Impact of Requiring Influenza Vaccination for Children in Licensed Child Care or Preschool Programs — Connecticut, 2012–13 Influenza Season

Please note: An erratum has been published for this article. To view the erratum, please click here.

James L. Hadler, MD1, Kimberly Yousey-Hindes, MPH1, Kathy Kudish, DVM2, Erin D. Kennedy, DVM3, Vincent Sacco, MS2, Matthew L. Cartter, MD2 (Author affiliations at end of text)

Preschool-aged children are at increased risk for severe influenza-related illness and complications. Congregate child care settings facilitate influenza transmission among susceptible children. To protect against influenza transmission in these settings, in September 2010, Connecticut became the second U.S. state (after New Jersey) to implement regulations requiring that all children aged 6–59 months receive at least 1 dose of influenza vaccine each year to attend a licensed child care program. To evaluate the impact of this regulation on vaccination levels and influenza-associated hospitalizations during the 2012–13 influenza season, vaccination data from U.S. and Connecticut surveys and the Emerging Infections Program (EIP) were analyzed. After the regulation took effect, vaccination rates among Connecticut children aged 6–59 months increased from 67.8% during the 2009–10 influenza season to 84.1% during the 2012–13 season. During the 2012–13 influenza season, among all 11 EIP surveillance sites, Connecticut had the greatest percentage decrease (12%) in the influenza-associated hospitalization rate from 2007–08 among children aged ≤4 years. Additionally, the ratio of the influenza-associated hospitalization rates among children aged ≤4 years to the overall population rate (0.53) was lower than for any other EIP site. Requiring vaccination for child care admission might have helped to increase vaccination rates in Connecticut and reduced serious morbidity from influenza.

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices first recommended annual influenza vaccination for children aged 6–23 months in 2004 (1) and for children aged 24–59 months in 2006 (2). In 2012–13, the national vaccination level among children aged 6–59 months was 69.8%, the lowest among vaccines routinely recommended for this age group except for rotavirus and hepatitis A vaccines (3,4). In the United States, 60% of preschool-aged children receive nonparental care each week, and among these children, 60% receive center-based care, which includes child care centers, preschools, and pre-kindergarten programs (5). To protect against outbreaks of disease, all 50 states have legal requirements for specific immunizations for children attending these centers (6). However, only two states, Connecticut and New Jersey, require immunization against influenza. In January 2014, New York City became the first reported municipality to pass a similar requirement.

Connecticut first required that all children aged 6–59 months in licensed child care receive at least 1 dose of influenza vaccine by January 1 of each year, beginning September 2010. One year later, the same requirement was made for all children aged 24–59 months who were enrolled in a preschool program.

Data from multiple surveys were used to estimate vaccination rates among children aged 6–59 months in Connecticut. Estimates of influenza vaccination coverage from the National 2009 H1N1 Flu Survey and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) for the 2009–10 influenza season (7) and from the National Immunization Survey and BRFSS for the 2012–13 influenza season (3) were used to compare Connecticut's and national influenza vaccination rates before and after implementation of the Connecticut requirement. Data from a survey of all licensed child care facilities in Connecticut conducted in March 2013 were used to determine vaccination levels among child care attendees (but not among preschoolers).

Surveillance data from EIP were used to examine changes in influenza-associated hospitalization rates in Connecticut,* compared with other EIP sites before and after implementation of the Connecticut influenza vaccination requirements. Because different influenza strains tend to affect different age distributions, data from 2007–08 were chosen a priori as the comparison with the post-requirement data (2012–13) to compare the two most recent influenza seasons during which the same influenza subtype (influenza A [H3N2]) was the predominant circulating strain. Eleven EIP sites, including two in New York, have been conducting active population-based surveillance for laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated hospitalizations for all ages since the 2005–06 season.

During 2009–10, the season before the state's influenza vaccination requirement took effect, 67.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 61.1%–74.5%) of Connecticut children aged 6–59 months received a vaccination for seasonal influenza (Figure).† During the 2012–13 season, the seasonal influenza vaccination rate increased to 84.1% (CI = 78.2%–90.0%). The increase of 16.3 percentage points in Connecticut was greater than the national increase of 11.9 percentage points (from 57.9% to 69.8%), comparing the same age group for the same two seasons, but the difference is not statistically significant (Figure).

Among 11 EIP sites during the 2007–08 influenza season, Connecticut ranked third-highest in incidence of influenza-associated hospitalizations among children aged ≤4 years (58.6 per 100,000). During the 2012–13 season, Connecticut dropped to seventh (51.5 per 100,000) and was one of only two sites to record a decrease in incidence (12%) among children aged ≤4 years (Table 1).

During the 2007–08 influenza season in Connecticut, the ratio of the rate of influenza-associated hospitalization among children aged ≤4 years to the rate overall (i.e., for all ages) was 1.18 (Table 2). For the 2012–13 influenza season, the Connecticut ratio was 0.53, lower than any other EIP site.

Results from the Connecticut child care survey indicated that, as of December 31, 2012, licensed child care enrollment included 55,640 children who were aged 6–59 months. Of these, 87.1% had received ≥1 dose of influenza vaccine for the 2012–13 season. In total, 5.1% of children enrolled in the survey were listed as exempt from influenza vaccination for either religious or medical reasons, compared with 1.7% for all other vaccinations.

Editorial Note

Requirements for vaccination against communicable diseases in licensed child care have long been important as a component of disease control in congregate care settings. Children aged ≤4 years are at greater risk for severe complications from influenza than older children (1,2). Those in congregate settings such as licensed child care or preschool also are at greater risk for influenza exposure and have the potential to expose many more persons than those outside of such settings. Similar to other vaccine-preventable diseases that are spread by respiratory droplets and that affect children, achieving high vaccination rates against influenza in child care settings not only protects those who are vaccinated, but also reduces transmission of influenza within the setting and to the associated outside community (8,9).

Although almost every state has adopted licensed child care requirements for other routinely recommended childhood vaccinations, only two have adopted a requirement for influenza vaccination (6). The reasons behind this discrepancy have not been studied. However, it might be, in part, because influenza vaccine is not widely available until well after licensed child care begins in August or September, when requirements are enforced. In addition, surveying of licensed child care centers and preschools for compliance usually takes place in October, when influenza vaccination often is just beginning. Thus, additional efforts are required to monitor and enforce compliance of entry requirements. In addition, because influenza vaccination has been available for decades but never required, it might be more difficult to convince parents and guardians of its necessity.

Several of these concerns were encountered in conducting this study in Connecticut. Conducting an influenza-specific survey in the winter or spring after the requirement went into effect required more resources and took 2 years to arrange. The actual statewide compliance during the first two influenza seasons (2010–11 and 2011–12) after the requirement went into effect is unknown. Without timely surveys, compliance might be less with influenza than with other vaccines, and also might wane over time. In addition, religious and medical exemptions from influenza vaccination were observed to be higher than for any other required vaccine. Nonetheless, following implementation of the requirement in Connecticut in September 2010, vaccination rates among all children aged ≤4 years by 2012–13 appeared to have increased more than expected compared with national rates, and the incidence of hospitalization with influenza among children aged ≤4 years decreased more than in other states that conducted similar surveillance.

The findings in this report are subject to at least four limitations. First, this was an ecologic analysis comparing trends in influenza hospitalizations and vaccination coverage and must be interpreted as such. Other factors might have contributed to the relative decrease in hospitalizations of young children in Connecticut. Second, the results of the child care survey of vaccination coverage for the 2012–13 influenza season do not include family day care homes, which also are covered by the influenza vaccination requirement and account for approximately 22% of all children in licensed child care in Connecticut, nor do they include preschools, which also are covered by the requirement. Third, the rates and dynamics of influenza circulation in each EIP site are different, and changes over time in one site compared with others must be interpreted with caution. Finally, EIP hospitalization rates include those for children aged <6 months although these children are not yet eligible for influenza vaccination.

Vaccination against influenza has gradually evolved from an elective annual event for selected groups at high risk for influenza complications to a recommended annual event for all persons aged ≥6 months (10). In congregate settings in which persons are at greater risk for both exposure and complications, such as child care programs and health-care settings, the current recommendations call for most persons to be vaccinated. The Connecticut study might be helpful to public health agencies elsewhere considering requiring influenza vaccination of children in licensed child care programs and preschools.

1Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; 2Connecticut Dept of Public Health; 3Division of Immunization Services, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC. (Corresponding author: James L. Hadler, hadler-epi@att.net, 203-507-0911)

References

1. CDC. Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 2004;53(No. RR-6).
2. CDC. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 2006;55(No. RR-10).
3. CDC. FluVaxView: influenza vaccine coverage: 2012–13 report 1. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2013. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/flu/fluvaxview/reports/reporti1213/reporti/index.htm.
4. CDC. National, state, and local area vaccination coverage among children aged 19–35 months—United States, 2012. MMWR 2013;62:733–40.
5. National Center for Education Statistics, US Department of Education. Initial results from the 2005 NHES early childhood program participation survey. Washington, DC: US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics; 2006. Available at http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2006/earlychild/tables/table_1.asp?referrer=report.
6. Immunization Action Coalition. State mandates on immunization and vaccine-preventable diseases. St. Paul, MN: Immunization Action Coalition; 2014. Available at http://www.immunize.org/laws.
7. CDC. Final estimates for 2009–10 seasonal influenza and influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccination coverage—United States, August 2009 through May 2010. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2011. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/flu/fluvaxview/coverage_0910estimates.htm.
8. Hurwitz ES, Haber M, Chang A, et al. Effectiveness of influenza vaccination of day care children in reducing influenza-related morbidity among household contacts. JAMA 2000;284:1677–82.
9. Reichert TA, Sugaya N, Fedson DS, Glezen WP, Simonsen L, Tashiro M. The Japanese experience with vaccinating schoolchildren against influenza. New Engl J Med 2001;344:889–96.
10. CDC. Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2010. MMWR 2010;59(No. RR-08).