximately one third of all injury-related deaths (3). These deaths do not include persons who had a TBI while serving abroad in the U.S. military and those who did not seek medical care. Certain estimates suggest that persons who did not seek care might account for one fourth of all persons who sustain a TBI in the United States (4).

Overall in the United States, the highest combined rates of TBI-related ED visits, hospitalizations, and deaths occur in young children (aged <5 years), followed by adolescents (aged 15--19 years) and adults aged ≥75 years (2). Overall, males account for approximately 59% of all reported TBI cases in the United States (2). Older adults have the highest rates of TBI hospitalizations and deaths among all age groups (2), and TBI is the leading cause of injury-related death in children and young adults in the United States and other industrialized countries (5). The leading causes of TBI in the U.S. civilian population are falls (35%), motor vehicle--related injuries (17%), and a strike or blow to the head from or against an object (e.g., workplace or sports-related injuries [16.5%], assaults [10%], and other and unknown causes [21%] [2]). The incidence of blast-induced TBI in U.S. civilian populations is low, with a report of 0.2% of TBI cases in a major urban trauma center (6).

A comparison of rates over time reveals an increase in the incidence of TBI-related ED visits and hospitalizations during 1995--2006 (2,7). During that period, the age-adjusted rates of TBI-related ED visits increased from 401 to 468 per 100,000 population, and hospitalizations increased from 86 to 94 per 100,000 population. Meanwhile, deaths decreased from 18.1 to 17.4 per 100,000 population (2,7), a decrease that likely is attributable to preventive measures, such as seat belt use (8), helmet use (9,10), and better overall treatment for severe TBI in prehospital and hospital settings (11).

Long-term TBI-related disability results in reduced quality of life for the patient and prolonged medical, social, and economic effects on society (1,12--15). Current estimates suggest that approximately 3.2--5.3 million persons (1.1%--1.7% of the U.S. population) live with long-term disabilities (the loss of one or more physical or mental functions, such as fine motor skills needed to type) that result from an injury to the brain (16--18). These are likely underestimates of the prevalence of TBI because they do not include persons with TBI sequelae who were treated and released from EDs, those who sought care in other health-care settings, and those who did not seek treatment. The annual economic cost of TBI in the United States, including direct medical and rehabilitation costs and indirect societal economic costs, is estimated to be $60 billion (15).

Using vital statistics data for 1997--2007, this report provides the most recent estimates of TBI-related deaths in the United States. Also described are the leading external causes of death; the risk for TBI-related death by age, sex, race, and intention; and the populations at greatest risk for TBI-related death.

Methods

Data Source and Study Period

Data from the CDC multiple-cause-of-death public use data files (19) were analyzed for January 1, 1997--December 31, 2007. Records analyzed in this study encompass parts I and II of the cause of death section of the death certificate and reflect the data originally reported by the reporting official who completed the death certificate.  These data were compiled from death certificates submitted from the vital records offices of all 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC) and include deaths among veterans and active members of the Armed Forces that occurred within the 50 states and DC. Deaths that occurred outside the United States among U.S. residents and members of the Armed Forces are not included (http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/cmf.htm). The causes of death were recorded on the death certificate by the attending physician, medical examiner, or coroner using a format specified by the World Health Organization in collaboration with CDC (20). This report on TBI-related deaths includes International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) coded data for 1997 and 1998 and International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) coded data for 1999--2007 to highlight the impact of the ICD-10 implementation in 1999; the results of a bridge-coding study between these revisions are included and discussed briefly.

Case Definition

Cases of TBI were identified and selected from parts I and II of the death certificates in which one or more diagnostic codes representing TBI (21,22) were included in the sequence of conditions contributing to death. The following ICD-9 diagnosis codes were used to identify TBI deaths for 1997--1998 (22,23) in mortality data:

  • 800: fracture of vault of skull;
  • 801: fracture of base of skull;
  • 803: other skull fracture;
  • 804: multiple fractures involving skull or face with other bones;
  • 850: concussion;
  • 851: cerebral laceration and contusion;
  • 852: subdural, subarachnoid, and extradural hemorrhage after injury;
  • 853: other unspecified intracranial hemorrhage after injury;
  • 854: intracranial injury, not otherwise specified;
  • 905.0: late effects of fracture of the skull and face;
  • 907.0: late effects of intracranial injury without skull fracture; and
  • 873: other open wound to the head.

The following ICD-10 nature-of-injury codes were used to identify TBI deaths in mortality data for 1999−2007 (2):

  • S01.0−S01.9: open wound of the head;
  • S02.0, S02.1, S02.3, S02.7--S02.9: fracture of the skull and facial bones;
  • S04.0: injury to optic nerve and pathways;
  • S06.0−S06.9: intracranial injury;
  • S07.0, S07.1, S07.8, S07.9: crushing injury of head;
  • S09.7−S09.9: other and unspecified injuries of head;
  • T01.0: open wounds involving head with neck;
  • T02.0: fractures involving head with neck;
  • T04.0: crushing injuries involving head with neck;
  • T06.0: injuries of brain and cranial nerve with injuries of nerves and spinal cord at neck level; and
  • T90.1, T90.2, T90.4, T90.5, T90.8, T90.9: sequelae of injuries of head.

To address technical issues related to the implementation of ICD-10, CDC conducted a study in which all cases of TBI-related deaths for 1996 were coded using both ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes (24). The results of this study indicate that the agreement between the ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes used to identify TBI is nearly 96.5%, with a comparability ratio of 0.9985 (24,25). The term agreement indicates that a record is classified in the same ICD category (e.g., TBI) regardless of which ICD revision is used to classify the record. The percentage of agreement reflects the proportion of records that were classified as TBI related both using ICD-9 and ICD-10 coding among all records classified as TBI related. The comparability ratio is calculated by dividing the number of records classified as TBI related when coded using ICD-10 divided by the number of records classified as TBI related when coded using ICD-9, regardless of whether these are the same records. The comparability ratio better describes the impact that ICD-10 implementation had on cause-specific statistical trends. A comparability ratio of 1.00 implies that the number classified as TBI related is virtually unchanged using ICD-10 coding compared with ICD-9 coding.

For this report, the external causes of death were obtained from the underlying cause-of-death field of the mortality file. External cause-of-injury categories for 1997--1998 are based on ICD-9 codes and for 1999--2007 are based on ICD-10 codes (25). However, the ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes are different. For example, in the ICD-9 version, the prefix used to distinguish external causes begins with an E, whereas in ICD-10, the prefix begins with V, W, X, Y, or U. In addition, the organization-of-transport incident codes are different. These codes are based on type of vehicle and the characteristics of the injured person in ICD-9 and ICD-10, respectively. The ICD-9 and ICD-10 coding study conducted by CDC using 1996 data indicated that the overall comparability ratio for all causes of injury combined was relatively good (1.0159); similarly good were the ratios for unintentional and undetermined falls (0.9991 and 0.9857, respectively) and assaults (1.0020, including firearm and other). In contrast, the comparability ratio for unintentional motor vehicle traffic--related TBI was poor (0.9545). The comparability ratios varied by specific external mechanism of death (i.e., for motorcycles, 1.1520; for pedestrian, 0.9535; for pedal cycle, 0.8038; for occupant, 0.6191) and was not determined for other and unspecified causes (24,25).

Given the overall comparability ratios for both nature of injury and external causes of death, no adjustments were made to the trend data presented in this report. Similarly, because averaged data presented in this report involved 2 years of data with ICD-9 codes and 9 years of data with ICD-10 codes, the impact of implementing ICD-10 might somewhat be negligible, and no adjustments were made.

For injuries, ICD-9 (23) and ICD-10 (26) specify that the underlying cause should be coded and that the nature-of-injury codes alone cannot be used to classify underlying cause of death. Therefore, as in a previous CDC report (27), the suffix "related" was added to describe TBI external causes (e.g., motor vehicle--related TBI death). The underlying cause of death is defined as 1) the disease or injury that initiated the chain of health-related events leading directly to death or 2) the circumstances of the accident or violence that produced the fatal injury (23). For all deaths, the underlying cause is selected from conditions reported in the medical certification section of the death certificate. The method used in this report identifies more TBIs than the method used in previous CDC reports (2,7).

Stratifying and Calculating Rates

Data were stratified by age, race, sex, and external cause. Age groups (i.e., 0--4, 5--9, 10--14, 15--19, 20--24, 25--34, 35--44, 45--54, 55--64, 65--74, 75--84, and ≥85 years) are based on a previous CDC publication (2). Age-adjusted rates were standardized to the U.S. census population estimates for 2000 by the direct method (2). To more precisely calculate age-adjusted and age-specific rates, 342 cases with missing age data were excluded. However, excluded cases were included in the calculation of crude rates. Specific TBI fatality rates for three race categories with the highest incidence of TBI (i.e., black, American Indian/Alaska Native [AI/AN], and white) and for Hispanic ethnicity were calculated, as were sex- and age-specific rates. Because race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on death certificates, persons can be classified as Hispanic or non-Hispanic, and persons of Hispanic origin might be of any race. In this report, data for Hispanics were not calculated separately by race but were classified as Hispanic. Data for non-Hispanic persons were tabulated by race; therefore, in this report, blacks, AI/ANs, and whites are all non-Hispanic. These race/ethnicity-related rates were based on U.S. bridged-race population estimates of the resident population released and maintained by CDC for individual years (28). Bridged-race estimates permit estimation and comparison of race-specific statistics at a point in time or over time (28). Data for Hispanic origin should be interpreted with caution because of inconsistencies between reporting Hispanic origin on death certificates and on censuses and surveys. External causes of TBI deaths were categorized on the basis of CDC-recommended ICD-9 and ICD-10 external cause-of-injury codes (Table 1). Other causes of TBI-related deaths that are intentional (e.g., child maltreatment and interpersonal violence) and unintentional (e.g., sport and recreational injuries) are not addressed in this report. Numbers, rates, and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated before rounding and determined based on the totals for all 11 years, not the annual average; therefore, certain results might not be consistent among the report tables. Appropriate 95% CIs were calculated for all rates presented in this report on the basis of standard errors for random variation in the number of deaths each year, as recommended by CDC (29). Rates calculated from a sample size of <20 for all years combined are not shown because they are unstable (2). Linear regression was used to determine the significance of change over time during the interval and the decrease of specific external causes of death (i.e., motor vehicle--related, firearm-related, and fall-related TBIs). Differences with p values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

During 1997--2007, an annual average of 53,014 TBI-related deaths (18.4 per 100,000 population; range: 50,680--54,906) occurred among U.S. residents (Table 2). During this period, deaths decreased 8.2%, from 19.3 to 17.8 per 100,000 population (p = 0.001).

Age Group

The TBI-related mortality rate for 1997--2007 was highest among persons aged ≥75 years, especially those aged ≥85 years (Figure 1). During this period, overall TBI-death rates decreased significantly among persons aged 0--44 years (p = 0.002), especially among those aged 5--19 years (p<0.001), and increased significantly among those aged ≥75 years (p = 0.03) (Table 3). TBI-related death rates remained relatively unchanged among persons aged 45--74 years.

Sex

The TBI-related mortality rate for males decreased from 30.5 per 100,000 population in 1997 to 27.9 in 2007 (8.5%; p = 0.002). Among females, this rate decreased by 9.5%, from 9.6 to 8.7 per 100,000 population (p<0.001) (Table 2). During each year of this reporting period, the TBI-related death rates among males in each age and race group were higher than those among females, especially among persons aged 20--24 years. In this age group, males had rates at least four times higher than those for females (Table 3).

Race/Ethnicity

Overall and for males and females, AI/ANs had the highest annual average TBI-related death rates (27.3; 41.3 and 14.4 per 100,000 population, respectively) (Table 2 and Figure 2). Blacks had the second-highest annual average rates of TBI-related deaths overall (19.3 per 100,000 population) and for males (32.2 per 100,000 population) (Table 2). Hispanics had the lowest rates of TBI deaths overall and for both males and females (14.4; 22.7 and 6.3 per 100,000 population, respectively) (Table 2 and Figure 2). During this reporting period, the annual TBI-related death rates decreased for all racial/ethnic groups, especially for AI/ANs (p = 0.002) and blacks (p<0.001). The TBI-related death rates by sex decreased significantly among black males (p<0.001) and females (p<0.001) and AI/AN females (p<0.001). These rates also decreased significantly among Hispanic males (p<0.001) (Table 2).

Mechanisms of TBI-Related Deaths

During 1997--2007, firearm-related events (34.8%), motor vehicle--related events (31.4%), and fall-related events (16.7%) were the leading causes of TBI-related death (Figures 3 and 4). TBI-related death rates varied by sex and age group (Table 4 and Figure 5). Firearm-related TBI death rates were highest among persons aged 20--24 and ≥75 years. Motor vehicle--related TBI death rates were highest among persons aged 15--24 years. Fall-related TBI death rates were highest among adults aged ≥75 years and increased significantly with age. In each age group and for each external cause, males had higher rates of TBI-related death than females (Table 4).

During 1997--2007, the rates of fall-related TBI deaths increased by 59.6%, from 2.4 to 3.8 per 100,000 population (p<0.001) (Table 5 and Figure 4); during the same period, the rates for firearm-related TBI deaths decreased by 13.6%, from 7.2 to 6.2 per 100,000 population (p = 0.004) (Table 6 and Figure 4), and the rates of motor vehicle--related TBI deaths decreased by 22.0%, from 6.4 to 5.0 per 100,000 population (p<0.001) (Table 7 and Figure 4). The observed increases and decreases by each external mechanism occurred almost at a constant rate each year during the reporting period (Tables 5--7 and Figure 4).

Firearms

During 1997--2007, rates of firearm-related TBI death were higher in males, with the highest rates among persons aged 20--24 and ≥75 years (Table 4). Overall, the rates among males (11.2 per 100,000 population) were approximately 6 times higher than among females (1.8 per 100,000 population) (Table 4). Among all firearm-related TBI deaths, 74.2% were suicides, 22.2% were homicides (Table 6), and 3.6% were unintentional, of unknown intentionality, or related to legal intervention (i.e., injury or poisoning caused by police or other legal authorities, including security guards, during law enforcement activities). In this period, death rates for firearm-related TBI suicides decreased 11.5%, from 5.1 to 4.7 per 100,000 population (p = 0.003), and for firearm-related homicides decreased 21.8%, from 1.7 to 1.4 per 100,000 population (p = 0.03).

During this reporting period, rates of firearm-related TBI death varied by race/ethnicity (Tables 6 and 8). Among blacks (7.6 per 100,000 population), 66.1% were homicides (Table 6); black men aged 20--24 and 25--34 years had the highest annual average rate of firearm-related TBI deaths (43.6 and 28.8 per 100,000 population, respectively) (Table 8). These overall rates among blacks decreased by 22.8%, from 9.3 to 7.2 per 100,000 population (p = 0.02) (Table 6). Whites had the second highest rates of firearm-related TBI deaths (6.5 per 100,000 population) (Table 6). Except among children aged 5--9 years, these rates among white males were higher than among females and increased with age, from 9.1 per 100,000 population among those aged 15--19 years to 34.7 per 100,000 among persons aged ≥85 years (Table 8). In this reporting period, firearm-related TBI deaths among whites decreased slightly until 1999 and remained relatively unchanged since then (Table 6). During 1997--2007, the rates of firearm-related TBI deaths among AI/AN was 6.3 per 100,000 population (Table 6), with 67.5% from suicide (Table 6). These rates were especially high among AI/AN males aged 15--19, 20--24, and 25--34 years (18.6, 25.2, and 18.3 per 100,000 population, respectively) (Table 8). During 1997--2007, firearm-related TBI deaths among AI/ANs remained relatively unchanged (p = 0.1) (Table 6). Hispanics had the lowest annual average rates of firearm-related TBI deaths (3.9 per 100,000 population) (Table 6). These rates were higher among Hispanics aged 15--19, 20--24, 75--84, and ≥85 years (7.1, 9.1, 4.6, and 4.9 per 100,000 population, respectively) (Table 8). In this reporting period, firearm-related TBI deaths among Hispanics decreased 23.1%, from 4.8 to 3.7 per 100,000 population (p<0.001) (Table 6). Among all race/ethnic and age groups, firearm-related TBI suicides were higher among males than among females; these rates among males were substantially higher among AI/ANs aged 15--34 years and among white men aged ≥65 years. During 1997--2007, the rates of firearm-related TBI homicides were higher among males regardless of race/ethnicity and age group (except among women aged 75--84 years); however, these rates were highest among blacks aged 15--34 years.

Motor Vehicles

During 1997--2007, the overall rate of motor vehicle--related TBI deaths among males (8.2 per 100,000 population) was 2.4 times higher than among females (3.5 per 100,000 population) (Table 4). This rate was also higher among males in every age group. The highest rates were among males aged 15--19 years (15.3 per 100,000 population), 20--24 years (17.9 per 100,000 population), and ≥85 years (13.0 per 100,000 population) (Table 4).

During this reporting period, rates of motor vehicle--related TBI deaths varied by race (Tables 7 and 9). AI/ANs had the highest annual average rate of motor vehicle--related TBI deaths (11.5 per 100,000 population) (Table 7). The rate among AI/ANs decreased significantly by 24.5%, from 12.8 per 100,000 population in 1997 to 9.5 per 100,000 population in 2007 (p = 0.001) (Table 7). Whites had the second-highest annual average rate of motor vehicle--related TBI deaths (6.1 per 100,000 population) (Table 7), decreasing 20.1%, from 6.7 per 100,000 population in 1997 to 5.3 per 100,000 population in 2007 (p<0.001) (Table 7). In addition, blacks (5.4 per 100,000 population) and Hispanics (5.0 per 100,000 population) had the lowest average annual rates of motor vehicle--related TBI deaths (Table 7). These rates among blacks decreased 27.2% (p<0.001), from 6.2 to 4.5 per 100,000 population, and among Hispanics decreased 22.4% (p = 0.03), from 5.4 to 4.2 per 100,000 population during 1997--2007 (Table 7). Overall, in each racial group, and in both sexes (except AI/AN girls aged 5--14 years), rates of motor vehicle--related TBI death rates were highest among males, especially among those aged 15--24 years (Table 9). In each racial group, these rates increased with age for those aged 65--84 years. However, among white males, these age-related increases also occurred among persons aged ≥85 years (Table 9).

During 1997--2007, the annual overall rates of motor vehicle--related TBI deaths decreased significantly among vehicle occupants by 45.5%, from 3.7 to 2.0 per 100,000 population (p<0.001); among pedestrians by 32.8%, from 0.8 to 0.5 per 100,000 population (p<0.001); and among pedal cyclists by 49.4%, from 0.2 to 0.1 per 100,000 population (p = 0.02) (Table 10). In contrast, motorcycle-related TBI death rates for the same period increased 133.1%, from 0.3 to 0.6 per 100,000 population (p<0.001) (Table 10). During this period, rates decreased significantly among vehicle occupants, pedal cyclists, and pedestrians of all racial/ethnic groups except AI/AN pedal cyclists (Tables 11 and 12). In contrast, the rates of TBI-related deaths among motorcyclists of all racial/ethnic groups significantly increased in this reporting period (p<0.001; Tables 10--12).

Falls

The overall rate of fall-related TBI deaths among males (3.7 per 100,000 population) was 1.5 times higher than among females (2.5 per 100,000 population) during this reporting period (Table 13). These rates in all age groups were also higher among males than females and increased significantly with age for both sexes. Overall, the highest rates of fall-related TBI deaths were among men aged 65--74 years (9.4 per 100,000 population), 75--84 years (29.2 per 100,000 population), and ≥85 years (78.4 per 100,000 population) (Tables 4 and 13). Similarly, the highest rates of fall-related TBI deaths were among females aged 65--74 years (4.5 per 100,000 population), 75--84 years (16.0 per 100,000 population), and ≥85 years (43.4 per 100,000 population) (Tables 4 and 13). Compared with overall annual rates of fall-related TBI deaths for persons aged 55--64 years, the rate ratio was 2.2 for persons aged 65--74 years, 7.1 for persons aged 75--84 years, and 17.8 for persons aged ≥85 years.

During 1997--2007, rates of fall-related TBI deaths varied by race/ethnicity (Table 13). AI/ANs had the highest annual average rate of fall-related TBI deaths (3.6 per 100,000 population) (Table 5), with the rate increasing 24.7% (p = 0.02), from 3.4 to 4.2 per 100,000 population (Table 5). Whites had the second-highest annual average rate of fall-related TBI deaths (3.2 per 100,000 population) (Table 5). This rate increased significantly by 67.2% (p<0.001), from 2.4 to 4.0 per 100,000 population (Table 5). The third-highest annual average rate of fall-related TBI deaths was among Hispanics (2.7 per 100,000 population) and blacks (2.0 per 100,000 population) (Table 5), with rates increasing 32.7% (p<0.001) during 1997--2007, from 2.2 to 3.0 per 100,000 population, and 17.1% (p = 0.02), from 1.8 to 2.1 per 100,000 population, respectively (Table 5). Overall and in each racial group, except among those aged 5--9 years, rates of fall-related TBI deaths were highest among males, particularly among those aged ≥65 years (Table 13).

Places of TBI-Related Deaths

During 1997--2007, the most common places of death related to TBI were inpatient facilities (5.3 per 100,000 population) and homes (4.1 per 100,000 population). Rates of TBI-related deaths in other and unknown places were 5.5 per 100,000 population (Table 14). The annual rates of TBI deaths during 1997--2007 decreased 59.4% for those who died on arrival, from 1.0 to 0.4 per 100,000 population (p<0.001), and 21.7% among those seen in EDs and other outpatient facilities, from 2.5 to 1.9 per 100,000 population (p<0.001) (Table 14). In contrast, during 1997--2007, these rates remained relatively stable in nursing homes (p = 0.69) and inpatient facilities (p = 0.67) (Table 14). During this period, AI/ANs and blacks had the highest overall average annual rate of TBI deaths occurring in inpatient settings, in EDs and other outpatient facilities, and among those who were dead on arrival. The rates among those who died in nursing homes and at home were higher among AI/ANs and whites (Table 15).

Discussion

The data presented in this report document an overall 8.2% decrease, from 19.3 to 17.8 per 100,000 population, in rates of TBI-related death in the United States during 1997--2007. Although less steep than in previous reporting periods, these trends follow the decreases reported by CDC for 1979--1992, from 24.6 to 19.3 per 100,000 population (30), and 1989--1998, from 21.9 to 19.4 per 100,000 population (27). During the current reporting period and during 1989--1998 (27), firearms continued to exceed motor vehicle crashes as the largest single mechanism of TBI-related death in the United States. Fall-related TBI deaths (especially among older adults) continued to increase, offsetting some of the decreases observed in motor vehicle--related and firearm-related TBI death rates during these periods. Overall, the rates of TBI-related deaths decreased slightly during this reporting period. This decrease highlights the successful efforts to prevent TBIs related to motor vehicle crashes. Given the substantially high rates, additional improvements are warranted targeting prevention of TBI deaths from falls and firearms

Multiple factors might have contributed to the overall decreases in TBI-related deaths. The largest decreases observed since the 1980s might be related to a decrease in motor vehicle--related deaths, largely because of the widespread use of seat belts, airbags, child safety seats, and motorcycle helmets (31--33). Other contributing factors to the observed decreases in motor vehicle--related TBI deaths include graduated licensing of novice, young drivers; education programs to improve driver performance and safety (1,34,35); and changes to public policy and safety laws, including reduction of speed limits, seat belt and helmet laws, and road engineering practices (36). In addition, improved prehospital triage and referral, care of injured persons, and improved emergency and neurotrauma services in hospitals might also have helped to reduce the rate of TBI deaths (37--43).

Fall-related TBI death rates have steadily increased since the 1990s (27,30), especially among those aged ≥65 years. The results of this report indicate that rates of fatal fall-related TBI among those aged ≥65 years substantially increased with increasing age. These increases might partially be a result of improved diagnostic imaging, which allows for enhanced identification of TBI (43), better reporting (27), or the increasing occurrence of other age-related factors that predispose persons to falling and fall-related TBI (44). Examples of associated intrinsic factors include relevant health conditions (e.g., diabetes mellitus, cardiac arrhythmias, or blood dyscrasias); impaired balance; slower reaction times; decreased muscular strength; impaired cognition; use of multiple medications that might cause dizziness, postural hypotension, impaired reflexes and judgment; or use of anticoagulants (27,44--52). Extrinsic factors might also contribute to increased fall risk among older adults. These include living alone or in dwellings with clutter, poorly lighted spaces, or slippery surfaces and in dwellings with no safety features in bathrooms or on stairs (27,44,53--59). As the proportion of older adults continues to increase in the United States (60,61), more efficient and cost-effective fall-related prevention interventions must be designed and widely adopted especially in homes, health-care settings, and long-term care facilities (44). Because the ICD-9 to ICD-10 comparability ratio for fall-related in injuries is close to 1, changes in coding had minimal impact on these statistics.

Firearms

Firearm-related injuries are the second leading mechanism of injury death in the United States (62). Since 2000, approximately 30,000 persons have died each year from firearm-related injuries (63). Firearm-related head injuries are especially lethal; approximately two thirds of these injuries result in death (64). Approximately 75% of intentionally self-inflicted and 40% of firearm-related assault injury deaths result from injuries to the brain (64). Although the rates of firearm-related TBI deaths decreased during 1997--2007, males continued to have statistically significantly higher rates of death than females. The circumstances of the deaths in these groups might be attributed to homicide, suicide, and unintentional injury or other causes. Identification of the particular groups that are at risk provides opportunities for targeted prevention efforts.

The substantial number of boys aged 10--14 years who died from a TBI-related firearm injury suggests the potential for public health prevention measures. Interventions to reduce the risk for firearm-related deaths or injuries can be behavior oriented (e.g., education regarding safe storage and handling of guns, modification of other identifiable risk factors, and counseling) (65,66), product oriented (e.g., changing the design of firearms or making them more difficult for children or others to use unintentionally or intentionally if stolen or obtained illegally) (67), or policy oriented (e.g., licensing requirements and gun storage laws) (68--70). Because these measures have not been adequately evaluated, it is difficult to know which are the most effective in reducing firearm-related deaths or injuries (71). Continued targeted public health efforts and promotion of safe storage of firearms in households with children or households frequently visited by children is warranted.

Implementation of evidence-based strategies for the primary prevention of violence also is needed to reduce risk for homicide among adolescents and young adults. A substantial amount of research has identified risk factors for violence and weapon carrying and prevention strategies. For example, the Blueprints for Violence Prevention has identified 11 model programs and 19 promising programs that have shown significant, sustained reductions on youth violence or risk factors for youth violence (72). The substantial rate of firearm-related TBI suicide among older adults calls for improved screening for signs and symptoms of suicide, access to mental health care, and prevention strategies designed for this population. In 2004, persons aged ≥65 years comprised 12% of the U.S. population but accounted for 16% of suicide deaths (73). In addition, in 2004, the rate of suicide among persons aged ≥65 years was 14.3 per 100,000 population, compared with 11 per 100,000 in the general population (73). Previously, comorbid conditions including depression, mood disorders, and cancer have been associated with suicide among older adults (74). In addition, older adults who commit suicide are more likely to live in lower per capita income areas than persons in other age groups (75). Strategies that might be implemented to prevent firearm-related TBI suicides among older adults include health policy measures and population-based interventions to improve mental health care access in lower socioeconomic areas (76). An additional strategy to prevent suicidal behavior in all age and racial/ethnic groups includes building and strengthening individual, family, and community connectedness (http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/suicide_strategic_direction_full_version-a.pdf).

Motor Vehicles

Of the 53,014 TBI-related deaths that occur on average each year in the United States, motor vehicle--related incidents are the second leading cause (31.4%). Although these data highlight the substantial role of motor vehicle--related events in TBI deaths, during 1997--2007, motor vehicle--related TBI deaths decreased 22.0%, from 6.4 to 5.0 per 100,000 population. This decrease paralleled the 9.5% reduction in overall motor vehicle--related deaths monitored by the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) for 1995--2006 (77). These results indicated a decrease from 15.9 to 14.2 per 100,000 population, although vehicle miles traveled increased 21.4% from 2.5 billion to 3.0 billion during this period (77). The rate of motor vehicle crash deaths per 100 million miles traveled by drivers also decreased significantly by 62.7%, from 3.4 in 1975 to 1.3 in 2008 (78). One of the major factors in the decrease in motor vehicle--related deaths, including those with a TBI-related diagnosis, has been increased seat belt use supported by primary and secondary enforcement legislation. Under the primary legislation, a motorist can be stopped and ticketed solely on the basis on not wearing a seat belt; as of May 2009, 26 states and DC had such laws (79). Under secondary legislation, a motorist must be stopped for another violation before the person can be cited for not using a seat belt; as of May 2010, a total of 19 states had such laws (79). A 2009 CDC study using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) found that the median adult seat belt use in the United States and U.S. territories was 82.4% (range: 58.3% in North Dakota and South Dakota to 91.9% in California) (80). On average, seat belt use was 10.1 percentage points higher in states and territories with primary enforcement laws (86.0%) than in states with secondary enforcement laws (75.9%) (80). Furthermore, primary enforcement laws seem to have the greatest effect on sociodemographic groups that traditionally report lower levels of seat belt use (e.g., persons with less than a high school education, with an annual household income <$20,000, or who live in rural areas) (81).

However, even promulgation of such laws does not result in all adults using seat belts regularly, even when children are in the vehicle. A CDC study of approximately 9,000 adult drivers indicated that 15.9% of these drivers with at least one child in their household did not always wear a seat belt when driving with a child or children from their household (82). In addition, 17.5% of the adults interviewed did not wear seat belts when traveling as passengers with a child or children from their household (82). Lack of appropriate child safety restraint plays a role in deaths as well. In 2006, NHTSA reported that 1,794 vehicle occupants aged ≤14 years were involved in fatal crashes; among those whose restraint status was known, 25% were unrestrained (83).

Additional contributing factors to pediatric motor vehicle crash deaths include adult drivers who drive with a child or children from their household while under the influence of alcohol (84,85). For example, in 2006, NHTSA reported that of the children aged ≤14 years who were killed in motor vehicle crashes that year, 17% were passengers in vehicles driven by an adult with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) level of ≥0.08 g/dl (86). CDC found that of the 5,555 U.S. child passenger deaths during 1985--1996, 64% occurred while the child was riding with a drinking driver (i.e., a driver with a measurable blood alcohol concentration >2.17 mmol/L or 10 mg/dL) who was old enough to be the parent or caregiver (87). In the same study, nonfatal motor vehicle--related events were analyzed for 1988--1996; an estimated 58,000 of 149,000 child passengers who were nonfatally injured in crashes involving a drinking driver were injured while riding with a drinking driver (87). In addition, data indicate that as the level of alcohol-related impairment increases and the BAC surpasses the U.S. legal BAC limit of 0.08 g/dL among adult drivers, the percentage of appropriate child safety restraint use decreases (87).
In 2007, motor vehicle crashes caused approximately 7% of all AI/AN deaths. During 2003--2007, male AI/ANs had death rates that were 2--4 times higher than the rates of other races/ethnicities, with annual rates of approximately 43 deaths per 100,000 population. Furthermore, during 2003--2007, female AI/ANs also had the highest motor vehicle death rates, with approximately 21 deaths per 100,000 population (88). Given the high rate of TBI deaths among occupants of vehicles in the AI/AN populations in this report and a previous CDC investigation (89), additional studies should be considered to examine these causes, including motor vehicle--related events and BAC levels, in relation to deaths among children. In addition, population-specific, appropriate public health interventions should be designed to reduce motor vehicle--related TBI mortality.

In 2006, there were 30 million licensed drivers aged ≥65 years (approximately 15% of all drivers) in the United States, an increase of 18% from 1996 (90). Older adults represented 14% of all vehicle deaths and 19% of all pedestrian deaths in 2006 (91). Rates for both TBI motor vehicle--related deaths described in this report and overall motor vehicle--related deaths are highest among males in both categories (91). As age increases, men in their 70s and 80s are more likely to be involved in fatal crashes than women (91). In addition, older adults who choose not to drive and prefer to walk (91) increase their risk for motor vehicle--related injuries as pedestrians (92). Although trends in traffic deaths among older drivers have decreased in the United States in recent decades (90), additional study is needed to develop and assess primary prevention strategies for this rapidly increasing population.

Motorcyclists also are at risk for TBI-related deaths. Although annual rates of TBI death among motorcyclists are low, the findings in this report indicate that these rates increased significantly by approximately 133.1% during 1997--2007 (p<0.001). NHTSA estimated that the number of deaths per mile traveled on motorcycles in 2007 was approximately 37 times the number of deaths in cars (93). Motorcyclist deaths doubled during 1997--2008. In contrast, passenger vehicle occupant deaths reached a record low in 2008 (93).

Among the many factors that might have contributed to the increase in motorcyclist deaths, helmet use and laws seem to play a major role (94). Because motorcyclists are more prone to crash injuries than car occupants, wearing a helmet and protective clothing are the primary interventions to reduce injuries, including TBI, which is a leading cause of death among riders who do not wear helmets (94). Although a study conducted in the mid 1980s found that helmets might increase the risk for neck injuries (95), more recent evidence indicates that helmet use is not associated with increased neck injuries (96--98). Implementation of universal helmet laws (i.e., covering all riders) or weakening or repealing such laws might affect motorcycle-related TBI morbidity and mortality. Implementation of a universal helmet use law in California in 1992 increased helmet use to 99% from approximately 50% in 1991 (99), and the number of motorcyclist deaths in that state decreased approximately 37% during 1991--1992 (100). These data suggest that adequately enforced universal helmet laws can result in high rates of helmet use (99--101) and reduce mortality. In contrast, after Florida limited the coverage of its helmet law in 2000, exempting riders aged ≥21 years with ≥$10,000 of medical insurance coverage, NHTSA found that motorcyclist deaths per 10,000 motorcycle registrations increased 21% during the 2 years after the law was changed (102). These data suggest that helmet use laws that apply only to selected riders are difficult to enforce (103); moreover, these laws might be less effective than universal helmet laws at reducing crash-related deaths and injuries among the youngest drivers (102,103). Prevalence of helmet use for all riders remains low (approximately 50%) in states where limited-coverage laws or no helmet laws are in effect (102,104), and death rates are 20%--40% higher in states with weak laws or no laws compared with rates in states with helmet laws that apply to all riders (105). In 2010, a total of 20 states and DC had universal helmet laws, 27 states had laws covering certain riders (usually persons aged <18 years), and Illinois, Iowa, and New Hampshire did not have helmet laws (106).

Falls

Among adults aged ≥65 years, falls are the leading mechanism of injury deaths (107,108) and the leading external mechanism of TBI (2,108). The findings of this report suggest that the overall annual rates of fall-related TBI deaths increase dramatically with increasing age. Consistent with the increase in the number of older adults in the U.S. population and because persons are living longer, results in this report suggest that the rates of fall-related TBI mortality among older adults increased significantly during 1997--2007, paralleling the observed increases with age in TBI incidence among older adults (2,108).

Each year, approximately one third of older adults fall, and the likelihood of falling increases with advancing age (108). Data from the 2006 BRFSS indicated that approximately 5.8 million persons aged ≥65 years, or 15.9% of all U.S. adults in that age group, had fallen at least once during the preceding 3 months (109). Of respondents who reported that they had fallen, 23.1% indicated falling three or more times in the preceding 3 months (110). Even though older adults fall more frequently than younger persons, falls are not an inevitable consequence of aging (109). Fall-related risk factors, including muscle weakness, gait and balance problems, poor vision, use of psychoactive medications, and home hazards (111), can be modified to decrease the risk for falls among older adults. Evidenced-based fall-prevention programs already exist to address these modifiable risk factors. The most effective interventions include exercise, either solely or as a component of a multifaceted approach that includes better medication management, vision correction, and home modifications (44). More information on evidence-based fall-prevention strategies and other fall-related educational materials are available at http://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/falls/index-pr.html.

Adult caregivers who care for adults aged ≥18 years are present in three of every 10 households, or approximately 48.9 million caregivers in the United States (21.5% of the U.S. population) (112). Because the majority of these caregivers (approximately 34 million) provide care to persons aged ≥50 years (112--114), they can help prevent and reduce falls among older adults. Moreover, caregivers help these adults to remain in their community for a longer period (113,114). Caregivers can promote healthy living among older adults by learning about TBI prevention measures in the home. Help Seniors Live Better, Longer: Prevent Brain Injury is a CDC initiative to raise awareness among caregivers of older adults about ways to prevent, recognize, and respond to TBI. More information is available at http://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury.

Unless effective preventive measures are implemented, the number of fall-related injuries, including TBI, is likely to increase because the number of persons aged ≥65 years in the United States is expected to increase from almost 35 million in 2000 to 71 million in 2030 (115), and the number of persons aged ≥80 years is expected to increase from approximately 9 million in 2000 to 19.5 million in 2030 (115). TBIs also might increase in the states with the largest number of older persons (e.g., California, Florida, and Illinois) (116) or have the greatest projected increases in these populations. For example, 26% of Florida's population is projected to be aged ≥65 years in 2025 (117).

Limitations

The findings in this report are subject to at least four limitations. First, when deaths involve injuries or unusual or suspicious circumstances, the cause of death is typically investigated, certified, and reported by a medical examiner or coroner (118,119). In this report, cause-of-death data reported from death certificates rely on accurate reporting and recording by medical examiners and coroners. The number of certificates with inaccurate recording cannot be quantified; therefore, the total number of TBI deaths in this report might be overestimated or underestimated, and cause-of-death data in this report derived from death certificates are subject to incomplete reporting or misclassification. Second, little is known about the accuracy of reported circumstances and causes of injury-related deaths at the national level in the United States. The cause of death for deaths involving an injury tends to be more straightforward than for deaths from other causes because of the immediate fatal outcome; therefore, the accuracy of the reported cause is expected to be high (120,121). However, other factors might bias certain causes of death (e.g., lack of specificity regarding the circumstances of the injury [122,123] and inconsistencies in the definition and specification of the manner or intent of death [122]). Third, depending on the ICD-9 to ICD-10 comparability ratios, implementation of ICD-10 in 1999 might have affected the estimates for selected diagnoses and external cause of injury. Applying the comparability ratios to the ICD-9 portion of the trend does not lead to different conclusions because the ratios that measure the effect of implementing the ICD-10 barely diverge from the null value (1.00). Overall, implementation of ICD-10 had a minimal effect on the TBI-related estimates, as indicated by the good comparability ratio for this condition (24,25). However, estimates for selected overall and specific external causes of injury might have increased by as much as 15% for motorcycle-related injuries or decreased by approximately 5% for unintentional motor-vehicle traffic and pedestrians injuries, 20% for pedal cycle-related injuries, and 40% for motor vehicle occupant--related injuries (24,25). Nevertheless, during 1999--2007, motorcycle-related TBI deaths increased significantly by 68.3%, and motor-vehicle-related TBI deaths decreased significantly by 22.0. The ICD-9 to ICD-10 comparability ratio for assault-related injuries (including firearms and other) is close to 1, indicating changes in coding had a minimal impact on these estimates. Finally, death rates might have been affected by misclassification of race/ethnicity in both death counts and populations used in rate calculations. CDC has calculated the net effect of underestimating numerators and denominators on death rates by race/ethnicity (124). Adjusting for misclassification increases reported numbers of deaths for AI/ANs by 30%, Hispanics by 5%, and blacks by 1%. Adjusting for misclassification also decreases reported rates for blacks by 5% and whites by 1%. Therefore, adjustment for misclassification in this study would have resulted in a slightly decreased difference in rates between blacks and whites and an increased difference in rates between AI/ANs and whites. To allow historical comparisons of TBI-related deaths (27, no such adjustments were made in this report.

Conclusion

Although rates of TBI deaths decreased during 1997--2007, an average of approximately 53,000 persons still die annually in the United States with TBI-related diagnoses. In addition, deaths from fall-related TBIs increased, as did rates of firearm-related homicides among persons aged 20--24 years and suicides among persons aged ≥75 years. Although strategies have been developed to prevent and manage falls among older adults (125) and to prevent firearm-related suicides and homicides in populations at risk (126,127), additional research is needed to identify modifiable risk factors and to develop more effective prevention interventions. A first step toward achieving greater reductions in TBI mortality and morbidity is effective dissemination of findings to persons at high risk for TBI, health care practitioners, public health and injury-control professionals, the public, and policy makers. More information is available at http://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury.

Acknowledgments

This report is based, in part, on contributions by Arialdi M. Miniño, MPH, Division of Vital Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, CDC.

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TABLE 1. ICD−9 and ICD−10 codes for external cause of traumatic brain injury

Description

ICD−9

ICD−10

Motor vehicle traffic−related (unintentional)

E810−E819

V02−V04 (.1, .9), V09.2, V12−V14 (.3−.9), V19 (.4−.6), V20−V28 (.3−.9), V29−V79 (.4−.9), V80 (.3−.5), V81.1, V82.1, V83−V86 (.0−.3), V87 (.0−.8), V89.2

Occupant

E810−E819 (.0, .1)

V30−V79 (.4−.9), V83−V86 (.0−.3)

Motorcycle

E810−E819 (.2, .3)

V20−V28 (.3−.9), V29 (.4−.9)

Pedal cycle

E810−E819 (.6)

V12−V14 (.3−.9), V19 (.4−.6)

Pedestrian

E810−E819 (.7)

V02−V04 (.1, .9), V09.2

Other/Unspecified

E810−E819 (.4, .5, .8, .9)

V80 (.3−.5), V81.1, V82.1, V87 (.0−.8), V89.2

Falls

E880−E886, E888, E957, E968.1, E987

W00−W19, X80, Y01, Y30

Firearms

E922, E955 (.0−.4), E965 (.0−.4), E970, E985 (.0−.4)

U01.4, W32--W34, X72−X74, X93−X95, Y22−Y24, Y35.0

Suicide

E955 (.0−.4)

X72−X74

Homicide

E965 (.0−.4)

U01.4, X93−X95

Other

E922, E970, E985 (.0−.4)

W32−W34, Y22−Y24, Y35.0

Other/Unspecified

All other E codes

All other cause codes

Abbreviations: ICD-9 = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision; ICD-10 = International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision.


TABLE 2. Numbers and age-adjusted rates per 100,000 population for traumatic brain injury deaths, by year, sex, and race/ethnicity --- United States, 1997--2007

Year

Sex

White, non-Hispanic

Black, non-Hispanic

American Indian/Alaska Native

Hispanic

Other/
Unknown

Total

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

1997

M

28,165

30.0

(29.7--30.4)

5,571

37.2

(36.1--38.2)

465

50.7

(45.4--56.1)

3,468

24.8

(23.8--25.8)

854

38,523

30.5

(30.2--30.8)

F

10,887

9.9

(9.7--10.1)

1,707

10.0

(9.5--10.4)

153

15.4

(12.7--18.0)

836

6.3

(5.8--6.8)

357

13,940

9.6

(9.4--9.8)

Total

39,052

19.3

(19.1--19.5)

7,278

22.4

(21.8--22.9)

618

32.0

(29.2--34.8)

4,304

15.3

(14.8--15.8)

1,211

52,463

19.3

(19.2--19.5)

1998

 

 

M

28,293

30.0

(29.6--30.4)

5,334

35.7

(34.7--36.8)

423

41.6

(37.1--46.1)

3,444

23.9

(22.9--24.9)

842

38,336

30.1

(29.8--30.4)

F

11,143

10.0

(9.8--10.2)

1,598

9.2

(8.8--9.7)

179

16.6

(14.1--19.2)

887

6.7

(6.2--7.2)

363

14,170

9.6

(9.4--9.8)

Total

39,436

19.3

(19.1--19.5)

6,932

21.2

(20.7--21.7)

602

28.5

(26.0--30.9)

4,331

15.1

(14.6--15.6)

1,205

52,506

19.1

(19.0--19.3)

1999

M

27,884

29.4

(29.0--29.7)

5,166

34.4

(33.4--35.4)

441

43.4

(38.9--48.0)

3,445

23.8

(22.8--24.8)

829

37,765

29.3

(29.0--29.6)

F

11,145

9.8

(9.7--10.0)

1,638

9.4

(8.9--9.9)

165

15.7

(13.1--18.2)

870

6.3

(5.8--6.7)

358

14,176

9.4

(9.3--9.6)

Total

39,029

18.9

(18.7--19.1)

6,804

20.7

(20.2--21.2)

606

29.0

(26.5--31.5)

4,315

14.7

(14.2--15.2)

1,187

51,941

18.7

(18.5--18.8)

2000

 

 

M

27,357

28.6

(28.2--28.9)

4,947

31.7

(30.8--32.7)

421

40.0

(35.7--44.3)

3,656

23.2

(22.3--24.2)

808

37,189

28.3

(28.0--28.6)

F

10,528

9.4

(9.2--9.5)

1,502

8.4

(8.0--8.8)

170

14.7

(12.4--16.9)

939

6.6

(6.1--7.1)

352

13,491

8.9

(8.8--9.1)

Total

37,885

18.3

(18.2--18.5)

6,449

19.0

(18.6--19.5)

591

26.6

(24.3--28.9)

4,595

14.8

(14.3--15.3)

1,160

50,680

18.0

(17.8--18.1)

2001

M

28,634

29.6

(29.3--30.0)

5,028

32.0

(31.0--32.9)

437

40.3

(36.1--44.5)

3,921

23.3

(22.4--24.2)

855

38,875

29.2

(28.9--29.5)

F

10,883

9.5

(9.3--9.7)

1,457

8.2

(7.7--8.6)

190

16.7

(14.2--19.2)

989

6.7

(6.2--7.2)

366

13,885

9.0

(8.9--9.2)

Total

39,517

18.9

(18.7--19.1)

6,485

19.0

(18.5--19.5)

627

28.0

(25.6--30.3)

4,910

14.9

(14.5--15.4)

1,221

52,760

18.5

(18.3--18.6)

2002

 

 

M

28,519

29.2

(28.9--)29.5)

4,909

30.9

(30.0--31.8)

485

42.8

(38.7--47.0)

3,968

23.0

(22.1--23.8)

890

38,771

28.7

(28.4--29.0)

F

10,897

9.5

(9.3--9.7)

1,467

8.0

(7.6--8.5)

174

14.9

(12.6--17.2)

989

6.2

(5.8--6.6)

386

13,913

9.0

(8.8--9.1)

Total

39,416

18.7

(18.6--18.9)

6,376

18.4

(17.9--18.9)

659

28.4

(26.1--30.7)

4,957

14.4

(14.0--14.9)

1,276

52,684

18.2

(18.1--18.4)

2003

M

28,394

28.9

(28.5--29.2)

5,030

31.0

(30.0--31.9)

503

45.3

(40.9--49.6)

4,023

22.4

(21.5--23.2)

825

38,775

28.4

(28.1--28.7)

F

10,937

9.4

(9.2--9.5)

1,539

8.4

(8.0--8.9)

166

14.7

(12.3--17.0)

1,068

6.7

(6.2--7.1)

398

14,108

8.9

(8.8--9.1)

Total

39,331

18.5

(18.3--18.7)

6,569

18.8

(18.3--19.2)

669

29.4

(27.0--31.8)

5,091

14.5

(14.0--14.9)

1,223

52,883

18.1

(17.9--18.2)

2004

 

 

M

28,502

28.7

(28.4--29.0)

4,934

30.6

(29.7--31.5)

439

38.5

(34.5--42.4)

3,996

21.3

(20.6--22.1)

755

38,626

27.9

(27.6--28.2)

F

11,391

9.7

(9.5--9.9)

1,510

8.2

(7.7--8.6)

166

13.4

(11.3--15.5)

1,040

6.3

(5.8--6.7)

417

14,524

9.1

(8.9--9.2)

Total

39,893

18.6

(18.4--18.8)

6,444

18.3

(17.9--18.8)

605

25.3

(23.2--27.4)

5,036

13.8

(13.4--14.2)

1,172

53,150

18.0

(17.8--18.1)

2005

M

29,497

29.4

(29.1--29.8)

5,229

31.5

(30.5--32.4)

478

39.6

(35.9--43.4)

4,324

22.7

(21.9--23.5)

884

40,412

28.8

(28.5--29.1)

F

11,340

9.5

(9.3--9.7)

1,514

8.2

(7.8--8.6)

160

13.2

(11.1--15.3)

1,091

6.2

(5.8--6.6)

389

14,494

8.9

(8.8--9.1)

Total

40,837

18.9

(18.7--19.1)

6,743

18.9

(18.4--19.3)

638

26.0

(23.9--28.1)

5,415

14.4

(14.0--14.9)

1,273

54,906

18.3

(18.2--18.5)

2006

 

 

M

29,119

28.7

(28.4--29.1)

5,296

31.2

(30.3--32.1)

460

38.5

(34.8--42.2)

4,322

21.7

(20.9--22.4)

832

40,029

28.1

(27.8--28.4)

F

11,385

9.4

(9.3--9.6)

1,446

7.6

(7.2--8.0)

154

12.3

(10.3--14.3)

1,057

5.9

(5.5--6.2)

394

14,436

8.8

(8.6--8.9)

Total

40,504

18.6

(18.4--18.7)

6,742

18.4

(18.0--18.9)

614

24.9

(22.9--27.0)

5,379

13.7

(13.3--14.2)

1,226

54,465

17.9

(17.8--18.1)

2007

M

29,593

28.9

(28.6--29.3)

5,069

29.0

(28.1--29.8)

429

36.3

(32.6--40.0)

4,197

20.8

(20.1--21.5)

884

40,172

27.9

(27.6--28.2)

F

11,462

9.3

(9.2--9.5)

1,441

7.5

(7.1--7.9)

145

11.7

(9.8--13.7)

1,086

5.8

(5.5--6.2)

410

14,544

8.7

(8.5--8.8)

Total

41,055

18.6

(18.4--18.8)

6,510

17.5

(17.1--17.9)

574

23.6

(21.6--25.6)

5,283

13.3

(12.9--13.7)

1,294

54,716

17.8

(17.6--17.9)

Total

M

313,957

29.2

(29.1--29.4)

56,513

32.2

(31.9--32.5)

4,981

41.3

(40.0--42.5)

42,764

22.7

(22.4--22.9)

9,258

427,473

28.8

(28.7--28.9)

F

121,998

9.6

(9.5--9.7)

16,819

8.4

(8.3--8.6)

1,822

14.4

(13.7--15.1)

10,852

6.3

(6.2--6.4)

4,190

155,681

9.1

(9.0--9.1)

 

Total

435,955

18.8

(18.8--18.9)

73,332

19.3

(19.1--19.4)

6,803

27.3

(26.6--27.9)

53,616

14.4

(14.2--14.5)

13,448

583,154

18.4

(18.3--18.4)

Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; F = female; M = male.


TABLE 3. Numbers and rates per 100,000 population for traumatic brain injury deaths, by year, sex, and age group --- United States, 1997--2007

Age group (yrs)

0--4

5--9

10--14

15--19

Year

Sex 

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

1997

M

635

6.5

(5.9--7.0)

378

3.6

(3.3--4.0)

669

6.7

(6.2--7.2)

3,743

37.5

(36.3--38.7)

F

512

5.5

(5.0--5.9)

262

2.7

(2.3--3.0)

358

3.7

(3.4--4.1)

1,253

13.3

(12.6--14.0)

Total

1,147

6.0

(5.6--6.3)

640

3.2

(2.9--3.4)

1,027

5.2

(4.9--5.6)

4,996

25.8

(25.0--26.5)

1998 

M

664

6.8

(6.3--7.3)

407

3.9

(3.5--4.3)

722

7.1

(6.6--7.6)

3,551

34.8

(33.7--36.0)

F

490

5.2

(4.8--5.7)

257

2.6

(2.3--2.9)

338

3.5

(3.1--3.9)

1,251

13.0

(12.3--13.7)

Total

1,154

6.0

(5.7--6.4)

664

3.2

(3.0--3.5)

1,060

5.3

(5.0--5.7)

4,802

24.2

(23.5--24.9)

1999

M

610

6.2

(5.7--6.7)

379

3.6

(3.2--4.0)

577

5.6

(5.1--6.0)

3,414

33.1

(32.0--34.2)

F

435

4.7

(4.2--5.1)

254

2.5

(2.2--2.8)

304

3.1

(2.7--3.4)

1,213

12.4

(11.7--13.1)

Total

1,045

5.5

(5.1--5.8)

633

3.1

(2.8--3.3)

881

4.4

(4.1--4.6)

4,627

23.0

(22.4--23.7)

2000

M

628

6.4

(5.9--6.9)

358

3.4

(3.1--3.8)

551

5.2

(4.8--5.7)

3,377

32.4

(31.3--33.5)

F

449

4.8

(4.3--5.2)

266

2.7

(2.3--3.0)

278

2.8

(2.4--3.1)

1,162

11.8

(11.1--12.5)

Total

1,077

5.6

(5.3--5.9)

624

3.0

(2.8--3.3)

829

4.0

(3.7--4.3)

4,539

22.4

(21.7--23.0)

2001

M

619

6.2

(5.7--6.7)

329

3.2

(2.8--3.5)

534

5.0

(4.6--5.4)

3,204

30.5

(29.5--31.6)

F

440

4.6

(4.2--5.1)

239

2.4

(2.1--2.7)

263

2.6

(2.3--2.9)

1,061

10.7

(10.1--11.4)

Total

1,059

5.5

(5.1--5.8)

568

2.8

(2.6--3.0)

797

3.8

(3.5--4.1)

4,265

20.9

(20.3--21.6)

2002

M

569

5.7

(5.2--6.1)

286

2.8

(2.5--3.1)

502

4.6

(4.2--5.0)

3,246

30.8

(29.7--31.9)

F

417

4.3

(3.9--4.8)

217

2.2

(1.9--2.5)

283

2.7

(2.4--3.1)

1,099

11.1

(10.4--11.7)

Total

986

5.0

(4.7--5.3)

503

2.5

(2.3--2.7)

785

3.7

(3.5--4.0)

4,345

21.2

(20.6--21.9)

2003

M

621

6.1

(5.6--6.6)

276

2.7

(2.4--3.0)

558

5.1

(4.7--5.6)

3,028

28.6

(27.6--29.6)

F

444

4.6

(4.1--5.0)

179

1.9

(1.6--2.1)

260

2.5

(2.2--2.8)

1,034

10.3

(9.7--11.0)

Total

1,065

5.3

(5.0--5.7)

455

2.3

(2.1--2.5)

818

3.9

(3.6--4.1)

4,062

19.7

(19.1--20.4)

2004

M

569

5.5

(5.0--6.0)

257

2.6

(2.2--2.9)

492

4.5

(4.1--5.0)

2,929

27.4

(26.4--28.4)

F

447

4.5

(4.1--4.9)

190

2.0

(1.7--2.3)

269

2.6

(2.3--2.9)

1,073

10.6

(10.0--11.2)

Total

1,016

5.0

(4.7--5.3)

447

2.3

(2.1--2.5)

761

3.6

(3.3--3.9)

4,002

19.2

(18.6--19.8)

2005

M

602

5.8

(5.3--6.2)

235

2.3

(2.0--2.6)

455

4.3

(3.9--4.7)

2,970

27.4

(26.4--28.4)

F

452

4.5

(4.1--4.9)

205

2.1

(1.8--2.4)

230

2.3

(2.0--2.6)

994

9.7

(9.1--10.3)

Total

1,054

5.1

(4.8--5.5)

440

2.2

(2.0--2.5)

685

3.3

(3.0--3.5)

3,964

18.8

(18.2--19.4)

2006

M

589

5.6

(5.1--6.0)

261

2.6

(2.3--2.9)

410

3.9

(3.5--4.3)

2,905

26.5

(25.5--27.4)

F

413

4.1

(3.7--4.5)

177

1.8

(1.6--2.1)

227

2.3

(2.0--2.6)

972

9.3

(8.8--9.9)

Total

1,002

4.9

(4.6--5.2)

438

2.2

(2.0--2.4)

637

3.1

(2.9--3.3)

3,877

18.1

(17.6--18.7)

2007

M

555

5.2

(4.8--5.6)

220

2.1

(1.9--2.4)

384

3.7

(3.3--4.1)

2,643

23.9

(23.0--24.8)

F

423

4.1

(3.7--4.5)

162

1.7

(1.4--1.9)

209

2.1

(1.8--2.4)

904

8.6

(8.1--9.2)

Total

978

4.7

(4.4--5.0)

382

1.9

(1.7--2.1)

593

2.9

(2.7--3.2)

3,547

16.4

(15.9--17.0)

Total

M

6,661

6.0

(5.8--6.1)

3,386

3.0

(2.9--3.1)

5,854

5.0

(4.9--5.2)

35,010

30.2

(29.8--30.5)

F

4,922

4.6

(4.5--4.7)

2,408

2.2

(2.1--2.3)

3,019

2.7

(2.6--2.8)

12,016

10.9

(10.8--11.1)

Total

11,583

5.3

(5.2--5.4)

5,794

2.6

(2.6--2.7)

8,873

3.9

(3.8--4.0)

47,026

20.8

(20.6--21.0)

Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; F = female; M = male.


TABLE 3. (Continued) Numbers and rates per 100,000 population for traumatic brain injury deaths, by year, sex, and age group --- United States, 1997--2007

Age group (yrs)

20--24

25--34

35--44

45--54

Year

Sex 

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

1997

M

4,197

46.0

(44.6--47.4)

6,528

31.4

(30.7--32.2)

6,031

27.5

(26.8--28.2)

4,449

26.6

(25.8--27.3)

F

941

10.7

(10.0--11.4)

1,720

8.4

(8.0--8.8)

1,857

8.3

(8.0--8.7)

1,289

7.4

(7.0--7.8)

Total

5,138

28.7

(27.9--29.5)

8,248

19.9

(19.5--20.4)

7,888

17.8

(17.4--18.2)

5,738

16.8

(16.4--17.2)

1998

 

 

M

4,099

44.2

(42.9--45.6)

6,012

29.3

(28.6--30.1)

5,972

26.9

(26.2--27.5)

4,537

26.3

(25.5--27.0)

F

863

9.7

(9.0--10.3)

1,656

8.2

(7.8--8.6)

1,884

8.4

(8.0--8.7)

1,338

7.5

(7.1--7.8)

Total

4,962

27.3

(26.6--28.1)

7,668

18.8

(18.4--19.2)

7,856

17.6

(17.2--17.9)

5,875

16.7

(16.2--17.1)

1999

M

3,999

42.1

(40.8--43.4)

5,749

28.4

(27.7--29.1)

5,873

26.2

(25.5--26.9)

4,613

25.7

(25.0--26.4)

F

881

9.7

(9.0--10.3)

1,515

7.6

(7.2--8.0)

1,816

8.0

(7.6--8.4)

1,334

7.2

(6.8--7.5)

Total

4,880

26.2

(25.5--27.0)

7,264

18.1

(17.7--18.5)

7,689

17.1

(16.7--17.4)

5,947

16.3

(15.8--16.7)

2000

 

 

M

4,011

41.0

(39.8--42.3)

5,595

27.8

(27.1--28.6)

5,949

26.5

(25.8--27.2)

4,957

26.6

(25.8--27.3)

F

930

9.9

(9.3--10.6)

1,464

7.4

(7.0--7.8)

1,717

7.6

(7.2--7.9)

1,339

6.9

(6.6--7.3)

Total

4,941

25.8

(25.1--26.6)

7,059

17.7

(17.3--18.1)

7,666

17.0

(16.6--17.4)

6,296

16.6

(16.2--17.0)

2001

M

4,258

42.1

(40.8--43.3)

5,815

29.1

(28.3--29.8)

6,079

27.1

(26.4--27.8)

5,339

27.6

(26.9--28.4)

F

886

9.2

(8.6--9.8)

1,371

7.0

(6.6--7.4)

1,745

7.7

(7.3--8.1)

1,478

7.4

(7.0--7.8)

Total

5,144

26.0

(25.3--26.7)

7,186

18.2

(17.7--18.6)

7,824

17.4

(17.0--17.7)

6,817

17.3

(16.9--17.7)

2002

 

 

M

4,214

40.5

(39.3--41.7)

5,768

28.8

(28.1--29.6)

5,776

26.0

(25.3--26.6)

5,408

27.6

(26.9--28.3)

F

963

9.7

(9.1--10.3)

1,345

6.9

(6.5--7.3)

1,740

7.8

(7.4--8.1)

1,499

7.4

(7.0--7.8)

Total

5,177

25.5

(24.8--26.2)

7,113

18.0

(17.6--18.4)

7,516

16.8

(16.4--17.2)

6,907

17.3

(16.9--17.7)

2003

M

4,158

39.3

(38.1--40.5)

5,584

27.9

(27.2--28.7)

5,745

26.1

(25.4--26.8)

5,550

27.8

(27.0--28.5)

F

966

9.6

(9.0--10.2)

1,304

6.7

(6.3--7.0)

1,630

7.4

(7.0--7.7)

1,573

7.6

(7.2--8.0)

Total

5,124

24.8

(24.1--25.4)

6,888

17.4

(17.0--17.8)

7,375

16.7

(16.3--17.1)

7,123

17.5

(17.1--17.9)

2004

 

 

M

4,166

38.7

(37.5--39.9)

5,456

27.2

(26.4--27.9)

5,404

24.7

(24.0--25.4)

5,734

28.1

(27.4--28.9)

F

938

9.2

(8.6--9.8)

1,365

7.0

(6.6--7.4)

1,597

7.3

(6.9--7.6)

1,628

7.7

(7.3--8.1)

Total

5,104

24.4

(23.7--25.0)

6,821

17.2

(16.8--17.6)

7,001

16.0

(15.6--16.3)

7,362

17.7

(17.3--18.1)

2005

M

4,239

39.0

(37.9--40.2)

5,812

28.9

(28.1--29.6)

5,565

25.6

(24.9--26.3)

6,043

29.0

(28.3--29.8)

F

865

8.5

(7.9--9.0)

1,311

6.7

(6.3--7.1)

1,571

7.2

(6.9--7.6)

1,570

7.3

(6.9--7.7)

Total

5,104

24.2

(23.5--24.9)

7,123

17.9

(17.5--18.4)

7,136

16.4

(16.0--16.8)

7,613

18.0

(17.6--18.4)

2006

 

 

M

4,217

38.6

(37.4--39.8)

5,622

27.7

(27.0--28.4)

5,358

24.7

(24.1--25.4)

6,113

28.8

(28.1--29.6)

F

896

8.8

(8.2--9.3)

1,201

6.1

(5.8--6.5)

1,547

7.2

(6.8--7.5)

1,675

7.6

(7.3--8.0)

Total

5,113

24.2

(23.5--24.8)

6,823

17.1

(16.7--17.5)

6,905

16.0

(15.6--16.3)

7,788

18.1

(17.7--18.5)

2007

M

4,151

37.9

(36.8--39.1)

5,611

27.3

(26.6--28.0)

5,184

24.2

(23.5--24.8)

6,167

28.6

(27.9--29.4)

F

853

8.3

(7.8--8.9)

1,251

6.3

(6.0--6.7)

1,467

6.9

6.5--7.2

1,608

7.2

(6.9--7.6)

Total

5,004

23.6

(22.9--24.2)

6,862

17.0

(16.6--17.4)

6,651

15.5

15.1--15.9

7,775

17.8

(17.4--18.2)

Total

 

M

45,709

40.7

(40.3--41.1)

63,552

28.5

(28.3--28.8)

62,936

26.0

25.7--26.2

58,910

27.6

(27.4--27.8)

F

9,982

9.4

(9.2--9.5)

15,503

7.1

(7.0--7.2)

18,571

7.6

7.5--7.7

16,331

7.4

(7.3--7.5)

Total

55,691

25.4

(25.2--25.6)

79,055

18.0

(17.8--18.1)

81,507

16.7

16.6--16.9

75,241

17.3

(17.2--17.4)

Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; F = female; M = male.


TABLE 3. (Continued) Numbers and rates per 100,000 population for traumatic brain injury deaths, by year, sex, and age group --- United States, 1997--2007

Age group (yrs)

55--64

65--74

75--84

≥85

Year

Sex 

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

1997

M

3,174

30.0

(29.0--31.1)

3,354

40.1

(38.8--41.5)

3,594

78.0

(75.5--80.6)

1,739

158.1

(150.6--165.5)

F

901

7.8

(7.3--8.3)

1,235

12.0

(11.3--12.6)

1,888

26.2

(25.0--27.4)

1,715

61.1

(58.2--64.0)

Total

4,075

18.4

(17.9--19.0)

4,589

24.6

(23.9--25.3)

5,482

46.4

(45.2--47.6)

3,454

88.4

(85.5--91.4)

1998

 

 

M

3,247

29.5

(28.4--30.5)

3,300

39.6

(38.2--41.0)

3,849

81.7

(79.1--84.3)

1,929

168.2

(160.7--175.7)

F

935

7.8

(7.3--8.3)

1,253

12.2

(11.6--12.9)

2,053

28.1

(26.9--29.3)

1,845

63.9

(61.0--66.9)

Total

4,182

18.2

(17.6--18.7)

4,553

24.5

(23.8--25.2)

5,902

49.1

(47.9--50.4)

3,774

93.6

(90.6--96.6)

1999

M

3,224

28.3

(27.3--29.3)

3,358

40.5

(39.1--41.9)

3,887

80.7

(78.2--83.3)

2,050

171.8

(164.4--179.2)

F

973

7.9

(7.4--8.4)

1,282

12.7

(12.0--13.4)

2,067

27.9

(26.7--29.1)

2,096

70.8

(67.8--73.8)

Total

4,197

17.7

(17.1--18.2)

4,640

25.2

(24.5--25.9)

5,954

48.7

(47.5--49.9)

4,146

99.8

(96.8--102.8)

2000

 

 

M

3,205

27.4

(26.4--28.3)

3,021

36.4

(35.1--37.7)

3,615

73.6

(71.2--76.0)

1,898

153.3

(146.4--160.2)

F

992

7.8

(7.3--8.3)

1,172

11.6

(11.0--12.3)

1,905

25.3

(24.2--26.5)

1,813

59.8

(57.0--62.5)

Total

4,197

17.2

(16.7--17.7)

4,193

22.8

(22.1--23.5)

5,520

44.4

(43.2--45.6)

3,711

86.9

(84.1--89.7)

2001

M

3,383

28.1

(27.2--29.1)

3,264

39.3

(37.9--40.6)

3,958

78.9

(76.5--81.4)

2,059

162.0

(155.0--168.9)

F

1,043

8.0

(7.5--8.5)

1,229

12.3

(11.6--12.9)

2,191

28.8

(27.6--30.0)

1,934

62.7

(59.9--65.5)

Total

4,426

17.7

(17.2--18.2)

4,493

24.5

(23.8--25.2)

6,149

48.7

(47.5--49.9)

3,993

91.7

(88.9--94.5)

2002

 

 

M

3,691

28.9

(28.0--29.8)

3,305

39.7

(38.4--41.1)

3,927

76.7

(74.3--79.1)

2,046

156.4

(149.6--163.1)

F

1,082

7.8

(7.4--8.3)

1,134

11.4

(10.7--12.0)

2,142

27.8

(26.6--29.0)

1,986

63.3

(60.6--66.1)

Total

4,773

18.0

(17.5--18.5)

4,439

24.2

(23.5--25.0)

6,069

47.4

(46.2--48.5)

4,032

90.7

(87.9--93.5)

2003

M

3,886

29.0

(28.1--30.0)

3,162

37.7

(36.4--39.1)

4,004

76.9

(74.5--79.3)

2,185

160.5

(153.8--167.2)

F

1,112

7.7

(7.3--8.2)

1,199

12.0

(11.3--12.7)

2,250

29.0

(27.8--30.2)

2,154

67.0

(64.2--69.9)

Total

4,998

18.0

(17.5--18.5)

4,361

23.7

(23.0--24.4)

6,254

48.2

(47.0--49.4)

4,339

94.9

(92.0--97.7)

2004

 

 

M

4,021

28.8

(27.9--29.7)

3,291

38.9

(37.6--40.3)

4,008

75.9

(73.6--78.3)

2,270

161.3

(154.6--167.9)

F

1,158

7.7

(7.2--8.1)

1,220

12.1

(11.5--12.8)

2,342

30.0

(28.8--31.2)

2,294

70.0

(67.1--72.9)

Total

5,179

17.8

(17.4--18.3)

4,511

24.4

(23.7--25.1)

6,350

48.6

(47.4--49.8)

4,564

97.4

(94.6--100.3)

2005

M

4,333

29.7

(28.8--30.6)

3,322

38.9

(37.5--40.2)

4,390

82.1

(79.6--84.5)

2,431

164.6

(158.1--171.1)

F

1,208

7.7

(7.3--8.1)

1,264

12.5

(11.8--13.2)

2,406

30.7

(29.5--32.0)

2,415

71.3

(68.5--74.2)

Total

5,541

18.3

(17.8--18.8)

4,586

24.6

(23.9--25.3)

6,796

51.6

(50.4--52.8)

4,846

99.7

(96.9--102.5)

2006

 

 

M

4,440

29.2

(28.4--30.1)

3,369

38.8

(37.5--40.1)

4,266

79.2

(76.8--81.5)

2,460

158.1

(151.8--164.3)

F

1,275

7.8

(7.4--8.2)

1,189

11.6

(10.9--12.3)

2,458

31.4

(30.2--32.7)

2,404

68.5

(65.8--71.3)

Total

5,715

18.1

(17.7--18.6)

4,558

24.1

(23.4--24.8)

6,724

50.9

(49.7--52.1)

4,864

96.1

(93.4--98.8)

2007

M

4,653

29.5

(28.7--30.4)

3,480

39.0

(37.8--40.3)

4,376

80.7

(78.3--83.1)

2,738

167.4

(161.1--173.6)

F

1,264

7.5

(7.1--7.9)

1,263

12.1

(11.4--12.7)

2,412

31.0

(29.7--32.2)

2,727

75.2

(72.3--78.0)

Total

5,917

18.1

(17.7--18.6)

4,743

24.5

(23.8--25.2)

6,788

51.4

(50.1--52.6)

5,465

103.8

(101.1--106.6)

Total

 

M

41,257

29.0

(28.7--29.3)

36,226

39.0

(38.6--39.4)

43,874

78.6

(77.9-79.3)

23,805

162.0

(159.9-164.0)

F

11,943

7.8

(7.6--7.9)

13,440

12.0

(11.8--12.2)

24,114

28.8

(28.4-29.2)

23,383

67.0

(66.1-67.8)

Total

53,200

18.0

(17.8--18.1)

49,666

24.3

(24.1--24.5)

67,988

48.7

(48.3-49.1)

47,188

95.1

(94.3-96.0)

Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; F = female; M = male.


TABLE 4. Average annual numbers and rates per 100,000 population for traumatic brain injury deaths, by age group, sex, and external mechanism of injury --- United States, 1997--2007

Age group (yrs)

Sex

Falls

Firearms

Motor vehicles

Other/Unknown

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

0--4

M

27

0.3

(0.2--0.4)

26

0.3

(0.2--0.4)

239

2.4

(2.1--2.7)

314

3.1

(2.8--3.4)

F

12

0.1

(0.1--0.2)

18

0.2

(0.1--0.3)

191

2.0

(1.7--2.3)

227

2.3

(2.0--2.6)

Total

39

0.2

(0.1--0.3)

43

0.2

(0.2--0.3)

430

2.2

(2.0--2.4)

541

2.7

(2.5--3.0)

5--9

M

8

0.1

(0.0--0.2)

28

0.3

(0.2--0.4)

204

2.0

(1.7--2.3)

68

0.7

(0.5--0.8)

F

5

0.1

(0.0--0.1)

19

0.2

(0.1--0.3)

152

1.5

(1.3--1.8)

43

0.4

(0.3--0.6)

Total

12

0.1

(0.0--0.1)

47

0.2

(0.2--0.3)

356

1.8

(1.6--2.0)

112

0.6

(0.5--0.7)

10--14 

M

13

0.1

(0.1--0.2)

150

1.4

(1.2--1.7)

285

2.7

(2.4--3.0)

85

0.8

(0.6--1.0)

F

4

0.0

(0.0--0.1)

41

0.4

(0.3--0.6)

188

1.9

(1.6--2.1)

42

0.4

(0.3--0.6)

Total

17

0.1

(0.0--0.1)

191

0.9

(0.8--1.1)

472

2.3

(2.1--2.5)

127

0.6

(0.5--0.7)

15--19

M

57

0.5

(0.4--0.7)

1,257

11.9

(11.3--12.6)

1,619

15.3

(14.6--16.1)

250

2.4

(2.1--2.7)

F

12

0.1

(0.1--0.2)

185

1.9

(1.6--2.1)

817

8.2

(7.6--8.8)

78

0.8

(0.6--1.0)

Total

70

0.3

(0.3--0.4)

1,441

7.0

(6.7--7.4)

2,436

11.9

(11.4--12.3)

328

1.6

(1.4--1.8)

20--24

M

99

1.0

(0.8--1.2)

1,881

18.4

(17.6--19.3)

1,829

17.9

(17.1--18.7)

346

3.4

(3.0--3.7)

F

15

0.2

(0.1--0.3)

249

2.6

(2.2--2.9)

556

5.7

(5.3--6.2)

87

0.9

(0.7--1.1)

Total

115

0.6

(0.5--0.7)

2,129

10.7

(10.2--11.1)

2,385

12.0

(11.5--12.5)

434

2.2

(2.0--2.4)

25--34

M

201

1.0

(0.9--1.1)

2,797

13.8

(13.3--14.3)

2,124

10.5

(10.0--10.9)

655

3.2

(3.0--3.5)

F

33

0.2

(0.1--0.2)

485

2.4

(2.2--2.7)

702

3.5

(3.3--3.8)

190

1.0

(0.8--1.1)

Total

234

0.6

(0.5--0.7)

3,282

8.2

(7.9--8.5)

2,826

7.1

(6.8--7.3)

845

2.1

(2.0--2.3)

35--44 

M

375

1.7

(1.5--1.9)

2,590

11.7

(11.3--12.2)

1,826

8.3

(7.9--8.7)

930

4.2

(3.9--4.5)

F

87

0.4

(0.3--0.5)

590

2.7

(2.4--2.9)

722

3.3

(3.0--3.5)

289

1.3

(1.2--1.5)

Total

462

1.0

(0.9--1.1)

3,181

7.2

(6.9--7.4)

2,548

5.8

(5.5--6.0)

1,220

2.8

(2.6--2.9)

45--54

M

559

2.9

(2.6--3.1)

2,386

12.3

(11.8--12.8)

1,440

7.4

(7.0--7.8)

971

5.0

(4.7--5.3)

F

166

0.8

(0.7--1.0)

491

2.4

(2.2--2.7)

557

2.8

(2.5--3.0)

270

1.3

(1.2--1.5)

Total

725

1.8

(1.7--2.0)

2,877

7.3

(7.0--7.5)

1,997

5.1

(4.8--5.3)

1,241

3.1

(3.0--3.3)

55--64 

M

584

4.5

(4.1--4.9)

1,684

13.0

(12.4--13.6)

819

6.3

(5.9--6.8)

664

5.1

(4.7--5.5)

F

227

1.6

(1.4--1.8)

282

2.0

(1.8--2.3)

385

2.8

(2.5--3.0)

191

1.4

(1.2--1.6)

Total

811

3.0

(2.8--3.2)

1,966

7.3

(7.0--7.6)

1,204

4.5

(4.2--4.7)

856

3.2

(3.0--3.4)

65--74

M

796

9.4

(8.8--10.1)

1,332

15.8

(14.9--16.6)

549

6.5

(6.0--7.0)

616

7.3

(6.7--7.9)

F

461

4.5

(4.1--5.0)

167

1.6

(1.4--1.9)

336

3.3

(3.0--3.7)

258

2.5

(2.2--2.9)

Total

1,256

6.8

(6.4--7.1)

1,500

8.1

(7.7--8.5)

885

4.8

(4.4--5.1)

874

4.7

(4.4--5.0)

75--84 

M

1,481

29.2

(27.7--30.7)

1,242

24.5

(23.1--25.8)

467

9.2

(8.4--10.0)

799

15.7

(14.7--16.8)

F

1,216

16.0

(15.1--16.9)

110

1.4

(1.2--1.7)

341

4.5

(4.0--5.0)

525

6.9

(6.3--7.5)

Total

2,697

21.3

(20.5--22.1)

1,352

10.7

(10.1--11.2)

808

6.4

(5.9--6.8)

1,324

10.4

(9.9--11.0)

≥85

M

1,048

78.4

(73.7--83.2)

420

31.4

(28.4--34.4)

174

13.0

(11.1--15.0)

523

39.1

(35.8--42.5)

F

1,376

43.4

(41.1--45.6)

27

0.9

(0.6--1.2)

129

4.1

(3.4--4.8)

593

18.7

(17.2--20.2)

Total

2,424

53.7

(51.6--55.9)

447

9.9

(9.0--10.8)

303

6.7

(6.0--7.5)

1,115

24.7

(23.3--26.2)

Total

M

5,247

3.7

(3.6--3.8)

15,792

11.2

(11.0--11.4)

11,574

8.2

(8.0--8.3)

6,221

4.4

(4.3--4.5)

F

3,614

2.5

(2.4--2.6)

2,664

1.8

(1.8--1.9)

5,076

3.5

(3.4--3.6)

2,794

1.9

(1.8--2.0)

Total

8,861

3.1

(3.0--3.1)

18,456

6.4

(6.3--6.5)

16,650

5.8

(5.7--5.9)

9,015

3.1

(3.1--3.2)

Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; F = female; M = male.


TABLE 5. Numbers and age-adjusted rates per 100,000 population for fall-related traumatic brain injury deaths, by year and race/ethnicity --- United States, 1997--2007

Year

White, non-Hispanic

Black, non-Hispanic

American Indian/Alaska Native

Hispanic

Other/
Unknown

Total

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

1997

5,246

2.4

(2.3--2.5)

444

1.8

(1.6--2.0)

48

3.4

(2.4--4.6)

382

2.2

(2.0--2.5)

175

6,295

2.4

(2.3--2.4)

1998

5,590

2.5

(2.5--2.6)

485

1.9

(1.7--2.1)

40

2.7

(1.8--3.8)

430

2.5

(2.2--2.8)

208

6,753

2.5

(2.5--2.6)

1999

6,075

2.7

(2.6--2.8)

555

2.2

(2.0--2.3)

41

2.8

(1.9--3.9)

430

2.5

(2.2--2.8)

208

7,309

2.7

(2.6--2.7)

2000

5,970

2.6

(2.5--2.7)

463

1.8

(1.6--1.9)

50

3.0

(2.2--4.1)

490

2.7

(2.5--3.0)

197

7,170

2.6

(2.5--2.6)

2001

6,695

2.9

(2.8--3.0)

520

2.0

(1.8--2.2)

47

3.1

(2.2--4.2)

480

2.4

(2.1--2.6)

224

7,966

2.8

(2.8--2.9)

2002

7,249

3.1

(3.0--3.2)

510

1.9

(1.8--2.1)

66

4.1

(3.1--5.3)

540

2.6

(2.4--2.9)

290

8,655

3.0

(3.0--3.1)

2003

7,721

3.2

(3.2--3.3)

540

2.0

(1.8--2.2)

71

4.5

(3.4--5.7)

595

2.9

(2.6--3.1)

298

9,225

3.2

(3.1--3.2)

2004

8,657

3.6

(3.5--3.7)

620

2.3

(2.1--2.5)

61

3.3

(2.5--4.4)

600

2.8

(2.5--3.0)

279

10,217

3.4

(3.4--3.5)

2005

9,024

3.7

(3.6--3.8)

612

2.2

(2.1--2.4)

68

3.7

(2.8--4.7)

692

3.1

(2.8--3.3)

347

10,743

3.6

(3.5--3.6)

2006

9,356

3.8

(3.7--3.8)

642

2.3

(2.1--2.5)

77

3.9

(3.1--5.0)

751

3.0

(2.8--3.2)

356

11,182

3.6

(3.6--3.7)

2007

10,178

4.0

(3.9--4.1)

596

2.1

(1.9--2.3)

76

4.2

(3.3--5.3)

748

3.0

(2.7--3.2)

386

11,984

3.8

(3.7--3.9)

Total

81,761

3.2

(3.1--3.2)

5,987

2.0

(2.0--2.1)

645

3.6

(3.3--3.9)

6,138

2.7

(2.7--2.8)

2,968

97,499

3.1

(3.1--3.1)

Abbreviation: CI = confidence interval.


TABLE 6. Numbers and age-adjusted rates per 100,000 population for firearm-related suicide and homicide traumatic brain injury deaths, by year and race/ethnicity --- United States, 1997--2007

Year

Type of death

White, non-Hispanic

Black, non-Hispanic

American Indian/Alaska Native

Hispanic

Other/
Unknown

Total

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

1997

Suicide

11,980

5.9

(5.8--6.0)

944

2.9

(2.7--3.1)

99

4.7

(3.7--5.7)

693

2.4

(2.2--2.6)

231

13,947

5.1

(5.1--5.2)

Homicide

1,663

0.8

(0.8--0.9)

2,215

6.1

(5.8--6.3)

37

1.7

(1.2--2.3)

767

2.1

(2.0--2.3)

145

4,827

1.7

(1.7--1.8)

All

14,225

7.0

(6.9--7.2)

3,320

9.3

(9.0--9.7)

152

7.1

(5.9--8.3)

1,542

4.8

(4.5--5.1)

386

19,625

7.2

(7.1--7.3)

1998

 

 

Suicide

11,933

5.8

(5.7--5.9)

862

2.6

(2.4--2.7)

114

5.2

(4.2--6.2)

702

2.5

(2.3--2.7)

228

13,839

5.0

(5.0--5.1)

Homicide

1,465

0.7

(0.7--0.8)

1,925

5.2

(5.0--5.5)

41

1.8

(1.2--2.4)

713

1.9

(1.8--2.1)

129

4,273

1.5

(1.5--1.6)

All

13,894

6.8

(6.7--6.9)

2,956

8.3

(8.0--8.6)

169

7.5

(6.3--8.7)

1,501

4.6

(4.3--4.9)

368

18,888

6.8

(6.7--6.9)

1999

Suicide

11,370

5.5

(5.4--5.6)

890

2.6

(2.5--2.8)

96

4.1

(3.3--5.1)

662

2.3

(2.1--2.5)

217

13,235

4.8

(4.7--4.8)

Homicide

1,355

0.7

(0.7--0.7)

1,727

4.6

(4.4--4.9)

36

1.6

(1.1--2.3)

656

1.7

(1.6--1.9)

108

3,882

1.4

(1.3--1.4)

All

13,231

6.5

(6.4--6.6)

2,768

7.7

(7.4--8.0)

145

6.3

(5.2--7.3)

1,381

4.2

(3.9--4.4)

333

17,858

6.4

(6.3--6.5)

2000

 

 

Suicide

11,400

5.5

(5.4--5.6)

867

2.5

(2.3--2.7)

90

4.0

(3.2--5.0)

678

2.2

(2.0--2.4)

203

13,238

4.7

(4.6--4.8)

Homicide

1,325

0.7

(0.6--0.7)

1,709

4.6

(4.3--4.8)

28

1.1

(0.7--1.6)

685

1.7

(1.6--1.8)

112

3,859

1.4

(1.3--1.4)

All

13,152

6.4

(6.3--6.5)

2,678

7.3

(7.1--7.6)

127

5.5

(4.5--6.5)

1,417

4.1

(3.8--4.3)

329

17,703

6.3

(6.2--6.4)

2001

Suicide

11,648

5.6

(5.5--5.7)

843

2.4

(2.3--2.6)

95

4.1

(3.3--5.1)

681

2.1

(1.9--2.3)

198

13,465

4.7

(4.6--4.8)

Homicide

1,353

0.7

(0.6--0.7)

1,781

4.7

(4.5--4.9)

41

1.7

(1.2--2.3)

721

1.7

(1.5--1.8)

105

4,001

1.4

(1.3--1.4)

All

13,493

6.5

(6.4--6.6)

2,708

7.3

(7.0--7.6)

143

6.0

(5.0--7.0)

1,483

4.0

(3.7--4.2)

313

18,140

6.3

(6.2--6.4)

2002

 

 

Suicide

11,737

5.6

(5.5--5.7)

820

2.4

(2.2--2.5)

109

4.5

(3.6--5.4)

692

2.1

(1.9--2.3)

174

13,532

4.7

(4.6--4.8)

Homicide

1,328

0.7

(0.6--0.7)

1,783

4.6

(4.4--4.8)

47

1.9

(1.4--2.5)

704

1.6

(1.5--1.7)

128

3,990

1.4

(1.3--1.4)

All

13,497

6.5

(6.4--6.6)

2,715

7.3

(7.0--7.5)

165

6.7

(5.7--7.8)

1,478

3.9

(3.7--4.1)

313

18,168

6.3

(6.2--6.4)

2003

Suicide

11,882

5.6

(5.5--5.7)

798

2.2

(2.1--2.4)

91

3.8

(3.0--4.6)

699

1.9

(1.8--2.1)

181

13,651

4.7

(4.6--4.7)

Homicide

1,229

0.6

(0.6--0.6)

1,950

5.0

(4.8--5.2)

47

1.7

(1.3--2.3)

729

1.6

(1.5--1.7)

113

4,068

1.4

(1.3--1.4)

All

13,537

6.4

(6.3--6.5)

2,851

7.5

(7.2--7.8)

149

5.9

(5.0--6.9)

1,501

3.7

(3.5--3.9)

299

18,337

6.3

(6.2--6.3)

2004

 

 

Suicide

11,920

5.6

(5.5--5.7)

805

2.2

(2.1--2.4)

117

4.8

(3.9--5.7)

745

2.0

(1.9--2.2)

183

13,770

4.6

(4.6--4.7)

Homicide

1,247

0.6

(0.6--0.7)

1,753

4.5

(4.2--4.7)

40

1.5

(1.1--2.1)

723

1.6

(1.4--1.7)

91

3,854

1.3

(1.3--1.3)

All

13,555

6.4

(6.3--6.5)

2,666

7.0

(6.7--7.2)

168

6.7

(5.7--7.8)

1,519

3.7

(3.5--3.9)

283

18,191

6.1

(6.0--6.2)

2005

Suicide

12,147

5.7

(5.6--5.8)

827

2.3

(2.1--2.4)

120

4.8

(3.9--5.7)

704

1.8

(1.7--2.0)

172

13,970

4.7

(4.6--4.7)

Homicide

1,174

0.6

(0.6--0.6)

1,929

4.8

(4.6--5.1)

43

1.5

(1.1--2.1)

788

1.7

(1.6--1.8)

121

4,055

1.4

(1.3--1.4)

All

13,747

6.5

(6.3--6.6)

2,883

7.4

(7.2--7.7)

174

6.8

(5.7--7.8)

1,574

3.7

(3.5--3.9)

308

18,686

6.2

(6.1--6.3)

2006

 

 

Suicide

12,023

5.6

(5.5--5.7)

814

2.2

(2.1--2.4)

107

4.2

(3.4--5.1)

679

1.7

(1.6--1.8)

178

13,801

4.5

(4.5--4.6)

Homicide

1,225

0.6

(0.6--0.6)

2,018

5.0

(4.8--5.2)

43

1.6

(1.2--2.2)

736

1.5

(1.4--1.6)

99

4,121

1.4

(1.3--1.4)

All

13,624

6.4

(6.2--6.5)

2,948

7.5

(7.2--7.8)

157

6.2

(5.2--7.2)

1,486

3.3

(3.2--3.5)

280

18,495

6.1

(6.0--6.2)

2007

Suicide

12,450

5.7

(5.6--5.8)

813

2.1

(2.0--2.3)

96

3.7

(2.9--4.5)

800

2.0

(1.9--2.2)

206

14,365

4.7

(4.6--4.7)

Homicide

1,265

0.6

(0.6--0.7)

1,973

4.8

(4.6--5.0)

30

1.1

(0.8--1.6)

745

1.5

(1.4--1.6)

85

4,098

1.4

(1.3--1.4)

All

14,070

6.5

(6.4--6.6)

2,904

7.2

(7.0--7.5)

132

5.0

(4.1--5.8)

1,627

3.7

(3.5--3.9)

302

19,035

6.2

(6.1--6.3)

Total

 

Suicide

130,490

5.6

(5.6--5.7)

9,283

2.4

(2.3--2.4)

1,134

4.3

(4.1--4.6)

7,735

2.1

(2.0--2.1)

2,171

150,813

4.7

(4.7--4.8)

Homicide

14,629

0.7

(0.7--0.7)

20,763

4.9

(4.8--5.0)

433

1.6

(1.4--1.7)

7,967

1.7

(1.6--1.7)

1,236

45,028

1.4

(1.4--1.4)

All

150,025

6.5

(6.5--6.6)

31,397

7.6

(7.5--7.7)

1,681

6.3

(6.0--6.6)

16,509

3.9

(3.9--4.0)

3,514

203,126

6.4

(6.4--6.4)

Abbreviation: CI = confidence interval.


TABLE 7. Numbers and age-adjusted rates per 100,000 population for motor vehicle--related traumatic brain injury deaths, by year and race/ethnicity --- United States, 1997--2007

Year

White, non-Hispanic

Black, non-Hispanic

American Indian/Alaska Native

Hispanic

Other/
Unknown

Total

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

1997

12,971

6.7

(6.5--6.8)

2,060

6.2

(5.9--6.4)

272

12.8

(11.2--14.4)

1,685

5.4

(5.1--5.7)

427

17,415

6.4

(6.3--6.5)

1998

12,788

6.5

(6.4--6.7)

2,056

6.0

(5.8--6.3)

277

12.2

(10.7--13.7)

1,715

5.2

(4.9--5.5)

402

17,238

6.2

(6.1--6.3)

1999

12,100

6.2

(6.1--6.3)

2,002

5.8

(5.6--6.1)

282

12.7

(11.2--14.3)

1,700

4.9

(4.6--5.2)

392

16,476

5.9

(5.8--6.0)

2000

12,446

6.3

(6.2--6.5)

1,974

5.6

(5.3--5.9)

303

12.8

(11.3--14.3)

1,896

5.1

(4.8--5.4)

381

17,000

6.0

(5.9--6.1)

2001

12,228

6.2

(6.1--6.3)

1,909

5.3

(5.1--5.6)

303

12.4

(10.9--13.9)

2,025

5.3

(5.1--5.6)

404

16,869

5.9

(5.8--6.0)

2002

12,581

6.3

(6.2--6.5)

1,876

5.2

(4.9--5.4)

326

13.3

(11.8--14.7)

2,133

5.4

(5.2--5.7)

410

17,326

6.0

(5.9--6.1)

2003

11,918

6.0

(5.9--6.1)

1,843

5.1

(4.9--5.4)

291

11.8

(10.4--13.2)

2,162

5.4

(5.1--5.6)

404

16,618

5.7

(5.6--5.8)

2004

11,746

5.9

(5.8--6.0)

1,854

5.1

(4.8--5.3)

263

10.1

(8.9--11.4)

2,068

4.9

(4.7--5.1)

392

16,323

5.5

(5.4--5.6)

2005

11,821

5.9

(5.8--6.0)

1,922

5.2

(5.0--5.4)

273

10.5

(9.2--11.8)

2,214

5.0

(4.8--5.3)

390

16,620

5.6

(5.5--5.7)

2006

11,502

5.7

(5.6--5.8)

1,931

5.1

(4.9--5.3)

257

9.7

(8.5--10.9)

2,189

4.8

(4.6--5.0)

391

16,270

5.4

(5.3--5.5)

2007

10,772

5.3

(5.2--5.4)

1,727

4.5

(4.3--4.7)

249

9.5

(8.3--10.6)

1,957

4.2

(4.0--4.4)

378

15,083

5.0

(4.9--5.0)

Total

132,873

6.1

(6.1--6.1)

21,154

5.4

(5.3--5.4)

3,096

11.5

(11.1--11.9)

21,744

5.0

(5.0--5.1)

4,371

183,238

5.8

(5.7--5.8)

Abbreviation: CI = confidence interval.


TABLE 8. Average annual numbers and rates per 100,000 population for firearm-related traumatic brain injury deaths, by age group, sex, and race/ethnicity --- United States, 1997--2007

Age group (yrs)

Sex

White, non-Hispanic

Black, non-Hispanic

American Indian/Alaska Native

Hispanic

Other/
Unknown

Total

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

0--4

 

 

M

11

0.2

(0.1--0.3)

9

0.6

(0.3--1.1)

---*

---

---

5

0.2

(0.1--0.5)

---

26

0.3

(0.2--0.4)

F

7

0.1

(0.0--0.3)

7

0.5

(0.2--1.0)

---

---

---

3

0.1

(0.0--0.4)

---

18

0.2

(0.1--0.3)

Total

18

0.2

(0.1--0.2)

16

0.5

(0.3--0.9)

---

---

---

8

0.2

(0.1--0.4)

---

43

0.2

(0.2--0.3)

5--9

M

13

0.2

(0.1--0.4)

10

0.6

(0.3--1.2)

---

---

---

3

0.2

(0.0--0.5)

---

28

0.3

(0.2--0.4)

F

10

0.2

(0.1--0.3)

5

0.3

(0.1--0.8)

---

---

---

3

0.2

(0.0--0.5)

---

19

0.2

(0.1--0.3)

Total

22

0.2

(0.1--0.3)

15

0.5

(0.3--0.8)

---

---

---

6

0.2

(0.1--0.3)

---

47

0.2

(0.2--0.3)

10--14

 

 

M

92

1.4

(1.1--1.7)

34

2.1

(1.4--2.9)

2

1.8

(0.2--6.4)

19

1.1

(0.7--1.7)

4

150

1.4

(1.2--1.7)

F

22

0.4

(0.2--0.5)

11

0.7

(0.3--1.2)

---

---

---

6

0.4

(0.1--0.8)

---

41

0.4

(0.3--0.6)

Total

114

0.9

(0.7--1.0)

44

1.4

(1.0--1.8)

3

1.3

(0.3--3.9)

25

0.7

(0.5--1.1)

5

191

0.9

(0.8--1.1)

15--19

M

610

9.1

(8.4--9.8)

389

24.8

(22.4--27.3)

21

18.6

(11.5--28.5)

209

12.1

(10.5--13.7)

28

1,257

11.9

(11.3--12.6)

F

100

1.6

(1.3--1.9)

51

3.3

(2.5--4.4)

3

2.8

(0.6--8.1)

26

1.7

(1.1--2.4)

5

185

1.9

(1.6--2.1)

Total

709

5.4

(5.0--5.8)

440

14.2

(12.9--15.6)

24

10.8

(6.9--16.1)

235

7.1

(6.2--8.1)

33

1,441

7.0

(6.7--7.4)

20--24

 

 

M

912

14.4

(13.5--15.4)

610

43.6

(40.1--47.1)

25

25.2

(16.3--37.2)

291

15.2

(13.4--16.9)

42

1,881

18.4

(17.6--19.3)

F

133

2.2

(1.8--2.5)

73

5.1

(4.0--6.4)

4

4.2

(1.1--10.7)

31

1.9

(1.3--2.8)

8

249

2.6

(2.2--2.9)

Total

1,045

8.4

(7.9--8.9)

684

24.2

(22.4--26.0)

29

14.9

(9.9--21.3)

321

9.1

(8.1--10.1)

50

2,129

10.7

(10.2--11.1)

25--34

M

1,626

12.8

(12.2--13.4)

720

28.8

(26.7--30.9)

31

18.3

(12.4--26.0)

362

9.6

(8.6--10.6)

58

2,797

13.8

(13.3--14.3)

F

314

2.5

(2.2--2.8)

107

3.9

(3.2--4.6)

5

3.0

(1.0--6.9)

46

1.4

(1.1--1.9)

12

485

2.4

(2.2--2.7)

Total

1,940

7.7

(7.3--8.0)

827

15.8

(14.7--16.8)

36

10.6

(7.4--14.7)

408

5.9

(5.3--6.4)

70

3,282

8.2

(7.9--8.5)

35--44

 

 

M

1,992

12.9

(12.4--13.5)

339

13.2

(11.8--14.6)

23

13.3

(8.4--19.9)

193

6.6

(5.7--7.5)

44

2,590

11.7

(11.3--12.2)

F

457

3.0

(2.7--3.2)

80

2.8

(2.2--3.4)

4

2.2

(0.6--5.6)

37

1.4

(1.0--1.9)

12

590

2.7

(2.4--2.9)

Total

2,448

8.0

(7.6--8.3)

419

7.7

(6.9--8.4)

27

7.6

(5.0--11.0)

230

4.1

(3.6--4.6)

56

3,181

7.2

(6.9--7.4)

45--54

M

2,061

14.0

(13.4--14.7)

170

8.3

(7.1--9.6)

13

9.0

(4.8--15.5)

109

6.1

(4.9--7.2)

33

2,386

12.3

(11.8--12.8)

F

416

2.8

(2.5--3.1)

41

1.7

(1.2--2.3)

4

2.6

(0.7--6.5)

20

1.1

(0.7--1.7)

10

491

2.4

(2.2--2.7)

Total

2,477

8.4

(8.0--8.7)

211

4.8

(4.1--5.4)

17

5.7

(3.3--9.1)

129

3.6

(3.0--4.2)

43

2,877

7.3

(7.0--7.5)

55--64

 

 

M

1,519

14.8

(14.0--15.5)

82

7.0

(5.6--8.7)

6

6.9

(2.5--15.1)

53

5.6

(4.2--7.3)

24

1,684

13.0

(12.4--13.6)

F

257

2.4

(2.1--2.7)

13

0.9

(0.5--1.5)

---

---

---

7

0.7

(0.3--1.4)

4

282

2.0

(1.8--2.3)

Total

1,776

8.4

(8.0--8.8)

95

3.6

(2.9--4.4)

7

3.9

(1.6--8.0)

60

3.0

(2.3--3.9)

28

1,966

7.3

(7.0--7.6)

65--74

M

1,230

17.8

(16.8--18.8)

50

7.2

(5.3--9.5)

4

9.2

(2.5--23.5)

36

6.9

(4.8--9.5)

13

1,332

15.8

(14.9--16.6)

F

152

1.9

(1.6--2.2)

8

0.8

(0.4--1.6)

---

---

---

4

0.6

(0.2--1.6)

2

167

1.6

(1.4--1.9)

Total

1,382

9.2

(8.7--9.7)

58

3.5

(2.6--4.5)

5

5.2

(1.7--12.2)

40

3.4

(2.4--4.6)

15

1,500

8.1

(7.7--8.5)

75--84

 

 

M

1,174

27.1

(25.5--28.6)

31

9.0

(6.1--12.7)

2

10.8

(1.3--39.1)

27

11.0

(7.2--16.0)

8

1,242

24.5

(23.1--25.8)

F

104

1.6

(1.3--1.9)

4

0.7

(0.2--1.7)

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

110

1.4

(1.2--1.7)

Total

1,278

11.9

(11.2--12.5)

35

3.7

(2.6--5.1)

2

4.4

(0.5--15.8)

28

4.6

(3.1--6.7)

9

1,352

10.7

(10.1--11.2)

≥85

M

401

34.7

(31.3--38.1)

7

8.5

(3.4--17.4)

---

---

---

8

13.0

(5.6--25.6)

2

420

31.4

(28.4--34.4)

F

25

0.9

(0.6--1.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

27

0.9

(0.6--1.2)

Total

427

10.9

(9.9--11.9)

8

2.6

(1.1--5.1)

---

---

---

9

4.9

(2.2--9.2)

3

447

9.9

(9.0--10.8)

Total

M

11,640

12.0

(11.7--12.2)

2,451

14.3

(13.8--14.9)

129

11.0

(9.1--12.9)

1,315

6.7

(6.3--7.0)

258

15,792

11.2

(11.0--11.4)

F

1,996

2.0

(1.9--2.1)

403

2.1

(1.9--2.3)

24

2.0

(1.3--3.0)

184

1.0

(0.8--1.1)

56

2,664

1.8

(1.8--1.9)

 

Total

13,636

6.9

(6.7--7.0)

2,853

7.9

(7.7--8.2)

153

6.4

(5.4--7.5)

1,499

3.9

(3.7--4.1)

315

18,456

6.4

(6.3--6.5)

Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; F = female; M = male.

* Rate suppressed because sample size was <20 for all years combined.


TABLE 9. Average annual numbers and rates per 100,000 population for motor vehicle--related traumatic brain injury deaths, by age group, sex, and race/ethnicity --- United States, 1997--2007

Age group (yrs)

Sex

White, non-Hispanic

Black, non-Hispanic

American Indian/Alaska Native

Hispanic

Other/
Unknown

Total

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

0--4

 

 

M

117

2.0

(1.6--2.3)

51

3.4

(2.5--4.5)

7

7.0

(2.8--14.4)

56

2.6

(2.0--3.4)

8

239

2.4

(2.1--2.7)

F

98

1.7

(1.4--2.1)

41

2.8

(2.0--3.8)

5

5.1

(1.7--12.0)

42

2.0

(1.5--2.8)

5

191

2.0

(1.7--2.3)

Total

215

1.9

(1.6--2.1)

92

3.1

(2.5--3.8)

12

6.1

(3.1--10.6)

99

2.4

(1.9--2.9)

13

430

2.2

(2.0--2.4)

5--9

M

115

1.8

(1.5--2.2)

43

2.7

(2.0--3.6)

3

2.8

(0.6--8.3)

37

1.9

(1.4--2.7)

6

204

2.0

(1.7--2.3)

F

90

1.5

(1.2--1.9)

29

1.9

(1.3--2.7)

3

2.9

(0.6--8.6)

25

1.4

(0.9--2.0)

4

152

1.5

(1.3--1.8)

Total

205

1.7

(1.5--1.9)

73

2.3

(1.8--2.9)

7

3.4

(1.4--6.9)

62

1.7

(1.3--2.1)

10

356

1.8

(1.6--2.0)

10--14

 

 

M

184

2.8

(2.4--3.2)

48

2.9

(2.2--3.9)

5

4.4

(1.4--10.4)

42

2.4

(1.7--3.2)

6

285

2.7

(2.4--3.0)

F

127

2.0

(1.7--2.4)

26

1.6

(1.1--2.4)

5

4.6

(1.5--10.7)

25

1.5

(1.0--2.2)

5

188

1.9

(1.6--2.1)

Total

311

2.4

(2.1--2.7)

74

2.3

(1.8--2.9)

9

4.0

(1.9--7.7)

67

2.0

(1.5--2.5)

11

472

2.3

(2.1--2.5)

15--19

M

1,175

17.5

(16.5--18.5)

158

10.1

(8.5--11.7)

30

26.6

(18.0--38.0)

222

12.8

(11.2--14.5)

33

1,619

15.3

(14.6--16.1)

F

646

10.1

(9.4--10.9)

62

4.1

(3.1--5.2)

16

14.7

(8.4--23.9)

75

4.8

(3.8--6.0)

19

817

8.2

(7.6--8.8)

Total

1,821

13.9

(13.3--14.6)

220

7.1

(6.2--8.1)

46

20.8

(15.2--27.7)

297

9.0

(8.0--10.1)

51

2,436

11.9

(11.4--12.3)

20--24

 

 

M

1,233

19.5

(18.4--20.6)

200

14.3

(12.3--16.3)

35

35.3

(24.6--49.1)

322

16.8

(15.0--18.7)

38

1,829

17.9

(17.1--18.7)

F

403

6.6

(5.9--7.2)

61

4.3

(3.3--5.5)

13

13.5

(7.2--23.1)

63

4.0

(3.0--5.1)

17

556

5.7

(5.3--6.2)

Total

1,637

13.2

(12.5--13.8)

261

9.2

(8.1--10.4)

48

24.6

(18.1--32.6)

385

11.0

(9.9--12.1)

55

2,385

12.0

(11.5--12.5)

25--34

M

1,365

10.7

(10.2--11.3)

291

11.6

(10.3--13.0)

43

25.4

(18.4--34.2)

381

10.1

(9.1--11.1)

44

2,124

10.5

(10.0--10.9)

F

503

4.0

(3.7--4.4)

83

3.0

(2.4--3.7)

18

10.6

(6.3--16.8)

76

2.4

(1.9--3.0)

23

702

3.5

(3.3--3.8)

Total

1,868

7.4

(7.1--7.7)

374

7.1

(6.4--7.9)

61

18.0

(13.8--23.1)

457

6.6

(6.0--7.2)

67

2,826

7.1

(6.8--7.3)

35--44

 

 

M

1,306

8.5

(8.0--8.9)

239

9.3

(8.1--10.5)

30

17.3

(11.7--24.7)

218

7.4

(6.4--8.4)

33

1,826

8.3

(7.9--8.7)

F

545

3.5

(3.2--3.8)

82

2.8

(2.2--3.5)

14

7.7

(4.2--12.8)

62

2.3

(1.8--3.0)

19

722

3.3

(3.0--3.5)

Total

1,851

6.0

(5.7--6.3)

322

5.9

(5.2--6.5)

44

12.4

(9.0--16.6)

280

5.0

(4.4--5.6)

52

2,548

5.8

(5.5--6.0)

45--54

M

1,096

7.5

(7.0--7.9)

179

8.8

(7.5--10.1)

20

13.9

(8.5--21.5)

119

6.6

(5.4--7.8)

26

1,440

7.4

(7.0--7.8)

F

432

2.9

(2.6--3.2)

63

2.6

(2.0--3.4)

9

5.8

(2.6--10.9)

36

2.0

(1.4--2.8)

18

557

2.8

(2.5--3.0)

Total

1,528

5.2

(4.9--5.4)

241

5.5

(4.8--6.1)

29

9.7

(6.5--13.9)

155

4.3

(3.6--5.0)

44

1,997

5.1

(4.8--5.3)

55--64

 

 

M

639

6.2

(5.7--6.7)

95

8.1

(6.6--9.9)

9

10.4

(4.8--19.8)

56

5.9

(4.5--7.7)

20

819

6.3

(5.9--6.8)

F

305

2.8

(2.5--3.1)

34

2.3

(1.6--3.3)

5

5.3

(1.7--12.4)

25

2.4

(1.5--3.5)

16

385

2.8

(2.5--3.0)

Total

944

4.5

(4.2--4.8)

129

4.9

(4.1--5.7)

14

7.8

(4.2--13.0)

81

4.1

(3.2--5.0)

36

1,204

4.5

(4.2--4.7)

65--74

M

445

6.4

(5.8--7.0)

49

7.1

(5.2--9.3)

5

11.5

(3.7--26.7)

35

6.7

(4.7--9.3)

16

549

6.5

(6.0--7.0)

F

276

3.4

(3.0--3.8)

26

2.7

(1.7--3.9)

3

5.8

(1.2--17.0)

18

2.7

(1.6--4.3)

13

336

3.3

(3.0--3.7)

Total

720

4.8

(4.4--5.1)

75

4.5

(3.5--5.6)

8

8.4

(3.6--16.5)

53

4.5

(3.4--5.9)

29

885

4.8

(4.4--5.1)

75--84

 

 

M

400

9.2

(8.3--10.1)

32

9.3

(6.3--13.1)

2

10.8

(1.3--39.1)

19

7.7

(4.6--12.1)

13

467

9.2

(8.4--10.0)

F

303

4.7

(4.2--5.2)

17

2.8

(1.6--4.5)

2

7.4

(0.9--26.6)

11

3.1

(1.5--5.5)

8

341

4.5

(4.0--5.0)

Total

704

6.5

(6.0--7.0)

49

5.1

(3.8--6.8)

4

8.8

(2.4--22.4)

30

5.0

(3.3--7.1)

22

808

6.4

(5.9--6.8)

≥85

M

156

13.5

(11.4--15.6)

9

10.9

(5.0--20.6)

---*

---

---

5

8.1

(2.6--18.9)

4

174

13.0

(11.1--15.0)

F

118

4.3

(3.5--5.0)

5

2.2

(0.7--5.1)

---

---

---

4

3.2

(0.9--8.3)

2

129

4.1

(3.4--4.8)

Total

274

7.0

(6.2--7.8)

14

4.5

(2.5--7.6)

---

---

---

8

4.3

(1.9--8.5)

6

303

6.7

(6.0--7.5)

Total

 

M

8,232

8.5

(8.3--8.6)

1,394

8.2

(7.7--8.6)

189

16.2

(13.9--18.5)

1,512

7.7

(7.3--8.0)

246

11,574

8.2

(8.0--8.3)

F

3,845

3.8

(3.7--3.9)

529

2.8

(2.6--3.0)

92

7.6

(6.2--9.4)

461

2.5

(2.3--2.7)

149

5,076

3.5

(3.4--3.6)

Total

12,078

6.1

(6.0--6.2)

1,923

5.4

(5.1--5.6)

281

11.8

(10.4--13.2)

1,973

5.2

(4.9--5.4)

395

16,650

5.8

(5.7--5.9)

Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; F = female; M = male.

* Rate suppressed because sample size was <20 for all years combined.


TABLE 10. Numbers and age-adjusted rates per 100,000 population for motor vehicle--related traumatic brain injury deaths, by year and category of motor vehicle injury --- United States, 1997--2007

Motor vehicle injury category

Year

Motor vehicle occupant

Motorcyclist

Pedal cyclist

Pedestrian

Other/Unspecified

Total

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

1997

10,114

3.7

(3.6--3.8)

719

0.3

(0.2--0.3)

432

0.2

(0.1--0.2)

2,167

0.8

(0.8--0.8)

3,939

1.4

(1.4--1.5)

17,415

6.4

(6.3--6.5)

1998

9,897

3.6

(3.5--3.6)

735

0.3

(0.2--0.3)

400

0.1

(0.1--0.2)

2,129

0.8

(0.7--0.8)

4,029

1.5

(1.4--1.5)

17,238

6.2

(6.1--6.3)

1999

7,514

2.7

(2.6--2.7)

1,013

0.4

(0.3--0.4)

326

0.1

(0.1--0.1)

1,773

0.6

(0.6--0.7)

5,850

2.1

(2.0--2.1)

16,476

5.9

(5.8--6.0)

2000

7,708

2.7

(2.7--2.8)

1,191

0.4

(0.4--0.4)

304

0.1

(0.1--0.1)

1,761

0.6

(0.6--0.7)

6,036

2.1

(2.1--2.2)

17,000

6.0

(5.9--6.1)

2001

7,698

2.7

(2.6--2.7)

1,303

0.5

(0.4--0.5)

294

0.1

(0.1--0.1)

1,819

0.6

(0.6--0.7)

5,755

2.0

(2.0--2.1)

16,869

5.9

(5.8--6.0)

2002

8,456

2.9

(2.9--3.0)

1,400

0.5

(0.5--0.5)

280

0.1

(0.1--0.1)

1,803

0.6

(0.6--0.7)

5,387

1.9

(1.8--1.9)

17,326

6.0

(5.9--6.1)

2003

8,091

2.8

(2.7--2.8)

1,524

0.5

(0.5--0.5)

279

0.1

(0.1--0.1)

1,824

0.6

(0.6--0.7)

4,900

1.7

(1.6--1.7)

16,618

5.7

(5.6--5.8)

2004

7,593

2.6

(2.5--2.6)

1,635

0.6

(0.5--0.6)

312

0.1

(0.1--0.1)

1,654

0.6

(0.5--0.6)

5,129

1.7

(1.7--1.8)

16,323

5.5

(5.4--5.6)

2005

7,462

2.5

(2.4--2.6)

1,716

0.6

(0.5--0.6)

365

0.1

(0.1--0.1)

1,724

0.6

(0.6--0.6)

5,353

1.8

(1.7--1.8)

16,620

5.6

(5.5--5.7)

2006

6,858

2.3

(2.2--2.3)

1,880

0.6

(0.6--0.6)

339

0.1

(0.1--0.1)

1,791

0.6

(0.6--0.6)

5,402

1.8

(1.7--1.8)

16,270

5.4

(5.3--5.5)

2007

6,119

2.0

(2.0--2.1)

1,856

0.6

(0.6--0.6)

241

0.1

(0.1--0.1)

1,626

0.5

(0.5--0.6)

5,241

1.7

(1.7--1.8)

15,083

5.0

(4.9--5.0)

Total

87,510

2.8

(2.7--2.8)

14,972

0.5

(0.5--0.5)

3,572

0.1

(0.1--0.1)

20,071

0.6

(0.6--0.6)

57,021

1.8

(1.8--1.8)

183,238

5.8

(5.7--5.8)

Abbreviation: CI = confidence interval.


TABLE 11. Numbers and age-adjusted rates per 100,000 population for motor vehicle--related traumatic brain injury deaths, by category of motor vehicle injury and race/ethnicity --- United States, 1997

Motor vehicle injury category

White, non-Hispanic

Black, non-Hispanic

American Indian/Alaska Native

Hispanic

Other/
Unknown

Total

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

Occupant

7,566

3.9

(3.8--4.0)

1,067

3.2

(3.0--3.4)

172

7.7

(6.5--8.9)

1,060

3.2

(3.0--3.5)

249

10,114

3.7

(3.6--3.8)

Motorcyclist

617

0.3

(0.3--0.3)

53

0.1

(0.1--0.2)

3

0.1

(0.0--0.4)

40

0.1

(0.1--0.2)

6

719

0.3

(0.2--0.3)

Pedal cyclist

293

0.2

(0.1--0.2)

70

0.2

(0.2--0.2)

1

0.0

(0.0--0.2)

57

0.2

(0.1--0.3)

11

432

0.2

(0.1--0.2)

Pedestrian

1,334

0.7

(0.6--0.7)

402

1.2

(1.1--1.3)

35

1.8

(1.2--2.6)

303

1.2

(1.0--1.3)

93

2,167

0.8

(0.8--0.8)

Other

63

0.0

(0.0--0.0)

6

0.0

(0.0--0.0)

2

0.1

(0.0--0.3)

3

0.0

(0.0--0.0)

1

75

0.0

(0.0--0.0)

Unspecified

3,098

1.6

(1.5--1.6)

462

1.4

(1.3--1.6)

59

3.0

(2.2--4.0)

222

0.7

(0.6--0.8)

67

3,908

1.4

(1.4--1.5)

Total

12,971

6.7

(6.5--6.8)

2,060

6.2

(5.9--6.4)

272

12.8

(11.2--14.4)

1,685

5.4

(5.1--5.7)

427

17,415

6.4

(6.3--6.5)

Abbreviation: CI = confidence interval.


TABLE 12. Numbers and age-adjusted rates per 100,000 population for motor vehicle--related traumatic brain injury deaths, by category of motor vehicle injury and race/ethnicity --- United States, 2007

Motor vehicle injury category

White, non-Hispanic

Black, non-Hispanic

American Indian/Alaska Native

Hispanic

Other/
Unknown

Total

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

Occupant

4,405

2.2

(2.1--2.3)

694

1.8

(1.7--1.9)

107

4.0

(3.2--4.8)

789

1.6

(1.5--1.8)

124

6,119

2.0

(2.0--2.1)

Motorcyclist

1,527

0.7

(0.7--0.8)

149

0.4

(0.3--0.5)

11

0.4

(0.2--0.7)

140

0.3

(0.3--0.4)

29

1,856

0.6

(0.6--0.6)

Pedal cyclist

141

0.1

(0.1--0.1)

42

0.1

(0.1--0.1)

2

0.1

(0.0--0.3)

44

0.1

(0.1--0.2)

12

241

0.1

(0.1--0.1)

Pedestrian

936

0.4

(0.4--0.5)

274

0.7

(0.6--0.8)

34

1.3

(0.9--1.9)

293

0.7

(0.6--0.8)

89

1,626

0.5

(0.5--0.6)

Other/Unspecified

3,763

1.9

(1.8--1.9)

568

1.5

(1.3--1.6)

95

3.6

(2.9--4.5)

691

1.5

(1.4--1.6)

124

5,241

1.7

(1.7--1.8)

Total

10,772

5.3

(5.2--5.4)

1,727

4.5

(4.3--4.7)

249

9.4

(8.3--10.6)

1,957

4.2

(4.0--4.4)

378

15,083

5.0

(4.9--5.0)

Abbreviation: CI = confidence interval.


TABLE 13. Average annual numbers and rates per 100,000 population for fall-related traumatic brain injury deaths, by age group, sex, and race/ethnicity --- United States, 1997--2007

Age group (yrs)

Sex

White, non-Hispanic

Black, non-Hispanic

American Indian/Alaska Native

Hispanic

Other/
Unknown

Total

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

0--4

 

 

M

12

0.2

(0.1--0.4)

6

0.4

(0.1--0.9)

---*

---

---

6

0.3

(0.1--0.6)

---

27

0.3

(0.2--0.4)

F

6

0.1

(0.0--0.2)

3

0.2

(0.0--0.6)

---

---

---

2

0.1

(0.0--0.4)

---

12

0.1

(0.1--0.2)

Total

18

0.2

(0.1--0.2)

9

0.3

(0.1--0.6)

---

---

---

9

0.2

(0.1--0.4)

3

39

0.2

(0.1--0.3)

5--9

M

5

0.1

(0.0--0.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

8

0.1

(0.0--0.2)

F

3

0.1

(0.0--0.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

5

0.1

(0.0--0.1)

Total

8

0.1

(0.0--0.1)

2

0.1

(0.0--0.2)

---

---

---

2

0.1

(0.0--0.2)

---

12

0.1

(0.0--0.1)

10--14

 

 

M

9

0.1

(0.1--0.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

13

0.1

(0.1--0.2)

F

3

0.0

(0.0--0.1)

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

4

0.0

(0.0--0.1)

Total

12

0.1

(0.0--0.2)

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

17

0.1

(0.0--0.1)

15--19

M

41

0.6

(0.4--0.8)

3

0.2

(0.0--0.6)

---

---

---

11

0.6

(0.3--1.1)

2

57

0.5

(0.4--0.7)

F

10

0.2

(0.1--0.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

12

0.1

(0.1--0.2)

Total

51

0.4

(0.3--0.5)

4

0.1

(0.0--0.3)

---

---

---

11

0.3

(0.2--0.6)

3

70

0.3

(0.3--0.4)

20--24

 

 

M

68

1.1

(0.8--1.4)

7

0.5

(0.2--1.0)

---

---

---

21

1.1

(0.7--1.7)

2

99

1.0

(0.8--1.2)

F

10

0.2

(0.1--0.3)

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

15

0.2

(0.1--0.3)

Total

79

0.6

(0.5--0.8)

8

0.3

(0.1--0.6)

---

---

---

23

0.7

(0.4--1.0)

4

115

0.6

(0.5--0.7)

25--34

M

122

1.0

(0.8--1.1)

17

0.7

(0.4--1.1)

3

1.8

(0.4--5.2)

52

1.4

(1.0--1.8)

7

201

1.0

(0.9--1.1)

F

24

0.2

(0.1--0.3)

4

0.1

(0.0--0.4)

---

---

---

3

0.1

(0.0--0.3)

---

33

0.2

(0.1--0.2)

Total

146

0.6

(0.5--0.7)

21

0.4

(0.2--0.6)

4

1.2

(0.3--3.0)

54

0.8

(0.6--1.0)

9

234

0.6

(0.5--0.7)

35--44

 

 

M

253

1.6

(1.4--1.8)

44

1.7

(1.2--2.3)

7

4.0

(1.6--8.3)

60

2.0

(1.6--2.6)

11

375

1.7

(1.5--1.9)

F

66

0.4

(0.3--0.5)

10

0.3

(0.2--0.6)

2

1.1

(0.1--3.9)

6

0.2

(0.1--0.5)

2

87

0.4

(0.3--0.5)

Total

319

1.0

(0.9--1.2)

54

1.0

(0.7--1.3)

9

2.5

(1.2--4.8)

66

1.2

(0.9--1.5)

14

462

1.0

(0.9--1.1)

45--54

M

402

2.7

(2.5--3.0)

74

3.6

(2.9--4.6)

9

6.3

(2.9--11.9)

59

3.3

(2.5--4.2)

16

559

2.9

(2.6--3.1)

F

133

0.9

(0.7--1.0)

17

0.7

(0.4--1.1)

3

1.9

(0.4--5.6)

10

0.6

(0.3--1.0)

4

166

0.8

(0.7--1.0)

Total

534

1.8

(1.7--2.0)

91

2.1

(1.7--2.5)

12

4.0

(2.1--7.0)

68

1.9

(1.5--2.4)

19

725

1.8

(1.7--2.0)

55--64

 

 

M

441

4.3

(3.9--4.7)

64

5.5

(4.2--7.0)

7

8.1

(3.3--16.7)

52

5.5

(4.1--7.2)

20

584

4.5

(4.1--4.9)

F

180

1.7

(1.4--1.9)

20

1.4

(0.8--2.1)

2

2.1

(0.3--7.7)

17

1.6

(0.9--2.6)

8

227

1.6

(1.4--1.8)

Total

620

2.9

(2.7--3.2)

84

3.2

(2.5--3.9)

10

5.5

(2.7--10.2)

69

3.5

(2.7--4.4)

29

811

3.0

(2.8--3.2)

65--74

M

655

9.5

(8.7--10.2)

58

8.3

(6.3--10.8)

5

11.5

(3.7--26.7)

51

9.7

(7.2--12.8)

25

796

9.4

(8.8--10.1)

F

380

4.7

(4.2--5.1)

33

3.4

(2.3--4.7)

3

5.8

(1.2--17.0)

28

4.3

(2.8--6.2)

17

461

4.5

(4.1--5.0)

Total

1,036

6.9

(6.5--7.3)

91

5.4

(4.4--6.7)

8

8.4

(3.6--16.5)

79

6.7

(5.3--8.3)

42

1,256

6.8

(6.4--7.1)

75--84

 

 

M

1,316

30.3

(28.7--32.0)

56

16.2

(12.3--21.1)

5

27.1

(8.8--63.2)

59

24.0

(18.2--30.9)

44

1,481

29.2

(27.7--30.7)

F

1,086

16.9

(15.9--17.9)

46

7.5

(5.5--10.1)

4

14.7

(4.0--37.7)

45

12.5

(9.1--16.8)

36

1,216

16.0

(15.1--16.9)

Total

2,402

22.3

(21.4--23.2)

102

10.7

(8.6--12.8)

9

19.7

(9.0--37.4)

104

17.2

(13.9--20.5)

80

2,697

21.3

(20.5--22.1)

≥85

M

946

82.0

(76.7--87.2)

31

37.5

(25.5--53.2)

2

43.8

(5.3--158.0)

33

53.5

(36.9--75.2)

36

1,048

78.4

(73.7--83.2)

F

1,262

45.7

(43.2--48.3)

44

19.4

(14.1--26.0)

3

30.1

(6.2--88.0)

37

29.9

(21.1--41.2)

30

1,376

43.4

(41.1--45.6)

Total

2,208

56.4

(54.1--58.8)

76

24.5

(19.3--30.7)

5

34.4

(11.2--80.3)

70

37.8

(29.5--47.7)

66

2,424

53.7

(51.6--55.9)

Total

 

M

4,270

4.4

(4.3--4.5)

363

2.1

(1.9--2.3)

41

3.5

(2.5--4.8)

407

2.1

(1.9--2.3)

167

5,247

3.7

(3.6--3.8)

F

3,162

3.1

(3.0--3.2)

181

1.0

(0.8--1.1)

18

1.5

(0.9--2.4)

151

0.8

(0.7--0.9)

102

3,614

2.5

(2.4--2.6)

Total

7,432

3.7

(3.7--3.8)

544

1.5

(1.4--1.6)

59

2.5

(1.9--3.2)

557

1.5

(1.3--1.6)

269

8,861

3.1

(3.0--3.1)

Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; F = female; M = male.

* Rate suppressed because sample size was <20 for all years combined.


TABLE 14. Numbers and age-adjusted rates per 100,000 population for traumatic brain injury deaths, by year and place of death* --- United States, 1997--2007

Year

Inpatient

ED/Outpatient

Dead on arrival

Home

Nursing home

Other/Unknown

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

1997

14,437

5.4

(5.3--5.5)

6,694

2.5

(2.4--2.5)

2,752

1.0

(1.0--1.0)

11,508

4.3

(4.2--4.3)

1,764

0.7

(0.6--0.7)

15,308

5.6

(5.5--5.7)

1998

14,616

5.4

(5.3--5.5)

6,542

2.4

(2.3--2.4)

2,436

0.9

(0.8--0.9)

11,450

4.2

(4.1--4.3)

1,936

0.7

(0.7--0.8)

15,526

5.6

(5.5--5.7)

1999

14,832

5.4

(5.3--5.5)

6,527

2.3

(2.3--2.4)

2,298

0.8

(0.8--0.9)

11,199

4.0

(4.0--4.1)

1,984

0.7

(0.7--0.8)

15,101

5.4

(5.3--5.5)

2000

14,011

5.0

(4.9--5.1)

6,226

2.2

(2.1--2.3)

2,221

0.8

(0.8--0.8)

11,123

4.0

(3.9--4.0)

1,661

0.6

(0.6--0.6)

15,438

5.4

(5.4--5.5)

2001

14,874

5.2

(5.2--5.3)

6,532

2.3

(2.2--2.3)

2,033

0.7

(0.7--0.7)

11,539

4.0

(4.0--4.1)

1,834

0.7

(0.6--0.7)

15,948

5.6

(5.5--5.6)

2002

14,721

5.1

(5.0--5.2)

6,462

2.2

(2.2--2.3)

1,846

0.6

(0.6--0.7)

11,635

4.0

(4.0--4.1)

1,654

0.6

(0.5--0.6)

16,366

5.6

(5.6--5.7)

2003

15,085

5.2

(5.1--5.3)

6,216

2.1

(2.1--2.2)

1,791

0.6

(0.6--0.6)

12,001

4.1

(4.0--4.2)

1,707

0.6

(0.6--0.6)

16,083

5.5

(5.4--5.6)

2004

15,436

5.2

(5.1--5.3)

6,351

2.1

(2.1--2.2)

1,521

0.5

(0.5--0.5)

11,980

4.0

(4.0--4.1)

1,755

0.6

(0.6--0.6)

16,107

5.4

(5.4--5.5)

2005

15,959

5.3

(5.2--5.4)

6,568

2.2

(2.1--2.3)

1,487

0.5

(0.5--0.5)

12,254

4.1

(4.0--4.1)

2,105

0.7

(0.7--0.7)

16,533

5.5

(5.5--5.6)

2006

16,054

5.3

(5.2--5.3)

6,228

2.1

(2.0--2.1)

1,468

0.5

(0.5--0.5)

12,234

4.0

(3.9--4.1)

2,244

0.7

(0.7--0.8)

16,237

5.4

(5.3--5.5)

2007

16,464

5.3

(5.2--5.4)

5,853

1.9

(1.9--2.0)

1,242

0.4

(0.4--0.4)

12,569

4.1

(4.0--4.1)

2,479

0.8

(0.7--0.8)

16,109

5.3

(5.2--5.4)

Total

166,489

5.3

(5.2--5.3)

70,199

2.2

(2.2--2.2)

21,095

0.7

(0.7--0.7)

129,492

4.1

(4.1--4.1)

21,123

0.7

(0.7--0.7)

174,756

5.5

(5.5--5.5)

Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; ED = emergency department.

* Distinct from place of injury.


TABLE 15. Average annual numbers and age-adjusted rates per 100,000 population for traumatic brain injury deaths, by place of death* and race/ethnicity --- United States, 1997--2007

Place of death

White, non-Hispanic

Black, non-Hispanic

American Indian/Alaska Native

Hispanic

Other/
Unknown

Total

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

No.

No.

Rate

(95% CI)

Inpatient

11,408

5.2

(5.1--5.3)

1,778

5.6

(5.3--5.8)

140

6.9

(5.7--8.1)

1,362

4.8

(4.5--5.1)

447

15,135

5.3

(5.2--5.3)

ED/Outpatient

4,251

2.1

(2.0--2.1)

1,137

3.1

(2.9--3.3)

74

3.2

(2.5--4.1)

753

2.0

(1.8--2.2)

167

6,382

2.2

(2.2--2.3)

Dead on arrival

1,375

0.7

(0.6--0.7)

354

1.0

(0.9--1.1)

28

1.2

(0.8--1.8)

125

0.3

(0.3--0.4)

35

1,918

0.7

(0.6--0.7)

Home

9,887

4.6

(4.5--4.7)

975

2.9

(2.7--3.1)

95

4.1

(3.3--5.1)

638

2.1

(1.9--2.2)

177

11,772

4.1

(4.0--4.1)

Nursing home

1,675

0.7

(0.7--0.7)

126

0.5

(0.4--0.6)

13

0.9

(0.5--1.6)

74

0.4

(0.3--0.5)

32

1,920

0.7

(0.6--0.7)

Other

10,940

5.5

(5.4--5.6)

2,279

6.2

(5.9--6.5)

266

10.7

(9.4--12.1)

1,911

4.8

(4.6--5.0)

358

15,753

5.4

(5.4--5.5)

Unknown

96

0.0

(0.0--0.1)

17

0.1

(0.0--0.1)

2

0.0

(0.0--0.2)

11

0.0

(0.0--0.1)

7

134

0.0

(0.0--0.1)

Total

39,632

18.8

(18.6--19.0)

6,667

19.3

(18.8--19.7)

618

27.2

(24.9--29.5)

4,874

14.4

(13.9--14.8)

1,223

53,014

18.4

(18.2--18.5)

Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; ED = emergency department.

* Distinct from place of injury.


FIGURE 1. Average annual rates for traumatic brain injury deaths, by age group and sex --- United States, 1997--2007

Figure 1 is a bar graph showing annual rates for traumatic brain injury (TBI) deaths, by age group and sex, in the United States during 1997-2007. The TBI-related mortality rate was highest among persons aged ≥75 years, especially those aged ≥85 years. During each year of this reporting period, the TBI-related death rates among males in each age and race group were higher than those among females, especially among persons aged 20-24 years. In this age group, males had rates at least four times higher than those for females.

Alternate Text: Figure 1 is a bar graph showing annual rates for traumatic brain injury (TBI) deaths, by age group and sex, in the United States during 1997-2007. The TBI-related mortality rate was highest among persons aged ≥75 years, especially those aged ≥85 years. During each year of this reporting period, the TBI-related death rates among males in each age and race group were higher than those among females, especially among persons aged 20-24 years. In this age group, males had rates at least four times higher than those for females.


FIGURE 2. Age-adjusted rates for traumatic brain injury deaths, by year and race/ethnicity --- United States, 1990--2007

Figure 2 is a line graph showing age-adjusted rates for traumatic brain injury (TBI) deaths, by year and race/ethnicity, in the United States during 1990-2007. American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) had the highest annual average TBI-related death rates, blacks had the second-highest annual average rates, and Hispanics had the lowest rates. During this reporting period, the annual TBI-related death rates decreased for all racial/ethnic groups, especially for AI/ANs and blacks.

Alternate Text: Figure 2 is a line graph showing age-adjusted rates for traumatic brain injury (TBI) deaths, by year and race/ethnicity, in the United States during 1990-2007. American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) had the highest annual average TBI-related death rates, blacks had the second-highest annual average rates, and Hispanics had the lowest rates. During this reporting period, the annual TBI-related death rates decreased for all racial/ethnic groups, especially for AI/ANs and blacks.


FIGURE 3. Percentage of traumatic brain injury deaths, by race/ethnicity and external mechanism of injury --- United States, 1997--2007

Figure 3 is a bar graph showing the percentage of traumatic brain injury (TBI) deaths, by race/ethnicity and external mechanism of injury, in the United States during 1997-2007. Firearm-related events (34.8%), motor vehicle-related events (31.4%), and fall-related events (16.7%) were the leading causes of TBI-related death. Blacks had the highest annual average rate of firearm-related TBI deaths, and whites had the second highest rates. AI/ANs had the highest annual average rate of motor vehicle-related TBI deaths, and whites had the second-highest annual average rate. AI/ANs had the highest annual average rate of fall-related TBI deaths, and whites had the second-highest annual average rate.

Alternate Text: Figure 3 is a bar graph showing the percentage of traumatic brain injury (TBI) deaths, by race/ethnicity and external mechanism of injury, in the United States during 1997-2007. Firearm-related events (34.8%), motor vehicle-related events (31.4%), and fall-related events (16.7%) were the leading causes of TBI-related death. Blacks had the highest annual average rate of firearm-related TBI deaths, and whites had the second highest rates. AI/ANs had the highest annual average rate of motor vehicle-related TBI deaths, and whites had the second-highest annual average rate. AI/ANs had the highest annual average rate of fall-related TBI deaths, and whites had the second-highest annual average rate.


FIGURE 4. Age-adjusted rates for traumatic brain injury deaths, by year and external mechanism of injury --- United States, 1990--2007

Figure 4 is a line graph showing the age-adjusted rates for traumatic brain injury (TBI) deaths, by year and external mechanism of injury, in the United States during 1990-2007. Rates of fall-related TBI deaths increased by 59.6%, for firearm-related TBI deaths decreased by 13.6%, and for motor vehicle-related TBI deaths decreased by 22.0%. The observed increases and decreases by each external mechanism occurred almost at a constant rate each year during the reporting period.

Alternate Text: Figure 4 is a line graph showing the age-adjusted rates for traumatic brain injury (TBI) deaths, by year and external mechanism of injury, in the United States during 1990-2007. Rates of fall-related TBI deaths increased by 59.6%, for firearm-related TBI deaths decreased by 13.6%, and for motor vehicle-related TBI deaths decreased by 22.0%. The observed increases and decreases by each external mechanism occurred almost at a constant rate each year during the reporting period.


FIGURE 5. Average annual rates for traumatic brain injury deaths, by age group and external mechanism of injury --- United States, 1997--2007

Figure 5 is a line graph showing the average annual rates for traumatic brain injury (TBI) deaths, by age group and external mechanism of injury, in the United States during 1997-2007. Firearm-related TBI death rates were highest among persons aged 20-24 and ≥75 years. Motor vehicle-related TBI death rates were highest among persons aged 15-24 years. Fall-related TBI death rates were highest among adults aged ≥75 years and increased significantly with age. In each age group and for each external cause, males had higher rates of TBI-related death than females.

Alternate Text: Figure 5 is a line graph showing the average annual rates for traumatic brain injury (TBI) deaths, by age group and external mechanism of injury, in the United States during 1997-2007. Firearm-related TBI death rates were highest among persons aged 20-24 and ≥75 years. Motor vehicle-related TBI death rates were highest among persons aged 15-24 years. Fall-related TBI death rates were highest among adults aged ≥75 years and increased significantly with age. In each age group and for each external cause, males had higher rates of TBI-related death than females.



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